phraseclause and sentence 优质课件
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Unit1 Phrases and sentences PPT课件 译林牛津版
I won’t go shopping today.In the first place I am tired; in the next place I have so much work to do; in the last place, I have nothing to buy.
• 3.According to the text, tell something about Lance Armstrong.
• 4.Read the phrases and words by yourself.
Revision
• 处理一个争议 • 被选入该书 • 记下，写下 • 联系 • 被分成不同的类别 • 庆祝香港回归 • 在辉煌的体育成绩中 • 瞩目 • 同疾病斗争
Instead, the editors of the book set down the records and keep track of them in other ways.
set down= put down = write down 写下,记下, 纪录,登记
I set down everything that happened then. 我记录下了那时发生的每一件事.
live to be 活到 (不定式 to be 作结果状语) 她活到了八十岁。 She lived to be 80. 吃为了活着，但不要为了吃而活着。 Eat to live, but don’t live to eat. 类似结构： prove /turn to be… 证明是；结果是
There are also strange records, like the Englishman who balanced a small car weighing 159.6
• 3.According to the text, tell something about Lance Armstrong.
• 4.Read the phrases and words by yourself.
Revision
• 处理一个争议 • 被选入该书 • 记下，写下 • 联系 • 被分成不同的类别 • 庆祝香港回归 • 在辉煌的体育成绩中 • 瞩目 • 同疾病斗争
Instead, the editors of the book set down the records and keep track of them in other ways.
set down= put down = write down 写下,记下, 纪录,登记
I set down everything that happened then. 我记录下了那时发生的每一件事.
live to be 活到 (不定式 to be 作结果状语) 她活到了八十岁。 She lived to be 80. 吃为了活着，但不要为了吃而活着。 Eat to live, but don’t live to eat. 类似结构： prove /turn to be… 证明是；结果是
There are also strange records, like the Englishman who balanced a small car weighing 159.6
语言学课件
7. Text and discourse
The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. Linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in a paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and discourse analysis.
John’s sister John’s sister’s husband John’s sister’s husband’s uncle John’s sister’s husband’s uncle’s daughter, etc.
that house in Beijing the garden of that house in Beijing the tree in the garden of that house in Beijing a bird on the tree in the garden of that house in Beijing
7.1 Sentential Connection
Hypotactic (主从) (subordinate clauses):
You can phone the doctor if you like. However, I very much doubt whether he is in. We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.
英语语言学课件Chapter 9 Phrases and Sentences
Traditional Grammar Categories
Number Agreement Person Tense Voice Gender: natural gender vs grammatical
gender
Traditional Analysis
PHale Waihona Puke ge 90 Page 94 We can also label each constituents
with grammatical terms Hierarchical organization:
sentence > noun phrase > noun
Linguistic Grammar
Involves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, for example
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
英语语言学课件Chapter 9 Phrases and Sentences
Page grammar as a set of rules for the ‘proper’ use of a L sis till to be found today
Rules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
The Descriptive Approach
Well-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all Ls
Analysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used
Never begin a sentence with and.
Rules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
The Descriptive Approach
Well-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all Ls
Analysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used
Never begin a sentence with and.
sentence,clause,phrase语法和用法讲解50题练习以及解题分析件初级
本词汇训练方案采用Collins Dictionary Grammar公布的英语语法解释内容，每组包含一个单词或词组的语法解释。
训练共分为3个部分和50道练习和解题分析，学校和工作室的实验表明，这套方案较之传统的语法学习在学员的语法认知上有显著的提升。
适用人群：1.适合8~16岁参加托福Primary、托福Junior及托福考试的学员；2.适合需要英语学习和训练的学员。
训练内容分为三部分：1.语法讲义：采用Collins Dictionary Grammar公布的英语语法解释内容，学员同过阅读讲义，阅读每个知识点，通过知识点的讲义对照例句进行理解；2.认知练习：较传统语法练习相同点在于采用最为有效的选择题形式，不同在于，对于传统选择题是让学员选择“唯一正确”选项，“认知语法练习”的选择题是根据语法讲义提出对于讲义内容的问题，结合内容让学员判断在选择题选项的表达句子中对于知识点的最佳理解和语法表达式，对于语法认知和语法结合句子的应用都是更切合实际的语法解决方案；3.解题分析：传统解题分析着重解释为什么缺失部分填写相应的选项，本解决方案着重解释为什么这样的表达符合这个知识点的应用，差别在于人们使用英语语法的时候是从应用角度出发合理应用相应语法概念，对于语言而言本质不存在觉得的错误，而在于合理使用，从语法和语义逻辑进行解释。
训练注意事项：1.“语法讲义”部分要做到“认识词”，“认识解释”，“认识例句”和“理解例句”，对于每一种解释要力求理解到位；2.“认知练习”部分的提问是全英语表述，虽然对于一般学员有词汇认知困难，但是但凡查询下相应的词汇都能理解，而且这些词汇都是反复出现的，对于不理解的词汇和词组要查询词典，但是不要用APP直译句子，在做题过程中可以参考“语法讲义”内容；3.“解题分析”部分的内容是从“语法概念”和“语义逻辑”两个角度出发解释选择的理由，英语常见错误为“单词拼读错误”，“语法应用错误”和“语义逻辑错误”，一般而言在本解决方案中不大会出现“单词拼读错误”；某些解题分析可能有失误或不达意，请在平台留言联系我。
u1 key phrases and sentences
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
2
对……满意 满意 比平时晚/迟 比平时晚 迟 比平时早 和往常一样 在第一天 在美好的一天
Find out the important phrases in the text
next to devote oneself to on average a bit not a bit not a little
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
3
在……旁 旁 投身于…… 投身于 平均（ 平均（地） 一点点 一点也不 非常
Find out the important phrases in the text
not as/so...as for free free of charge spend ... in doing sth 和……不一样 不一样 免费 免费 花……（时间 钱 （时间/钱 ）做某事
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
6
Find out the important phrases in the text
管理…… 管理 处于……管理之 处于 管理之 下 通知某人…… 通知某人 例如…… 例如 in charge of in the charge of inform ... of ... such as
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
9
Important Sentences
3. It was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names. It is + n./adj. + for sb. to do sth. 对她来说帮助穷人十分有意义。 对她来说帮助穷人十分有意义。 对我而言， 对我而言，要在比赛中获奖很具有 挑战性。 挑战性。
2
对……满意 满意 比平时晚/迟 比平时晚 迟 比平时早 和往常一样 在第一天 在美好的一天
Find out the important phrases in the text
next to devote oneself to on average a bit not a bit not a little
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
3
在……旁 旁 投身于…… 投身于 平均（ 平均（地） 一点点 一点也不 非常
Find out the important phrases in the text
not as/so...as for free free of charge spend ... in doing sth 和……不一样 不一样 免费 免费 花……（时间 钱 （时间/钱 ）做某事
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
6
Find out the important phrases in the text
管理…… 管理 处于……管理之 处于 管理之 下 通知某人…… 通知某人 例如…… 例如 in charge of in the charge of inform ... of ... such as
11/16/2011 9:58 AM
9
Important Sentences
3. It was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names. It is + n./adj. + for sb. to do sth. 对她来说帮助穷人十分有意义。 对她来说帮助穷人十分有意义。 对我而言， 对我而言，要在比赛中获奖很具有 挑战性。 挑战性。
高二英语Book5Unit2phrasesandsentences教案
课 题 Book5 Unit2 phrases andsentences课 时共 1 课时 本节第 1 课时 选用教材人教版 课 型 复习 教学目标Master how to use some important phrases and sentences. 重 点consist 短语, divide 短语, break 短语, 句型 it is/was/seems/seemed strange that...(should) do 难 点短语、句型在具体语境中的灵活运用。
关 键记住意义及用法，在具体语境中会翻译，会找题眼。
教学方法及课前准备讲练结合 预习学案、背上节课讲的知识。
教学流程 多媒体辅助教学内容Step1. Dictation Step2. Review the phrases and sentences 重点短语1．consist of 由……组成[高考佳句]The package consisted of a long, narrow box carefully wrapped in brown paper.(2012·浙江高考完形)包裹是一个很长很窄的用棕色纸很仔细地包着的盒子。
(1) be made up of 由……组成(2) consist in ＝ lie in 存在于；在于consist with 与……一致/相符(3) consistent adj. 相容的；一致的be consistent with 和……一致/相符①Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times.生活中不仅仅有阳光，也有艰难困苦的时候。
②This medical team consists of five doctors and ten nurses.这个医疗队由五名医生，十位护士组成。
2．divide ...into 把……分成[教材原句] England can be divided into three main areas.英国可以划分为三个主要地区。
phrase,clause and sentence
phrase,clause and sentence
phrase
clause sentence
4.5.1phrase
A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subjectpredicate structure typical of clauses]. Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.
features of phrase
A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses. simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses.
4.5.2clause
A constituent [with its own subject and predicate], if it is [included in a larger sentence], is a clause. with its own subject and predicate conditions
classification of phrase
nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast
phrase
clause sentence
4.5.1phrase
A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subjectpredicate structure typical of clauses]. Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.
features of phrase
A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses. simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses.
4.5.2clause
A constituent [with its own subject and predicate], if it is [included in a larger sentence], is a clause. with its own subject and predicate conditions
classification of phrase
nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast
Lecture 1 Clauses and sentences
2020/3/21
• 1. They watched TV and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn’t see the program,
because our TV was broken.
• One compound sentence, the second independent sentence is a complex one.
Independent clause
Simple clause
Complex sentence
A complex sentence has at least two or more main/independent clauses connected by connective words for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, however, therefore, thus, etc.
2020/3/21
On August 6,1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima(广岛).The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. The air itself around the point of explosion began to burn. A shower of penetrating invisible rays attacked every living or dead thing in the town. Then followed a shock-wave(冲击波)which shattered the buildings and a tremendous blast of hot air(热浪)whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground. The explosion killed at least 140,000 people and left tens of thousands of others maimed or disfigured for life.
Phrases and Clauses短语与从句 41页PPT文档
I like SpongeBob.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADVERB STARTERS
after although as because before if
in order that since so that than though unless
until when whenever where wherever while
1. Cross of prep phrases. 2. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.
3. Single underline the subjects.
4. Each separate section with a subject and verb is PROBABLY a different clause!
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties;
they are delicious.
, • SpongeBob makes Krabby patties
and they are delicious.
COMPLEX dependent + independent
Because he makes me laugh,
Sentence Building
Independent & Dependent
Start constructing with ___________________.
Improve sentence structure by adding _____________________.
Clause Identification
1) Semicolon 2) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)
DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADVERB STARTERS
after although as because before if
in order that since so that than though unless
until when whenever where wherever while
1. Cross of prep phrases. 2. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.
3. Single underline the subjects.
4. Each separate section with a subject and verb is PROBABLY a different clause!
• SpongeBob makes Krabby patties;
they are delicious.
, • SpongeBob makes Krabby patties
and they are delicious.
COMPLEX dependent + independent
Because he makes me laugh,
Sentence Building
Independent & Dependent
Start constructing with ___________________.
Improve sentence structure by adding _____________________.
Clause Identification
1) Semicolon 2) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)
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A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses.
simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses.
Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.
features of phrase
A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent.
classification③
main clause ： 主句
相 对
subordinate clause： 从句
而 言
Eg: He complained that what you said was not true.
主句
classification④
simple clause：只包括一个主谓结构的分句 complex clause：有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句
phrase,clause and sentence
phrase clause sentence
4.5.1phrase
A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subjectpredicate structure typical of clauses].
Eg: It was not true. What you said was not true. He said that it was not true. He complained that what you said was not true.
Verbless clause 无动词分句
verbless clause:一个主谓结构不带任何形式 的动词词组做谓语动词 Eg:
The minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.①传统上，句子是指能够表 达一个完整意义的最小语言单位。
Bloomfield defined the sentence as"one not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form".
4.5.2clause
A constituent [with its own subject and predicate], if it is [included in a larger sentence], is a clause. with its own subject and predicate
finite clause：限定分句 clause
non-finite clause：非限定分句 Finitct and a
finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Non-finite clause ： A non-finite clause is a dependent clause whose verb is non-finite.
conditions
included in a larger sentence
classification①
independent clause :不依附其他结构，独立存在 clause
dependent clause ：从属于其他结构的分句 Eg: A: He knows everything about it.
B: I do not think he knows everything about it.
A: That hat does not fit ; you may try another. B: If that hat does not fit, try another.
classification②
classification of phrase
nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast
Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. Confident of the justice of their cause,they agreeed to put their case before the arbitration panel.
4.5.3 sentence
finite VS non-finite
根据动词在句法上是否受到主语的人称和数的限制， 将英语动词分为限定动词和非限定动词。非限定分 句又可分为不定式短语，分词短语和动名词短语。
Eg: He complained what you said was not true. I do not think he knows everything about it. The best thing would be to leave early. Having finished their task,they came to help us. Filled with shame, he left the house.
simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses.
Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.
features of phrase
A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent.
classification③
main clause ： 主句
相 对
subordinate clause： 从句
而 言
Eg: He complained that what you said was not true.
主句
classification④
simple clause：只包括一个主谓结构的分句 complex clause：有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句
phrase,clause and sentence
phrase clause sentence
4.5.1phrase
A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subjectpredicate structure typical of clauses].
Eg: It was not true. What you said was not true. He said that it was not true. He complained that what you said was not true.
Verbless clause 无动词分句
verbless clause:一个主谓结构不带任何形式 的动词词组做谓语动词 Eg:
The minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.①传统上，句子是指能够表 达一个完整意义的最小语言单位。
Bloomfield defined the sentence as"one not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form".
4.5.2clause
A constituent [with its own subject and predicate], if it is [included in a larger sentence], is a clause. with its own subject and predicate
finite clause：限定分句 clause
non-finite clause：非限定分句 Finitct and a
finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Non-finite clause ： A non-finite clause is a dependent clause whose verb is non-finite.
conditions
included in a larger sentence
classification①
independent clause :不依附其他结构，独立存在 clause
dependent clause ：从属于其他结构的分句 Eg: A: He knows everything about it.
B: I do not think he knows everything about it.
A: That hat does not fit ; you may try another. B: If that hat does not fit, try another.
classification②
classification of phrase
nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast
Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. Confident of the justice of their cause,they agreeed to put their case before the arbitration panel.
4.5.3 sentence
finite VS non-finite
根据动词在句法上是否受到主语的人称和数的限制， 将英语动词分为限定动词和非限定动词。非限定分 句又可分为不定式短语，分词短语和动名词短语。
Eg: He complained what you said was not true. I do not think he knows everything about it. The best thing would be to leave early. Having finished their task,they came to help us. Filled with shame, he left the house.