外文翻译库存管理
库存管理外文文献及翻译
库存管理外文文献及翻译本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目: Zero Inventory Approach 文献、资料来源: The IUP Journal of SupplyChain Management文献、资料发表（出版）日期: 2012.06院（部）:管理工程学院专业: 工业工程班级:工业112姓名:张金丰学号: 2011021527指导教师:孔海花翻译日期:2015.06.14外文文献：Zero Inventory ApproachManaging optimal inventory in the supply chain is critical for an enterprise. The ability to increase inventory turns and the use of best inventory practices will reduce inventory costs across the supply chain. Moving towards zero inventory will result in effective inventory management in the business process. Inventory Optimization Solutions can be implemented easily using inventory optimization software. With Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, inventory can be updated in real time without product movement, scanning or human involvement. Companies have to adopt best practices to optimize operational processes and lower their cost structure through inventory strategies.IntroductionWith supply chain planning and latest software, companies are managing their inventory in the best possible manner, keeping inventory holdings to the minimum without sacrificing the customer service needs. The zero inventory concept has been around since the 1980s. It tries to reduce inventory to a minimum and enhances profit margins by reducing the need for warehousing and expenses related to it.The concept of a supply chain is to have items flowing from one stage of supply to the next, both within the business and outside, in a seamless fashion. Any stock in the system is caused by either delay between the processes (demand, distribution, transfer, recording and production) or by the variation in the flow. Eliminating/reducing stock can be achieved by: linking processes, making the same throughput rate on processes, locating processes near each other and coordinating flows. Recent advanced software has made zero inventory strategy executable."Inventory optimization is an emerging practical approach to balancing investment and service-level goals over a very large assortment of Stock-Keeping Units (SKUS). In contrast to traditional ‘one-at-a-time’ marginal stock level setting, inventory optimization simultaneously determines all SKU stock levels to fulfill total service and investment constraints or objectives".Inventory optimization techniques provide a new logic to drive the system with information systems. To effectively manage inventory, businesses must also optimize the costs of buying, holding, producing, moving and selling inventory.The objective of inventory optimization is to sustain minimal levels of inventory while providing the maximum possible levels of service. Supply Chain Design and Optimization (SCDO) is an inventory optimization solution which helps companies satisfy customer demands while balancing limitations on supply and the need for operational efficiency. Inventory optimization focuses on modeling uncertainty and variability and minimizing the risks they impose on the supply chain.Inventory optimization can help resolve total supply chain cost options like:•In-house manufacturing vs. contract manufacturing;•Domestic vs. off shore;•New supplier's cost vs. current suppliers' cost.Companies can benefit from inventory optimization, provided they control their supply chain processes and the complexity of supply chain. In case the supply chain is very complex, besides inventory optimization, network design has to be used to reap the benefits fully. This paper covers various inventory models that are available and then describes the technologies like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and networking used for the optimization of inventory. The paper also describes the software solutions available for achieving the same. It concludes by giving a few examples where inventory optimization has been successfully implemented.Inventory ModelsHexagon ModelThe hexagon model was developed due to the need to structure day-to-day work, reduce headcount and other inventory costs and improve customer satisfaction.In the first phase, operation strategies were established in alignment with inte-rnal customers. Later, continuous improvement plans and business continuity pl-ans were added. The five strategies used were: forecasting future consumption,setting financial targets to minimize inventory costs, preparing daily reports to monitor inventory operational performance,studying critical success indicators to track the accomplishments, to forminventory strategic objectives and inventor-y health and operating strategies. The hexagon model is a combination of two triangular structures (Figure 1).The upper triangle focuses on the soft management of human resources, customer orientation and supplier relations; the lower focuses on the execution of inventory plans with their success criteria, continuous improvement methodology and business continuity plans.The inventory indicators are: total inventory value, availability of spares, days of inventory, cost of inventory, cost saving and cash saving output expen-diture and quality improvement. The hexagon model combines the elements of the people involved in managing inventory with operational excellence (Figur2).Managing inventory with operational excellence was achieved by reducing the number of employees in the material department, changing the mix of people skills such as introducing engineering into the department structure and reducing the cost of ownership of the material department to the operation that it supports.Normally, this is implemented with reduction in headcount of material department, having less people with engineering skills in the department. Operation results include, improvement in raw material supply line quality indicators, competitive days of inventory and improved and stabilized spares availability. And the financial results include, increase in cost savings and reduced cost of inventory. It can be established by outsourcing some of the inventory functions as required. The level of efficiency of the inventory managed can be measured to a specific risk level, changing requirements or changes in the environment.Just-In-Time (JIT)Just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a concept developed by the Japanese, wherein, the suppliers deliver the materials to the factory JIT for their processing, eliminating the need for storage and retrieval. The rate of output and the rate of supply of inputs are synchronized, to manage a zero inventory.The main benefits of JIT are: set up times are significantly reduced in the factory, the flow of goods from warehouse to shelves improves, employees who possess multiple skills are utilized more efficiently, better consistency of scheduling and consistency ofemployee work hours, increased emphasis on supplier relationships and continuous round the clock supplies keeping workers productive and businesses focused on turnover.And though a JIT system might even be a necessity, given the inventory demands of certain business types, its many advantages are realized only when some significant risks like delays in movement of goods over long distances are mitigated.Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is a planning and management system in which the vendor is respons ible for maintaining the customer’s inventory levels. VMI is defined as a process or mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information. VMI is a combination of e-commerce, software and people. It has resulted in the dramatic reduction of inventory across the supply chain. VMI is categorized in the real world as collaboration, automation and cost transference.The main objectives of VMI are better, cheaper and faster transactions. In order to establish the VMI process,management commitment,data synchronization,setting up agreements,data exchange, ordering, invoice matching and measurement have to be undertaken.The benefits of VMI to an organization are reduction in inventory besides reduction of stock-outs and increase in customer satisfaction. Accurate information which is required for optimizing the supply chain is facilitated by efficient transfer of information. The concept of VMI would be successful only when there is trust between the organization and its suppliers as all the demand information is available to the suppliers which can be revealed to the competitors. VMI optimizes inventory in supply chain and reduces stock-outs by proper planning and centralized forecasting. Consignment ModelConsignment inventory model is an extension of VMI where the vendor places inventory at the customer’s location while retaining ownership of the inventory.The consignment inventory model works best in the case of new and unproven products where there is a high degree of demand uncertainty, highly expensive products and service parts for critical equipment. The types of consignment inventory ownership transfer models are: pay as sold during a pre-defined period, ownership changes after apre-defined period, and order to order consignment.The issues that the VMI and consignment inventory model encounter are cost of developing VMI system, invoicing problems, cash flow problems, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) problems and obsolete stock.Enabling PracticesThe decision makers have to make prudent decisions on future course of action of a project relating to the following variables: Forecasting and Inventory Management,Inventory Management practices,Inventory Planning,Optimal purchase, Multichannel Inventory, Moving towards zero inventory.To improve inventory management for better forecasting, the 14 best practices that will most likely benefit business the most are:•Synchronize promotions;•Revamp the organizational structure;•Take a longer view of item planning;•Enforce vendor compliance;•Track key inventory metrics;•Select the right systems;•Master the art of master scheduling;•Adhere to exception reporting;•Identify lost demands;•Plan by assortment;•Track inbound receipts;•Create coverage reports;•Balance under stock/overstock; and•Optimize SKUs.This will leverage the retailer’s ability to buy larger quantities across all channels while buying only what is required for a specified period in order to manage risk in a better way. In most multichannel companies, inventory is the largest asset on the balance sheet, which means that their profitability will be determined to a large degree by the way they plan, forecast, and manage inventory (Curt Barry, 2007). They can follow somesteps like creating a strategy, integrating planning and forecasting, equipping with the best-laid plans and building strong vendor relationships and effective liquidation. Moving Towards Zero InventoryAt the fore is the development and widespread adoption of nimble, sophisticated software systems such as Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems, as well as dedicated supply chain management software systems. These systems offer manufacturers greater functionality. To implement ‘Zero Stock’ system, companies need to have a good information system to handle customer orders, sub-contractor orders, product inventory and all issues related to production. If the company has no IT infrastructure, it will need to build it from the scratch.A good information system can help managers to get accurate data and make strategic decisions. IT infrastructure is not a cost, but an investment. A company can use RFID method, network inventory and other software tools for inventory optimization. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)RFID is an automatic identification method, which relies on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.RFID use in enterprise supply chain management increases the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. RFID application develops asset utilization by tracking reusable assets and provides visibility, improves quality control by tagging raw material, work-in-progress, and finished goods inventory, improves production execution and supply chain performance by providing accurate, timely and detailed information to enterprise resource planning and manufacturing execution system.The status of inventory can be obtained automatically by using RFID. There are many benefits of using RFID such as reduced inventory, reduced time, reduced errors, accessibility increase, high security, etc.Network InventoryA Network Inventory Management System (NIMS) tracks movement of items across the system and thus can locate malfunctioning equipment/process and provide information required to diagnose and correct problem areas. It also determines wherecapacity is to be added, calculates impact of market conditions, assesses impact of new products and the impact of a new customer. NIMS is very important when the complexity of a supply chain is high. It determines the manufacturing and distribution strategies for the future. It should take into consideration production, location, inventory and transportation.The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management, is an essential component of robust network management architecture.NIMS provide information that administrators can use to improve network management performance and help develop effective network asset control processes.A network inventory solution manages network resource information for multiple network technologies as well as multiple vendors in one common accurate database. It is an extremely useful tool for improving several operation processes, such as resource trouble management, service assurance, network planning and provisioning, field maintenance and spare parts management.The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management, is an essential component of strong network management architecture. In addition, software tools that provide planning, design and life cycle management for network assets should prominently appear on enterprise radar screens.Inventory Optimization Softwarei2 Inventory Optimizationi2 solutions enable customers to realize top and bottom-line benefits through the use of superior inventory management practices. i2 Inventory Optimization can help companies monitor, manage, and optimize strategies to decide—what to make, what to buy and from whom, what inventories to carry, where, in what form and how much—across the supply chain. It enables customers to learn and continuously improve inventory management policies and processes, strategic analysis and optimization.Product-oriented industry can install i2 Inventory Optimization and develop supply chain. Through this, the company can reduce inventory levels and overall logistics costs. It can also get higher service level performance, greater customer satisfaction, improved asset utilization, accelerated inventory turns, better product availability, reduced risk,and more precise and comprehensive supply chain visibility.Oracle Inventory OptimizationOracle Inventory Optimization considers the demand, supply, constraints and variability in extended supply chain to optimize strategic inventory investment decisions. It allows retailers to provide higher service levels to customers at a lower total cost. Oracle Inventory Optimization is part of the Oracle e-Business Suite, an integrated set of applications that are engineered to work together.Oracle Inventory Optimization provides solutions when demand and supply are in ambiguity. It provides graphic representation of the plan. It calculates cost and risk.MRO SoftwareMRO Software (now a part of IBM's Tivoli software business) announced a marketing alliance with inventory optimization specialists Xtivity to enhance the service offering of inventory management solutions for MRO Software customers. MRO offers Xtivity's Inventory Optimizer (XIO) service as an extension of its asset and service management solutions.Structured Query Language (SQL)Successful implementation of an inventory optimization solution requires significant effort and can pose certain risks to companies implementing such solutions. Structured Query Language (SQL) can be used on a common ERP platform. An optimal inventory policy can be determined by using it. Along with it, other metrics such as projected inventory levels, projected backlogs and their confidence bands can also be calculated. The only drawback of this method is that it may not be possible to obtain quick real-time results because of architectural and algorithmic complexity. However, potential scenarios can be analyzed in anticipation of results stored prior to user requests.Some ExamplesToyota’s Practice in IndiaToyota, a quality conscious company working towards zero inventory has selected Mitsui and Transport Corporation of India Ltd. (TCI) for their entire logistic solutions encompassing planning, transportation, warehousing, distribution and MIS and relateddocumentation. Infrastructure is a bottleneck that continues to dog economic growth in India. Transystem renders services like procurement, consolidation and transportation of original equipment manufacturer's parts, through milk run operations from various suppliers all over India on a JIT basis, transportation of Complete Built-up Units (CBU) from plant to all dealers in the country and operation of CBU yards, coordination and transportation of Knock Down (KD) parts from port of entry to manufacturing plant, transportation of aftermarket parts to dealers by road and air to Toyota Kirloskar Motors Pvt. Ltd.Wal-MartWal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States, with an estimated 20% of the retail grocery and consumables business, as well as the largest toy seller in the US, with an estimated 22% share of the toy market. Wal-Mart also operates in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Puerto Rico and UK.Wal-Mart keeps close track of the inventories by extensively adopting vendor-managed inventory to streamline the flow of goods from manufacturer to the store shelf. This results in more turns and therefore fewer inventories.Wal-Mart is an early adopter of RFID to monitor the movement of stocks in different stages of supply chain. The company keeps tabs on all of its merchandize by outfitting its products with RFID.Wal-Mart has indicated recently that it is moving towards the aggressive theoretical zero inventory model.Chordus Inc.Chordus Inc. has the largest division of office furniture in USA. It has advanced logistics and a model of zero inventory. It has Internet-based system for distribution network with real-time updates and low costs. Chordus determined that only SAP R/3 could accommodate this cutting-edge operational model for its network of 150 dealer-owned franchises in 44 states supported by five nationwide Distribution Centers (DCs) and a fleet of 65 delivery trucks.Small Scale Cycle Industry Around LudhianaIn and around Ludhiana, there are many small bicycle units, which are notorganized.They have a sharp focus on financial and raw material management enjoying a low employee turnover. They have been practicing zero inventory models which became popular in Japan only much later. Raw material is brought into the unit in the morning, processed during the day and by evening the finished product is passed on to the next unit. Thus, the chain continues till the ultimate finished product is manufactured. In this way, the bicycles used to be produced in Ludhiana at half the production cost of TI Cycles. Even the large manufacturers of cycles, like Hero cycles, Atlas cycles and Avon cycles are reported to maintain only one week's inventory.ConclusionInventory managers are faced with high service-level requirements and many SKUs appreciate the complexity of inventory optimization, as well as the explicit control that is needed over total investment in warehousing, moving and logistics. Inventory optimization can provide both an enormous performance improvement for the supply chain and ongoing continuous improvements over competitors. The company achieves the stability needed to have enough stock to meet unpredictable demands without wasteful allocation of capital. Having the right amount of stock in the right place at the right time improves customer satisfaction, market share and bottom line. Certainly, the organizations that are able to take inventory optimization to the enterprise level will reap greater benefits. Zero inventory may be wishful thinking, but embracing new technologies and processes to manage one's inventory more efficiently could move one much closer to that ideal.中文译文：零库存方法对于一个企业来说，在供应链中优化库存管理是至关重要的。
出入库管理英语
出入库管理英语出入库管理英语是指对企业物流和仓储领域中的物品出入库进行管理的一种英语表达方式。
在企业运营中，出入库管理是非常重要的一环，它涉及到货物的进出、库存的控制和管理等方面，因此需要相关的工作人员具备出入库管理的英语表达能力。
出入库管理的英语表达主要包括以下方面：1.入库管理英语表达(1) Incoming goods inspection –入库检验(2) Receiving procedure –收货流程(3) Goods receiving –货物接收(4) Unloading –卸货(5) Checking of delivery note –发货单核对(6) Checking of quantity and quality –数量和质量检查 2.出库管理英语表达(1) Dispatching procedure –发货流程(2) Picking –拣货(3) Checking of delivery note –发货单核对(4) Checking of quantity and quality –数量和质量检查(5) Loading –装货(6) Shipping –发货3.库存管理英语表达(1) Inventory control –库存控制(2) Stock-taking –盘点(3) Inventory management system –库存管理系统(4) Stock level –库存水平(5) Safety stock –安全库存(6) FIFO (First-In-First-Out) –先进先出法以上是出入库管理英语的主要内容，掌握这些英语表达可以帮助工作人员更好地进行出入库管理工作，并更好地沟通交流。
仓库管理制度英文版
1. IntroductionThis Warehouse Management System (WMS) is established to ensure the efficient and safe operation of the warehouse, optimize storage and distribution processes, and maintain the quality and integrity of goods. This system applies to all departments and individuals involved in the operation of the warehouse.2. Responsibilities2.1 The warehouse manager is responsible for the overall management of the warehouse, including personnel management, inventory management, equipment management, and safety management.2.2 The warehouse staff are responsible for the daily operation of the warehouse, such as receiving, storing, picking, and shipping goods, as well as maintaining the cleanliness and order of the warehouse.3. Warehouse Layout and Equipment3.1 The layout of the warehouse should be reasonable and efficient, ensuring the smooth flow of goods and personnel.3.2 The warehouse should be equipped with necessary storage equipment, such as shelves, racks, conveyors, and forklifts, to facilitate the storage and handling of goods.4. Inventory Management4.1 The warehouse staff shall maintain accurate inventory records, including the name, quantity, specifications, and storage location of goods.4.2 Regular inventory checks shall be conducted to ensure the accuracy of inventory records and the timely discovery of discrepancies.4.3 The inventory system shall be updated in a timely manner, reflecting the actual inventory status.5. Receiving and Inspection5.1 When receiving goods, the warehouse staff shall check the quality, quantity, and specifications of the goods against the purchase order and inspection report.5.2 Any discrepancies shall be reported to the relevant department for handling.6. Storage and Handling6.1 Goods shall be stored in designated areas according to their characteristics, such as shelf life, flammability, and toxicity.6.2 Goods shall be handled with care to prevent damage or contamination.6.3 The warehouse staff shall regularly inspect the stored goods to ensure their quality and integrity.7. Picking and Shipping7.1 Picking operations shall be conducted according to the order requirements, ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of the picking process.7.2 Goods shall be packed and labeled properly before shipping.8. Safety and Environment8.1 The warehouse shall comply with safety regulations and standards, including fire prevention, electrical safety, and personal protective equipment.8.2 The warehouse staff shall be trained on safety procedures and emergency response measures.8.3 The warehouse shall maintain a clean and tidy environment, with proper waste disposal and ventilation.9. Training and Evaluation9.1 The company shall provide regular training for the warehouse staff on warehouse management, safety, and other relevant issues.9.2 The performance of the warehouse staff shall be evaluated periodically to ensure the continuous improvement of the warehouse management system.10. Confidentiality10.1 The warehouse staff shall keep the company's business information confidential and not disclose it to unauthorized personnel.11. Violation and Punishment11.1 Any violation of this Warehouse Management System shall be subject to disciplinary measures, including warnings, fines, and termination of employment.12. Revision12.1 This Warehouse Management System may be revised and updated from time to time as needed.By implementing this Warehouse Management System, the company aims to achieve efficient, safe, and reliable warehouse operations, ensuring the satisfaction of customers and the continuous improvement of the company's competitive advantage.。
外文翻译--- 供应链管理下的库存控制
外文翻译--- 供应链管理下的库存控制在供应链管理环境下，库存控制仍然存在一些问题，需要企业及时解决。
主要问题包括以下几个方面：1.信息不对称在供应链中，不同企业之间的信息不对称问题比较严重，导致企业难以准确预测市场需求，从而影响库存控制的效果。
2.订单不稳定供应链中的订单不稳定性也是影响库存控制的重要因素之一。
订单不稳定会导致企业难以确定库存水平，从而影响供应链整体绩效。
3.物流配送问题物流配送问题也是影响库存控制的重要因素之一。
物流配送不畅会导致库存积压，增加企业的库存成本。
4.缺乏协调供应链中各个企业之间缺乏协调也是影响库存控制的重要因素之一。
缺乏协调会导致企业之间的库存信息不同步，从而影响供应链整体绩效。
为了解决这些问题，企业需要采取一系列措施，如加强信息共享、优化订单管理、完善物流配送体系、建立协调机制等，以提高供应链整体绩效和库存控制的效果。
尽管从宏观角度来看，供应链管理环境下的库存控制比传统管理更具优势，但实际操作中，由于每个企业对供应链管理的理解存在差异，存在利益冲突等问题，导致实际运用时也会出现许多问题。
其中，主要存在以下几个方面的问题：1.各企业缺乏供应链管理的整体观念，导致各自为政的行为降低了供应链整体效率。
2.交货状态数据不准确，导致客户不满和供应链中某些企业增加库存量。
3.信息传递系统低效率，导致延迟和不准确的信息，影响库存量的精确度和短期生产计划的实施。
4.缺乏合作与协调性，组织障碍是库存增加的一个重要因素。
5.产品的过程设计没有考虑供应链上库存的影响，导致成本效益被库存成本抵消，引进新产品时也会遇到问题。
因此，在供应链管理环境下，需要制定合适的库存控制策略，包括建立整体观念，提高信息传递效率，加强合作与协调性，考虑库存影响的产品设计等措施，以提高供应链整体效率。
针对库存管理问题，我们推出以下策略：1.供应商管理库存策略：VMI（Vendor Managed Inventory）库存管理模式。
仓库管理制度 英文
仓库管理制度英文1. IntroductionThe efficient management of a warehouse is crucial to the smooth functioning of a company's supply chain. The Warehouse Management System (WMS) specifies the key guidelines, procedures, and expectations for the management and operation of a warehouse. This system aims to ensure proper organization, safety, security, and efficiency in the handling of inventory and materials. It covers all aspects of warehouse operations, from receipt of goods to dispatch, including storage, inventory control, and order picking.2. ObjectivesThe objectives of the Warehouse Management System are as follows:- Ensure the safe and secure storage of goods- Monitor and control inventory levels to prevent stockouts and overstock situations- Optimize warehouse layout and location for efficient material handling- Streamline receiving, storage, and order fulfillment processes- Minimize damage to goods during handling and storage- Implement safety measures to protect workers and goods- Electronically track and record inventory movements for accurate and real-time inventory status- Improve order accuracy and reduce order cycle times- Ensure compliance with regulatory and quality standards3. Organizational StructureThe warehouse management organizational structure consists of the following roles and responsibilities:- Warehouse Manager: Responsible for overseeing all warehouse operations, including staffing, budgeting, and strategic planning.- Warehouse Supervisor: Manages day-to-day activities, coordinates workflow, and addresses operational issues.- Inventory Control Manager: Ensures accurate inventory records, conducts audits, and implements inventory control measures.- Receiving and Shipping Clerks: Handle the receipt of incoming goods and the dispatch of outbound shipments.- Inventory Handlers: Carry out the physical movement and storage of goods.- Quality Control Inspectors: Check incoming and outgoing goods for damage, accuracy, and adherence to quality standards.- Maintenance Staff: Maintain the warehouse equipment and facilities to ensure a safe and productive working environment.4. Receiving ProceduresThe receiving process plays a critical role in maintaining accurate inventory records and minimizing the risk of receiving damaged or incorrect goods. The following procedures should be followed:- All incoming shipments must be accompanied by a packing list or bill of lading.- Receiving clerks should visually inspect and count the goods to verify quantities and condition.- Any discrepancies or damage should be noted, and the receiving report should be signed by the person receiving the goods.- Goods should be labeled and allocated to the correct storage location based on their characteristics, such as weight, fragility, or temperature sensitivity.- Information about the received items should be promptly entered into the WMS to update inventory records.5. Storage and Inventory ControlEfficient and organized storage is essential for maximizing space utilization and facilitating the movement of goods. The following guidelines should govern storage and inventory control:- Goods must be stored based on their storage requirements, such as temperature, humidity, or shelf life.- The WMS should be used to designate the exact location of each item within the warehouse.- Inventory counts should be conducted regularly to ensure accuracy, and variances should be investigated and resolved promptly.- Age, usage, or expiry date should be taken into account when prioritizing picking locations to ensure that older stock is picked first (FIFO).- The WMS must keep track of replenishment needs and the reordering of stock to prevent stockouts.6. Order Picking and DispatchEfficient order picking and dispatching processes are crucial for fulfilling customer orders accurately and promptly. The following steps should be followed:- The WMS should generate pick lists based on order requirements and prioritize them to optimize picking routes.- Picking staff should verify the items picked against the pick list to ensure accuracy.- Orders must be packed securely and labeled correctly for shipment.- Dispatch staff should use the WMS to update order status and print shipping labels.- Timely communication with logistics and transportation partners is essential to ensure on-time delivery.7. Safety and SecurityThe safety and security of warehouse personnel and goods are of utmost importance. Safety measures should be implemented and enforced, including:- Staff should be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and trained in safe handling practices.- Equipment and machinery should be regularly inspected and maintained to prevent accidents and injuries.- Fire prevention and emergency response procedures should be established and communicated.- Access to the warehouse should be restricted to authorized personnel, and surveillance measures may be implemented to prevent theft and vandalism.8. Reporting and Performance MetricsRegular reporting and the measurement of key performance metrics are essential for evaluating the effectiveness of warehouse operations. Key performance indicators (KPIs) may include:- Order accuracy- On-time delivery- Inventory turnover- Storage space utilization- Labor productivity- Stockout rate- Inventory accuracyThese metrics should be tracked and analyzed to identify areas for improvement and ensure that the warehouse is functioning at peak efficiency.9. ConclusionThe Warehouse Management System provides a comprehensive framework for the effective and organized management of warehouse operations. By following the guidelines and procedures outlined in this system, the company can ensure the optimal utilization of resources, accurate inventory management, and the efficient movement of goods through the supply chain. Continuous improvement and adherence to best practices are essential to meet the evolving demands of the market and deliver superior service to customers.。
仓库管理常见英语收集,仓储工作英语单词与中文意思对照
仓库管理常见英语收集收货组Receiving Team收货区Receiving Area散装区Bulk Storage货架区Rack Storage入库Entry入库单"Warehouse entry"收货单Receiving Note收货产品Receiving Product物品接收时间Goods Receive Date物品数量总计Goods Total Material Quantity 重量weight毛重Gross Weight净重Net Weight最大重量Maximum Weight最小重量Miximum Weight总计容量Total Capacity出库单Delivery List拣货Picking Goods拣货区Picking Area转储单Transfer Order检验报告单Inspection Document物料清单Bill of Material料号Part Number电子单据Electronics Note码盘Pallet-Sorting分拣Picking/Sorting采购订单Purchase Order（PO）手写单Hand Note到货通知Arrival Notice报关到货Importing Goods检验单Inspection Note入库扫描Entry Scanning扫描Scan存货In Stock冻结的库存Blocked Stock库存Inventory/Stock库存清单Stock List发货区Shipping Area发货单Delivery sheet盘点Count日盘Daily Count周盘Weekly Count月盘Monthly Count年盘Annual Count库位Storage Bin邮件E-Mail电话确认Confirmation by phone确认Confirmation联系方式Contact Windows封箱胶纸Seal Label包装垫Cushion外箱变形Deformed Cartoon原包装短缺Original Cartoon Shortage 二次封箱Second seal cartoon合格章Qualified Stamp检验Inspection入帐Entry System系统故障System Down冻结Block非限制Unrestriction质检Inspection转仓车Transfer Truck数量短缺Quantity Shortage原包装短缺破损Damage修改库位Modify Location 司机Driver外箱破损Cartoon Damage 换箱Exchange Cartoon协助处理Assist to Handle 合格品Qualified Goods库管员Storeman扫描仪Scanner主机DT(DeskTop)出口主机Export DT内销主机Outbound DT显示器Monitor打印机Printer扫描仪Scanner内存Memory一体机All in One(AIO)电脑包Carrying Case物料编号Part Number主机号DT Number批次号Batch Number型号Model序列号Serial Number音箱Speaker选件Option成品Finish Goods机箱Chassis电源线Power Cable电源插头Power Plug电源开关Power Switch风扇Fan电池Battery麦克风Micro Phone移动硬盘HDD(Hard Disk Drive) 投影仪Projector板卡Main Board耳机Ear Phone无线鼠标Wireless Mouse摄像头Camera商品描述Goods Description打包带Packing Strap手叉车Hand Forklift电动叉车Forklift叉车操作工Forklift Driver备货Pick-up扫描Scan盘点Cycle Count日周月年盘Daily/weekly/monthly/Annually cycle count 库位Storage Location检验Inspection入帐(过账) Post GI(goods Issue)系统故障System debug客户退机Defective On Arrival（DOA）发货单号Delivery number货物发出日期Goods issue date发货单总计Grand total deliveries捡货区Pick area流水号Serial NO发货点Shipping Point发货单位Shipping Unit库存位置Storage Location总计发运重量Total delivery weight联合运输Combined Transport直达运输 Through Transport中转运输Transfer Transport集装箱运输Container Transport整箱货Full container load (FCL)拼箱货 Less than container load (LCL)经常库存Sycle Stock安全库存Safety Stock库存周期Inventory cycle time前置期（或提前期）Lead time货垛Goods stack堆码Stacking装卸Loading and unloading包装 Package/packaging托盘包装Palletizing分拣Sorting立体仓Stereoscopic warehouse虚拟仓Virtual warehouse出口监管仓 Export supervised warehouse海关监管货物 Cargo under custom's supervision 货架Goods Shelf货场Goods Yard报关Customs Declaration报关行Customs Broker进出口商品检验Commodity Inspection库存控制Inventory Control 业务外包Outsourcing。
inventory management 库存管理 外文翻译
Floyd D. Hedrick, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.Editor: Jeannette Budding, Communications ManagerNational Association of Purchasing ManagementInventory managementAbstractInventory management, or inventory control, is an attempt to balance inventory needs and requirements with the need to minimize costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory. There are several schools of thought that view inventory and its function differently. These will be addressed later, but first we present a foundation to facilitate the reader's understanding of inventory and its functionInventory management is inventory management in short .As an important inventory of liquid assets, its existence is bound to take up a lot of liquidity. In general, inventories of industrial enterprises accounted for about 30% of the total assets of commercial circulation enterprises is even higher, the management of utilization is directly related to the occupation of the level of corporate funds and asset efficiency. Therefore, a business to maintain high profitability, should be attached great importance to inventory management. Inventory management at different levels, the company's average occupancy level of funding is a big difference. Through the implementation of proper inventory management methods to reduce the level of the average amount of funds used to improve the inventory turnover rate and total assets, will ultimately improve the economic efficiency of enterprises.Keyword：Inventory；ManagementChapterⅠ Inventory DefinitionInventory is a quantity or store of goods that is held for some purpose or use (the term may also be used as a verb, meaning to take inventory or to count all goods held in inventory). Inventory may be kept "in-house," meaning on the premises or nearby for immediate use; or it may be held in a distant warehouse or distribution center for future use. With the exception of firms utilizing just-in-time methods, more often thannot, the term "inventory" implies a stored quantity of goods that exceeds what is needed for the firm to function at the current time (e.g., within the next few hours).Chapter II The meaning of Inventory Management2.1maintain the listWhy would a firm hold more inventory than is currently necessary to ensure the firm's operation? The following is a list of reasons for maintaining what would appear to be "excess" inventory.Table 1January February March April May June Demand 50 50 0 100 200 200 Produce 100 100 100 100 100 100 Month-end inventory 50 100 200 200 100 0Table 11-6 month a business demand, production, end balance situation2.2 Meet demandIn order for a retailer to stay in business, it must have the products that the customer wants on hand when the customer wants them. If not, the retailer will have to back-order the product. If the customer can get the good from some other source, he or she may choose to do so rather than electing to allow the original retailer to meet demand later (through back-order). Hence, in many instances, if a good is not in inventory, a sale is lost forever.2.3 Keep operations runningA manufacturer must have certain purchased items (raw materials, components, or subassemblies) in order to manufacture its product. Running out of only one item can prevent a manufacturer from completing the production of its finished goods.Inventory between successive dependent operations also serves to decouple the dependency of the operations. A machine or workcenter is often dependent upon the previous operation to provide it with parts to work on. If work ceases at a workcenter, then all subsequent centers will shut down for lack of work. If a supply of work-in-process inventory is kept between eachworkcenter, then each machine can maintain its operations for a limited time, hopefully until operations resume the original center.2.4 Lead timeLead time is the time that elapses between the placing of an order (either a purchase order or a production order issued to the shop or the factory floor) and actually receiving the goods ordered. If a supplier (an external firm or an internal department or plant) cannot supply the required goods on demand, then the client firm must keep an inventory of the needed goods. The longer the lead time, the larger the quantity of goods the firm must carry in inventory.A just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing firm, such as Nissan in Smyrna, Tennessee, can maintain extremely low levels of inventory. Nissan takes delivery on truck seats as many as 18 times per day. However, steel mills may have a lead time of up to three months. That means that a firm that uses steel produced at the mill must place orders at least three months in advance of their need. In order to keep their operations running in the meantime, an on-hand inventory of three months' steel requirements would be necessary.2.5 HedgeInventory can also be used as a hedge against price increases and inflation. Salesmen routinely call purchasing agents shortly before a price increase goes into effect. This gives the buyer a chance to purchase material, in excess of current need, at a price that is lower than it would be if the buyer waited until after the price increase occurs.2.6 Smoothing requirementsSometimes inventory is used to smooth demand requirements in a market where demand is somewhat erratic. Consider the demand forecast and production schedule outlined in Table1Notice how the use of inventory has allowed the firm to maintain a steady rate of output (thus avoiding the cost of hiring and training new personnel), while building up inventory in anticipation of an increase in demand. In fact, this is often called anticipation inventory. In essence, the use of inventory has allowed the firm to move demand requirements to earlier periods, thus smoothing the demand.Chapter III Controlling InventoryOften firms are given a price discount when purchasing large quantities of a good. This also frequently results in inventory in excess of what is currently needed to meet demand. However, if the discount is sufficient to offset the extra holding cost incurred as a result of the excess inventory, the decision to buy the large quantity is justified.Firms that carry hundreds or even thousands of different part numbers can be faced with the impossible task of monitoring the inventory levels of each part number. In order to facilitate this, many firm's use an ABC approach. ABC analysis is based on Pareto Analysis, also known as the "80/20" rule. The 80/20 comes from Pareto's finding that 20 percent of the populace possessed 80 percent of the wealth. From an inventory perspective it can restated thusly: approximately 20 percent of all inventory items represent 80 percent of inventory costs. Therefore, a firm can control 80 percent of its inventory costs by monitoring and controlling 20 percent of its inventory. But, it has to be the correct 20 percent.The top 20 percent of the firm's most costly items are termed "A" items (this should approximately represent 80 percent of total inventory costs). Items that are extremely inexpensive or have low demand are termed "C" items, with "B" items falling in between A and C items. The percentages may vary with each firm, but B items usually represent about 30 percent of the total inventory items and 15 percent of the costs. C items generally constitute 50 percent of all inventory items but only around 5 percent of the costs.By classifying each inventory item as an A, B or C the firm can determine the resources (time, effort and money) to dedicate to each item. Usually this means that the firm monitors A items very closely but can check on B and C items on a periodic basis (for example, monthly for B items and quarterly for C items).Another control method related to the ABC concept is cycle counting. Cycle counting is used instead of the traditional "once-a-year" inventory count where firms shut down for a short period of time and physically count all inventory assets in an attempt to reconcile any possible discrepancies in their inventory records. When cycle counting is used the firm is continually taking a physical count but not of total inventory.A firm may physically count a certain section of the plant or warehouse, moving on to other sections upon completion, until the entire facility is counted. Then the process starts all over again.The firm may also choose to count all the A items, then the B items, and finally the C items. Certainly, the counting frequency will vary with the classification of each item. In other words, A item may be counted monthly, B items quarterly, and C items yearly. In addition the required accuracy of inventory records may vary according to classification, with A items requiring the most accurate record keeping.Chapter IV SummaryTime inventory management is now faced with the defects.The advent, through altruism or legislation, of environmental management has added a new dimension to inventory management-reverse supply chain logistics. Environmental management has expanded the number of inventory types that firms have to coordinate. In addition to raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, and MRO goods, firms now have to deal with post-consumer items such as scrap, returned goods, reusable or recyclable containers, and any number of items that require repair, reuse, recycling, or secondary use in another product. Retailers have the same type problems dealing with inventory that has been returned due to defective material or manufacture, poor fit, finish, or color, or outright "I changed my mind" responses from customers.Finally, supply chain management has had a considerable impact on inventory management. Instead of managing one's inventory to maximize profit and minimize cost for the individual firm, today's firm has to make inventory decisions that benefit the entire supply chain.References[1] D. Bertsekas. Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, (Volumes1 and 2). Athena Scientific, 2005.[2] A. Burnetas and P. Ritchken. Option pricing with downward-slopingdemand curves: The case of supply chain options. Management Science, 51(4):566–580, 2005.[3] F. Chen and M. Parlar. Value of a put option to the risk-aversenewsvendor. IIE Transactions, 39(5):481–500, 2007.[4] J. Cox, S. Ross, and M. Rubinstein. Option Pricing: A SimplifiedApproach'. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics,143:461–495, 2002.[5] R. Levine and S. Zervos. Stock markets, banks, and economic growth.American Economic Review, 88(3):537–58, June 1998.[6] E. L. Porteus. Foundations of Stochastic Inventory Theory. StanfordUniversity Press, Stanford, 2002.[7] J. Primbs. Dynamic hedging of basket options under proportionaltransaction costs using receding horizon control. Preprint, 2007.Floyd D. Hedrick, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.Editor: Jeannette Budding, Communications ManagerNational Association of Purchasing Management库存管理摘要库存管理或库存控制，是为了平衡库存的需要和要求，有必要从降低成本获得和持有的库存造成的。
库存管理的基本原理和方法
“库存”，在英语里面有两种表达方式：Inventory和Stock，它表示用于将来目的的资源暂时处于闲置状态。
一般情况下，人们设置库存的目的是防止短缺，就象水库里储存的水一样。
另外，它还具有保持生产过程连续性、分摊订货费用、快速满足用户订货需求的作用。
在企业生产中，尽管库存是出于种种经济考虑而存在，但是库存也是一种无奈的结果它是由于人们无法预测未来的需求变化，才不得已采用的应付外界变化的手段，也是因为人们无法使所有的工作都做得尽善尽美，才产生一些人们并不想要的冗余与囤积-不和谐的工作沉淀。
在库存理论中，人们一般根据物品需求的重复程度分为单周期库存和多周期库存。
单周期需求也叫一次性订货，这种需求的特征是偶发性和物品生命周期短，因而很少重复订货，如报纸，没有人会订过期的报纸来看，人们也不会在农历八月十六预订中秋月饼，这些都是单周期需求。
多周期需求是在长时间内需求反复发生，库存需要不断补充，在实际生活中，这种需求现象较为多见。
多周期需求又分为独立需求库存与相关需求库存两种属性。
所谓独立需求是指需求变化独立于人们的主观控制能力之外，因而其数量与出现的概率是随机的、不确定的、模糊的。
相关需求的需求数量和需求时间与其他的变量存在一定的相互关系，可以通过一定的数学关系推算得出。
对于一个相对独立的企业而言，其产品是独立的需求变量，因为其需求的数量与需求时间对于作为系统控制主体-企业管理者而言，一般是无法预先精确确定的，只能通过一定的预测方法得出。
而生产过程中的在制品以及需要的原材料，则可以通过产品的结构关系和一定的生产比例关系准确确定。
独立需求的库存控制与相关需求的库存控制原理是不相同的。
独立需求对一定的库存控制系统来说,是一种外生变量（Exogenous Variable），相关需求则是控制系统的内生变量（Endogenous Variable）。
不管是独立需求库存控制还是相关需求库存控制，都要回答这些问题：（1）如何优化库存成本？（2）怎样平衡生产与销售计划，来满足一定的交货要求？（3）怎样避免浪费，避免不必要的库存？（4）怎样避免需求损失和利润损失？归根到底，库存控制要解决三个主要问题：（1）确定库存检查周期；（2）确定订货量；（3）确定订货点（何时订货）。
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淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：信息管理与信息系统姓名：学号：外文出处：[J]. IBM Systems Journal(用外文写)2013,64(3):93-137附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文数字图书馆的宏观管理随着多媒体技术和通信技术的进步，Internet网络的飞速发展，数字图书馆的研究与建设已取得很大的成就。
这必将导致图书馆组织机构、工作模式和工作机理以及图书馆管理理念等方面的深刻的管理变革。
但是人们的注意力大多集中在各种载体文献的数字化技术、数字图书馆信息资源组织和检索技术等方面，对于数字图书馆的管理问题仍末引起足够的重视。
因此，数字图书馆的宏观管理越来越成为数字图书馆发展建设必需解决的重大问题。
1 数字图书馆宏观管理的新理念数字图书馆是一个数字化的信息系统，它通过计算机技术、通讯网络、信息处理等各种技术，将分散于各种载体、不同地理位置的信息资源以数字化的方式储存，以网络化的方式互相连接，提供及时利用，实现资源共享。
因此，数字图书馆的管理与传统图书馆的管理有很大的区别，应确立新的管理理念。
首先是确立“集成管理”理念。
也就是将集成思想创造性地用于数字图书馆管理实践的过程，其核心是强调运用集成的思想和观念指导数字图书馆的管理实践，实现信息技术、信息资源、信息规范、人力资源等各种资源要素的全方位优化、组合，促进各项要素、功能和优势之间的互补与匹配，最终促进整个管理效率的提高。
其次要确立“知识是数字图书馆管理最重要的资源”理念。
随着网络技术的发展和“学习型社会”的提倡，人们对社会信息与知识的需求增加，客观上要求数字图书馆不断拓宽业务范围，改善服务环境与手段，运用众多专家的知识和智慧开发知识资源。
还应确立“以人为本自主管理”理念。
数字图书馆要在未来社会中得到可持续的发展，最重大的现实问题就是如何将人本管理思想贯彻实施，这也是一项战略性的创新型管理制度。
2 数字图书馆的宏观管理2.1 数字图书馆的知识管理数字图书馆知识管理是指通过对数字图书馆所拥有的包括信息与知识各种要素在内的所有智力资本进行组织、开发和运营，实现知识创新、知识传播和知识增殖的过程。
数字图书馆本质上是一种面向用户的网络化数字资源体系、向用户提供系统化的有序的知识体系，工作重心也转向深层次的知识服务。
因此，数字图书馆实质上是一种知识型组织，同时数字图书馆建设也是一项知识创新工程，这就决定了知识管理是数字图书馆宏观管理的必然选择，是数字图书馆管理的首选模式。
数字图书馆知识管理的主要内容包括：知识创造管理（是一种开发新知识或替代现有隐性知识和显性知识的过程和行为）；知识组织管理（利用信息技术通过知识发现、知识获取、知识表示、知识存贮来组织数字图书馆知识）；知识检索管理（根据用户需求或问题的实际情况找出可利用的知识，使问题得到圆满解决，涉及到人工智能与专家系统的许多方面）；知识服务管理（包括数字化参考咨询服务管理、基于网络的个性化信息定制服务管理、基于网络的知识创建与知识共享服务管理等）；知识资本管理（包括数字图书馆的人力资本管理、知识产权资本管理等）。
为了有效地搞好数字图书馆的知识管理，首先应确定知识开发策略。
知识周期包括知识创造、知识采用、知识发布、知识评价。
除此之外，数字图书馆还可利用其他途径来获取知识。
购买是获取知识最直接、最有效的办法，包括购买拥有知识的整个机构或是雇佣拥有知识的个人。
租用是获取知识的另一常用方法，一般采取的形式是数字图书馆向某一公司或机构的研究项目提供经济援助或资金，以换取研究成果的第一商业使用权。
其次是组建知识型团队组织。
知识型团队是一种以知识的创建、传播与应用为基本出发点的由相互协作的个体所组成的正式群体。
数字图书馆知识型团队组织由资源建设团队、信息服务团队、技术支持与开发团队、高层管理团队四部分组成。
这些团队组织通过相互协作与交流，提高了数字知识的时效性，完善了数字图书馆的知识服务，改善了领导关系。
2.2 数字图书馆的用户管理数字图书馆的用户管理不仅要能有效地保证数字图书馆信息资源的充分利用，实现资源共享，同时也要能做到有效保护商用信息资源的知识产权，并尽可能使用户管理简单化，从而保证系统的高效运行。
因此，采取合适的用户管理模式对于数字图书馆来说至关重要。
综合目前有关的研究资料，笔者认为，数字图书馆合理的用户管理模式应是IP验证加防火墙隔离方式与用户认证加访问授权方式的紧密结合。
即对于数量庞大的数字图书馆Intranet用户采取IP验证加防火墙隔离方式进行管理；对于Internet上想利用该数字图书馆商用信息资源的用户和那些常常离开Intranet覆盖范围的Intranet用户可以采用用户认证加访问授权方式进行管理。
因为上述两种用户管理方式各有所长，各有所短，若单纯采用一种管理模式，势必给用户利用商用信息带来障碍；若管理的用户过多，则会影响系统的运行效率。
不难看出，它们具有优势互补的特点。
因而结合起来进行用户管理，数字图书馆就能有效地解决资源共享、知识产权保护和系统运行效率之间的关系问题。
2.3 数字图书馆的人力资源管理数字图书馆信息资源的载体、存取方式及覆盖范围都发生了前所未有的变化，呈现出多媒体、多语种、全球性分布式结构等特点，图书馆工作人员的素质、专业技术水平的高低将直接影响信息资源开发的深度和质量。
同时，数字图书馆中传统的服务模式被打破，图书馆面对的是不同用户、不同层次的需求，用户需求的多样化决定了馆员知识结构的复合化与服务内容的个性化必须得到加强。
在信息时代，人们更注意信息的传递，并更多地根据读者需求的满足率及为用户提供选择性信息的能力来评价一个图书馆。
因此，数字图书馆的人力资源建设是信息资源建设的前提，同时也是图书馆开展信息服务、保持信息服务主导地位的必然要求。
但是，受传统观念的影响，某些图书馆领导意识薄略、人才流失、人力资源管理技术落后，加之工作人员工作积极性不是太高，这些因素制约着人力资源建设的发展。
数字图书馆的人力资源管理应当从以下几方面确定发展策略：（1）以人为本，树立“能本管理”的理念。
通过有效的方法，最大限度地发挥人的能力，从而实现能力价值的最大化，把能力这种最重要的人力资源作为组织发展的推动力量。
（2）建立科学高效的管理机制，包括建立增强动力的竞争机制、建立调动积极性的激励机制和建立挖掘潜能的培养机制等，激发图书馆员的动机，发挥其内在潜力，通过在职培训或进修提高他们的综合技能，引导竞争朝良性的方向发展。
目前主要采取思想教育与知识学习相结合、引进人才与馆内培养相结合、博学与专才相结合、学术研究与实际应用相结合等方式对数字图书馆的人力资源进行管理。
2.4 数字图书馆的网络信息资源管理针对互联网上中文信息匮乏、网络信息资源管理杂乱的现状，我们应下大力气抓紧网络信息资源建设，加强其管理。
从宏观来看，可采取如下对策：（1）加强对网上信息的整合与开发，推动信息资源的开放与共享。
通过对网上信息的整合、处理，使信息上升为知识，从而使用户可以直接获取符合其需求的直接有用的知识。
对于网上的虚拟资源也应该进行整理和链接，作为网上信息整合的一部分。
要采取数据仓库、数据挖掘、人工智能等技术来获取信息中的隐含知识。
受经费、技术等条件的限制，数字环境下原始专业性资源相对传统资源更加贫乏，因而应在统一的标准规范基础上对这些资源进行开发、开放与共享。
（2）对信息资源进行深加工，并加强知识库建设。
数字资源的加工应强调数字对象的语义结构信息，注意挖掘数字对象之间显性与隐性的关系，通过建立完全的知识概念体系将所有信息资源联系起来。
数字图书馆应通过信息资源管理技术对原始信息资源进行组织，使之更加有序化，并最终形成符合用户需要的知识库。
重点建设一批重点战略性资源库，同时加快政府信息数据库的建设。
（3）加强网络知识服务。
数字图书馆应在人工智能、语义Web、数据挖掘等知识管理工具和技术的协助下，尽快建立网上知识服务体系与信息服务体系。
2.5 数字图书馆的知识产权管理数字图书馆的知识产权问题，包括信息资源建设中的知识产权问题（体现在信息资源采集、信息资源数字化过程中）、信息资源传播中的知识产权问题、信息资源服务中的知识产权问题。
它实质上是知识产权在数字技术、网络技术上的运用问题，一方面促进数字图书馆的发展，保护权利人的利益，另一方面又制约着数字图书馆的发展，制约着社会公众的利益。
数字图书馆的知识产权管理，可采取以下的对策：（1）利用《著作权法》中的“法定许可”合理使用。
可以解决部分信息采集和数据库建设中的知识产权问题。
如数字图书馆建设中的资源数字化是属于复制行为，若是基于服务的并且无任何赢利目的，也属于合理使用。
（2）建立著作权的集中管理组织。
通过这一中介，数字图书馆建设者可以获得有关信息资源建设、传播和利用的授权，从而解决数字图书馆建设中的知识产权问题。
我们熟知的超星数字图书馆、人大复印资料等就是通过这种中介组织获得授权的典型案例。
（3）与出版社合作取得授权。
资源信息数据库的建设者可以通过与出版社合作达到“双赢”的目的。
（4）建立与数字图书馆建设配套的知识产权法律体系。
随着数字技术和网络技术的飞跃，赋予数字图书馆特定的法律地位以及对信息资源数字化、网络化、共享化的专有权，已经十分必要。
只有有了健全的法律制度，才能使数字图书馆建设真正做到有法可依，违法必究。
2.6 数字图书馆的战略及标准化管理数字图书馆建设涉及到各种各样的技术、管理和服务等问题，因此，有必要从战略管理的高度处理好数字图书馆建设中的一些宏观关系，实行标准化管理。
标准化与规范化是数字图书馆建设的一个十分突出的问题，并成为实现数字图书馆资源共享的前提和根本保障，将直接影响数据库的质量和服务效果。
应当在充分调研基础上，逐步推出比较完善的标准，构建数字图书馆的标准体系，应着重考虑到：数字化信息采集标准；数字化信息组织与存储标准，如数字化信息的分类、元数据标准等；信息检索标准，如全文数据库检索；网络及网络资源标准，如网络信息资源组织标准；信息的权限管理与安全标准，如加密、水印技术等；还有文献信息系统质量管理及认证体系等其他标准。
3 小结数字图书馆的宏观管理相对较复杂，需要运用全新的管理理念和方法来予以实现。
上述6个方面既是数字图书馆管理的重要手段，而相互之间又存在着相互促进、相互依赖的关系，它们共同推动着数字图书馆建设和管理的发展。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）The macro-management of the Digital LibraryWith multimedia and communication technologies progress, the rapid development of Internet network, the digital library research and development has made great achievements. This will certainly lead to the Library organization, work patterns and work mechanism and library management philosophy, and other aspects of the management of the profound changes. However, people's attention largely focused on the literature of various carriers of digital technology, the digital library information resources organization and retrieval technology, the digital library management issues still paying sufficient attention to the end. Therefore, the macro-management of the Digital Library has increasingly become a digital library development and construction of the major issues needed to be resolved.1 Digital library of the new macro-management conceptDigital Library is a digital information system, through computer technology, communications networks, information processing, and other technology, will be scattered in various carriers in different geographical location to the information resources of the digital approach to storage to network with each other the way to providetimely use, sharing of resources. Therefore, the digital library management and traditional library management have great distinction, should be the establishment of a new management philosophy. First is to establish "integrated management" philosophy. Will mean thinking creatively integrated digital library management practices for the process, the core of which is that the use of integrated thinking and concepts guiding digital library management practices of information technology, information resources, information standards, human resources and other resources elements and all-round optimization, integration, the promotion of the elements, functions, and the complementarity between the advantages and matching, and ultimately promote the efficiency of the entire management. Second, we must establish the "knowledge digital library is the most important resource management" philosophy. With the development of network technology and the "learning society" advocates, and people with knowledge of the information society increased demand, the objective requirements of the Digital Library on continuously expanding the scope of business, the environment and means to improve services, many experts use of the knowledge and wisdom of the development of knowledge resources. Should establish a "people-oriented self-management" idea. Digital Library in the future society, in sustainable development, the most significant problem is the reality ofhow people will be thinking of the implementation of the management, this is a strategic and innovative management system.2 The macro-management of the Digital Library2.1 Digital Library of Knowledge ManagementDigital Library through knowledge management refers to the digital library, including owned by the information and knowledge of all the elements of intellectual capital, development and operation of, knowledge innovation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge proliferation process. Digital Library is essentially a user-oriented network of digital resources system, to provide users systematic and orderly system of knowledge, also the focus of work to the deep-seated knowledge services. Therefore, the digital library is essentially a knowledge-based organization, while also building a digital library of knowledge innovation project, which determines that knowledge management is a digital library of macro-management inevitable choice for the management of digital libraries is the preferred mode. Digital Library the main elements of knowledge management, including: creating knowledge management (is a development of new knowledge or replace the existing tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge of the process and acts); knowledge organization and management (through the use of information technology knowledge discovery, knowledge acquisition, knowledge that knowledge toorganize digital library storing knowledge); Knowledge Retrieval Management (according to user needs or problems can be found in the actual use of the knowledge, so that the problems that have been successfully settled, involving artificial intelligence and expert systems in many areas); knowledge management services (including digital reference service management, network-based personalized information tailored service management, network-based knowledge creation and knowledge sharing service management, etc.); intellectual capital management (including digital library of human capital management, intellectual property rights, capital management, etc.). In order to effectively improve digital library knowledge management, knowledge development should first determine strategy. Knowledge cycle including knowledge creation, knowledge use and knowledge release, knowledge evaluation. In addition, the Digital Library can also use other ways of acquiring knowledge. Buy access to knowledge is the most direct and effective way, including the purchase of the entire institution have the knowledge or the employment of individuals with knowledge. Renting access to knowledge is another common method generally take the form of the Digital Library to a company or organization's research projects or funds to provide financial assistance in exchange for the research achievements of the first commercial use of the right. This was followed by the establishment of aknowledge-based organizations team. Team is a knowledge-based knowledge creation, dissemination and application of the basic starting point for mutual cooperation from the individual groups formed by the official. Digital Library knowledge-based team organized by the Resource Development team, information services team, technical support and development team, the senior management team composed of four parts. These teams through mutual cooperation and exchanges and enhance knowledge of the figures of the time, improve the knowledge of the digital library services, and improving relations between the leadership.2.2 Digital Library User ManagementDigital Library users must be able to effectively manage not only to ensure digital libraries make full use of information resources, sharing of resources, but also can be effective protection of intellectual property rights business information resources, and where possible, to simplify user management, thus ensuring system The efficient operation. Therefore, adopting the appropriate model for user management is critical to the Digital Library. Comprehensive information on the current study, I believe that the Digital Library reasonable user management model should be verified IP and firewall isolation methods and user authentication and authorization methods to the close integration. That the huge number of Digital Library Intranetusers to take IP Verification and firewall isolation approach to management; for the Internet to take advantage of the digital library business users and information resources that are often left Intranet coverage Intranet users can visit a user authentication and authorization methods management. Because these two user management strengths, in short, if only by a management model, it is bound to bring users of business information barriers; if too many management of users, will affect the system operating efficiency. It is not difficult to see that they have complementary characteristics. Thus be integrated into the user management, digital libraries will be able to effectively address the sharing of resources and protection of intellectual property rights system and the relationship between the operating efficiency issues. 2.3 Digital Library Human Resources ManagementDigital Library Information Resources carrier, access methods and coverage have taken place in the unprecedented changes, showing a multimedia, multilingual, global distributed architecture features, the quality of library staff, professional and technical level will directly affect the level of information resource development and the depth of quality. At the same time, a digital library of traditional modes of service break, the library is facing different users different levels of demand, the diversity of user needs librarians decided the knowledge structure of the compound with the personalized services must bestrengthened. In the information age, people pay more attention to the transmission of information, and more on the basis of readers rate and meet the needs of users for the ability to provide selective information to evaluate a library. Therefore, the digital library development of human resources is the prerequisite for building information resources, as well as libraries of information services, information services to maintain the dominant position of the inevitable requirement. However, due to the traditional concept of the impact of certain libraries slightly thin sense of leadership, the brain drain, human resources management and backward technology, and the enthusiasm of the staff work is not very high, these factors constraining the development of human resources. Digital Library of human resources management from the following aspects should be defined development strategy: (1) a people-centered, foster a "can this management" philosophy. Through effective ways to maximize the ability of people to play, so as to achieve the ability to maximize the value of the capacity of this most important human resource development organization as a driving force. (2) establish a scientific and efficient management mechanism, including the establishment of a mechanism of competition enhanced power, the establishment of motivation and incentive mechanisms for the establishment of mining potential of the training mechanism, the motivation inspired librariansplay its inherent potential, through in-service training or improve education their comprehensive skills, and guide healthy competition in the direction of North Korea. At present the main ideological education to combine learning and knowledge, talent and the introduction of the Museum of combining training, and learned professionals combine academic research and practical application of methods with the integration of digital libraries of human resources management.2.4 Digital Library Network Information Resources Management Chinese information on the Internet for lack of network information resources management mess of the status quo, we should make great efforts to step up the building of network information resources, strengthen its management. From a macro point of view, to take the following measures: (1) to enhance the integration of online information and development, promote the opening up of information and sharing of resources. Through the integration of online information, processing, the information will rise to the knowledge, so that users can directly access their needs directly with useful knowledge. For online virtual resources should also organize and links, as part of integrated online information. To be taken data warehouse, data mining, and artificial intelligence techniques to obtain information implied knowledge. By funding, technology and other conditions, the digital environment original professional resources in a relatively traditionalresources more scarce and therefore should be unified standards and norms on the basis of the development of these resources, and opening up and sharing. (2) of information processing resources, and strengthening the knowledge base construction. Digital processing resources should be emphasized that the Digital Object semantic structure information, to tap digital object between dominant and recessive relationship through the establishment of the concept of complete knowledge system will be linked to all information resources. Digital Library Information Resources Management should be adopted on the original information technology resources, to make it more orderly, and ultimately consistent with the needs of the knowledge base of users. Focus on the building of a number of key strategic resource base, and speed up the construction of the database. (3) to strengthen their network knowledge services. Digital Library in artificial intelligence, Semantic Web, data mining tools such as knowledge management and technical assistance as soon as possible, the establishment of online knowledge and information service system service system.2.5 Digital Library of Intellectual Property ManagementDigital Library intellectual property issues, including information resources in the building of intellectual property rights (reflected in the collection of information resources, information resources in theprocess of figures), the dissemination of information resources in the issue of intellectual property rights, information resources in the service of intellectual property rights. It is essentially intellectual property rights in digital technology, the use of network technical issues, while promoting the development of digital libraries, and the interests of the protection of rights, on the other hand, restricts the development of digital libraries, which restricts the public's interest. Digital Library of intellectual property rights management, can take the following measures: (1) the use of the "Copyright Law" in the "statutory license" reasonable use. Can solve some of the information collection and database building in the issue of intellectual property rights. If in the construction of digital libraries of digital resources is a reproduction, if based on the services and no profit purposes, but also to the rational use. (2) the establishment of the centralized copyright management organizations. Through this intermediary, digital libraries builders to get the relevant information resources building, dissemination and utilization of the mandate, so as to solve the digital library in the building of intellectual property rights. We are aware of the Super Star Digital Library, the National People's Congress copies of this information is through an intermediary body authorized typical cases. (3) have the authority to cooperation with the publisher. Resource Information Database builders can be achieved throughcooperation with the publisher "win-win" objective. (4) Establishing and supporting the building of digital libraries of intellectual property legal system. As digital technology and networking technology leap to give specific digital library as well as the legal status of digital information resources, networking, the sharing of proprietary rights, has been very necessary. Only when we have a sound legal system in order to enable the construction of digital library truly according to the law, violators are brought to justice.2.6 Digital Library management strategies and standardization Digital Library Construction related to a wide range of technical, management and services, and therefore, there is a need from the strategic management of the high degree of handling digital library in the building of some of the macro, standardize management. Standardization and standardize the construction of digital libraries is a very prominent problem, and the realization of the digital library resource sharing and fundamental prerequisite for protection, it will directly affect the quality of the database and service effectiveness. It should be on the basis of full investigation, and gradually introduce more perfect standards, the Digital Library Construction of the standard system, should focus on taking into account: the number of information collection; digital information organization and storage standards, such as the digital information classification, metadata standards,information search criteria, such as full-text database retrieval; standard network and network resources, such as network information resources; information rights management and security standards, such as encryption and watermarking technology; also the quality of management information system documentation and certification system and other standards.3 SummaryDigital Library macroeconomic management more complicated, we need to apply the new management concepts and methods to achieve it. These six aspects of the management of Digital Library is an important means, but there are also among mutual promotion, interdependent relationship, they jointly promote the construction and management of digital library development.。