建筑学外文翻译—博物馆建筑的节能
博物馆ecotect节能分析
博物馆建筑节能分析背景中国建筑的能耗主要是居住建筑和公共建筑。
而在公共建筑中博物馆的能耗水平相对来说是较高的。
究其原因主要是多数博物馆内的展品和藏品具有重大的历史意义和社会意义，其储藏和展览都对周围的环境有较高的要求（包括温度、湿度、防潮、防水、光照等）。
因此博物馆的维护结构的保温隔热要求应根据室内温湿度要求、当地室外气象的计算参数以及是否设置采暖、通风、空气调节等设备的具体情况合理确定。
意义通过节能软件Ecotect Analysis对建筑设计阶段就进行建筑太阳辐射得失热、房间温度变化；日照和外窗的遮阳分析及典型房间的采光模拟分析，从而更好的完善自己的设计方案，更加省时省力的设计出更好的（在满足功能要求的前提下）建筑。
降低建筑能耗，改善我们生活的环境，为社会的发展贡献一份力量！分析对象：本人在大三下半学期的建筑课程设计作业——砚台博物馆。
内容1、模拟在冬至日、春秋分、夏至日各典型日期内的室内逐时温度、逐时得失热及建筑全年能耗情况，评价围护结构的保温水平，分析并提出合理的改善建议；热环境分析春分室内逐时温度秋分室内逐时温度冬至日室内逐时温度夏至日逐时得失热秋分逐时得失热冬至日逐时得失热一些特殊房间的室内温度变化：珍品库冬至日房间温度变化珍品库夏至日房间温度变化收藏温湿度变化较敏感珍品库房应设置空调调节设备。
设置空调调节设备的藏品库房，冬季温度不应低于10摄氏度，夏季温度不应高于26摄氏度，相对湿度应保持基本稳定，并根据藏品材质类型确定参数。
未设空气调节设备的藏品系统，相对温度不应大于70%，并宜控制昼夜间的相对湿度差不大于5%。
贯彻恒湿变温的原则。
报告厅冬至日房间温度变化报告厅夏至日房间温度变化全年能耗图总结：从各典型日期的房间的得失热、逐时温度变化和全年能耗表中可知：建筑在夏季的制冷能耗特别大，而在冬季的采暖能耗的相对较少。
一方面是因为杭州地区的夏季气温较高，太阳辐射得热多，而冬季也没有特别冷，一般温度都在0度以上；另一方面是建筑的维护结构材料的保温隔热性能差。
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展，建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于能源的消耗也越来越多。
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性中文3886字附录附录A 外文翻译Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening PublicBuilding Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumption and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve people's quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. Withthe gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings. 2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as "seeking ocean, Innovation, and big", the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70~300⋅kW years for residential 8~15 times. China's large public building ⋅2h/menergy consumption per square meter in the 10~20 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the country's total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society,comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 15~20 ℃, the Huang-Huai basin low 10~15℃, south of the Yangtze low 6~10℃, southern coastal also low 5℃; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4℃, North high 2.5℃, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 ~ 2℃. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve people's lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the "black hole", air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet people's need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay.2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChina's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into theatmosphere. China's carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the country's total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet people's needs energy-efficient buildings. 3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design Building energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable sitingConstruction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering.Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environmentAfter building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exteriorclimate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roofThe roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layerThe main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows designAccording to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detailEnergy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; ③window around the walls should be insulated; ④doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; ⑤the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface ofdifferent materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; ⑥all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building spaceReasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materialsAn important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.From:Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。
既有建筑节能改造和对策研究04-外文翻译
外文翻译1外文原文出处：Silvia Banfi,Mehdi Farsi,Massimo Filippini,Martin Jakob,Willingness to pay forenergy-saving measures in residential buildings,Energy Economics,Volume30,Issue2, March2008.愿意为节能措施买单由于大多数工业化国家处在温带地区，所以在瑞士，建筑能耗在全社会能源中占有很大比例。
因此提高建筑领域的能源利用效率对全国总能耗，为实现二氧化碳排放目标起到重要影响。
一座建筑的整体能源效率主要是通过建筑维护结构的保温性能和空气交换系统实现，以此来提高能源更有效的利用率。
这些措施产生了两种好处。
首先它减少了建筑能源能耗的成本。
其次，它们具备舒适的感受，改善了室内的空气质量，增强了热舒适性和阻隔外界噪声的能力。
在瑞士，虽然建筑能耗相关的装修存在比较长的周期，但是建筑业节能措施的实施率仍然很低。
每年只有1%到2%的既有建筑的围护结构有进行维护或改造。
在这种情况下，也只有30%到50%的改造措施是包括保温性能的，其可减少50%到70%的能源消耗。
只有很小的一部分是通过提高能源效率的方式彻底挖掘保温性节能的潜力。
后者措施制定的建筑满足Minergie要求。
瑞士联邦政府和州政府通过补贴或降低利率的方式支持既有建筑改造或者新建建筑达到Minergie要求。
然而，相对只有较少的房屋构造达到（5%到10%新住宅和不到5%新公寓楼），除此之外几乎没有任何装修是达到Minergie规定的。
在最近的一项研究中，奥特等人（2005年）确定了法律和社会因素，以及市场的结构性障碍，缺乏节能意识是作为瑞士住宅建筑节能系统使用率低情况可能的解释。
为了确定有效的政策措施，吸引更多的在建筑物能源效率的投资，至关重要的要有详细的信息，因为它是业主投资决策和支付投资的重要因素。
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current watershortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in T aiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actualquantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consu mption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure ofwater and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simplewater-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate watersystem device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediatewater for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yielddifferent results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in T aiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basicevaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level is sues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction envir onment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in T aiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in T aiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。
可持续建筑中的材料循环利用与资源节约(英文中文双语版优质文档)
可持续建筑中的材料循环利用与资源节约（英文中文双语版优质文档）Material recycling and resource conservation play an important role in sustainable construction. They can significantly reduce the negative impact of the construction industry on the environment and contribute to sustainable development. Below we explore the background, principles, and practice of these concepts.1. BackgroundSustainable architecture refers to buildings that reduce the impact on the environment and resources as much as possible in the whole process of building design, construction, use and demolition, and protect people's health and ecological balance. This concept originated from the environmental protection movement in the 1970s. With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and the advancement of technology, sustainable buildings have been widely promoted and applied around the world.Material recycling and resource conservation are important components of sustainable architecture. By maximizing the use of original resources, prolonging the life of materials and reducing waste, the purpose of saving resources and protecting the environment is achieved.2. PrinciplesThe principles of material recycling and resource conservation are based on three main ideas: reduce, repeat and recycle.First of all, reducing means reducing the use of construction materials. This can be achieved by using economical, environmentally friendly, durable materials such as ecological bricks, blocks, steel structures, glass, wood, etc. At the same time, through reasonable design and fine construction, waste and unnecessary material loss can be avoided as much as possible.Second, repetition means reusing materials. This can be achieved by removing and reinstalling old building materials. For example, waste concrete can be used to make new concrete, old wood can be used to make furniture or flooring, and old glass can be used to make bottles or other glass products.In the end, recycling means recycling materials. This can be achieved by recycling and reprocessing waste building materials. For example, discarded construction steel can be used to make new steel, and old bricks can be used to make new bricks.3. PracticeIn sustainable construction, the practices of material recycling and resource conservation are varied. Here are a few specific examples:First, through material selection and reasonable design, the use of materials can be minimized. For example, in the design of houses, choosing to use economical and environmentally friendly ecological bricks or blocks, as well as steel or wood with reasonable structure and reliable quality can greatly reduce the amount of materials used, and achieve the purpose of saving resources and protecting the environment.Second, by reusing old building materials, the use of new materials can be reduced, which also reduces the amount of discarded building materials. For example, discarded bricks, wood, glass, etc. can be repurposed to make new building materials, such as making new bricks, wooden furniture or flooring.Thirdly, through the recycling of waste building materials, waste can be greatly reduced, and new business opportunities can also be created for the construction industry. For example, scrap steel can be recycled to make new steel, scrap concrete can be used to make new concrete, and old glass can be used to make bottles or other glass products.Finally, in sustainable architecture, construction companies and designers can also promote material recycling and resource conservation through various means. For example, the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can be promoted to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources while also reducing carbon emissions. In addition, the development of sustainable buildings can also be promoted through means such as building energy conservation and water resource management.In conclusion, material recycling and resource conservation are important components of sustainable architecture. In practice, the construction industry and designers can minimize the impact on the environment and resources and promote sustainable development by means of material selection, reasonable design, reuse and recycling. We believe that more and more people around the world will pay attention to the development of sustainable buildings and commit themselves to promoting the sustainable development of the construction industry.材料循环利用和资源节约在可持续建筑中扮演着重要角色。
西安地区典型博物馆建筑低碳化改造研究
中图分类号: ＴＵ２ 文献标志码: Ａ 文章编号: ２０９６￣９４２２(２０２４)０４￣００５４￣０９
Ｌｏｗ￣ｃａｒｂｏｎ Ｒｅｔｒｏｆｉｔｔｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ Ｍｕｓｅｕｍ Ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ ｉｎ Ｘｉ’ ａｎ:
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筑寿命按 ５０ 年计算ꎬ运行期间的碳排放占比最大ꎬ为
法ꎬ使样本点均匀分布并覆盖整个采样空间ꎬ在很大
的关键ꎮ 本研究采用碳排放因子计算方法ꎮ 碳排放因
略ꎬ能够做到以较小的采样规模获得较高的采样精
７０％~９０％
[９ꎬ１０]
ꎮ 因此ꎬ运行阶段的低碳化是建筑减碳
子表示某一单位材料或燃料排放的 ＣＯ２ 量及其当量ꎬ
的最优均衡设计方案 [６] ꎮ 李诗妍利用 ＢＩＭ 技术ꎬ通
度、空气流速、湿度、人体新陈代谢率及服装热阻ꎮ 全
楼建筑能耗和舒适性并重的优化方案 [７] ꎮ 余镇雨等
是目前被广泛应用的评价热环境与人体热舒适较为
过基于改进麻雀搜索的多目标算法优化ꎬ得出某教学
人采用 ＮＳＧＡ － ＩＩ 优 化 算 法ꎬ 并 使 得 ＭＡＴＬＡＢ 和
ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ａｚｉｍｕｔｈ ａｎｇｌｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｓｏｌａｒ ｐｈｏｔｏｖｏｌｔａｉｃ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ Ｘｉ’ ａｎ. Ｔｈｅ
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方位角ꎮ 通过陕西历史博物馆的案例研究ꎬ结果显示改造后的博物馆舒适度提升了 １ ４３％ꎬ
建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术的推广与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous aggravation of global climate change, energy and environmental issues have become the focus of attention. The construction industry is a major industry that consumes global energy. How to reduce building energy consumption and impact on the environment has become a key issue facing the global construction industry. In this context, building energy-saving technology has been widely concerned and applied.1. The development history of building energy-saving technologyThe development of building energy-saving technology can be traced back to the 1970s, when, due to the impact of the energy crisis, people began to pay attention to energy-saving issues. Since then, building energy-saving technology has gradually developed, and after decades of development, important progress has been made. The development of building energy-saving technology can be divided into the following stages:1. The first stage: 1970s to 1980sFrom the 1970s to the 1980s, people began to pay attention to building energy conservation. The main energy-saving measures adopted included adding heat insulation layers, installing energy-saving glass, and adopting energy-saving lamps.2. The second stage: 1990s to 2000sFrom the 1990s to the 2000s, building energy efficiency technologies were further developed. In addition to adopting traditional energy-saving measures such as heat insulation and lighting, advanced building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy and ground-source heat pumps have also been introduced.3. The third stage: the 21st centurySince the 21st century, building energy-saving technologies have been further developed and promoted. Governments and enterprises of various countries have begun to adopt more advanced technologies to improve building energy-saving levels, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials and building integration technologies.2. Application of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technologies have been widely used around the world. Some typical cases are listed below.1. Nordic countriesThe Nordic countries are one of the regions in the world where building energy-saving technologies are widely used. The governments of these countries have very strict requirements on building energy saving, so building energy saving technologies have been widely used in these countries. For example, in countries such as Denmark and Sweden, the government encourages the use of renewable energy and low-carbon materials in the construction industry, while also setting strict energy consumption standards and building codes. These measures promote the sustainable development of the construction industry and at the same time contribute to environmental protection.2. ChinaChina is a big country in the global construction industry, and building energy-saving technologies have been widely used in China. For example, in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, the government has implemented building energy conservation standards, requiring new buildings to meet certain energy consumption standards. At the same time, China is also promoting new building energy-saving materials and technologies, such as the use of new heat insulation materials and integrated building design, to improve the level of building energy conservation.3. United StatesThe United States is also one of the important application countries of building energy-saving technology. The US government has invested a lot of money and manpower in the promotion of energy-saving technologies, for example, by formulating energy consumption standards and tax incentives to encourage enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. In addition, the United States is also researching and developing new building energy-saving technologies, such as using renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy.3. Future development of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology will face some challenges and opportunities in the future development.1. ChallengeThe main challenges facing building energy efficiency technologies include:(1) Cost issue: At present, many building energy-saving technologies have relatively high costs, and long-term investment is required to obtain returns.(2) Technical issues: Some new building energy-saving technologies are still in the research and development and testing stage, and need to be further improved and promoted.(3) Awareness problem: In some areas, people's awareness of building energy conservation is not strong enough, and publicity and education need to be strengthened.2. OpportunitiesThe future development of building energy-saving technology also faces some opportunities:(1) Policy support: Governments of various countries have higher and higher requirements for building energy efficiency, and policy support has become more and more powerful.(2) Technological progress: new building energy-saving technologies are constantly emerging, and it is expected to achieve more efficient and economical energy-saving effects in the future.(3) Market demand: With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for building energy-saving technologies will gradually increase.Generally speaking, building energy-saving technology will face challenges and opportunities in the future development. It requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and all parties in society to promote the development of building energy-saving technology and promote the sustainable development of the building industry and environmental protection.随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，能源和环境问题成为了人们关注的焦点。
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原文：Energy efficient museum buildingsHelmut F.O. Muellera,b,*aDepartment of Environmental Architecture, Faculty of Building Sciences, Technische Universität (TU) Dortmund, Dortmund, GermanybGreen Building R&D, 4greenarchitecture, Duesseldorf, GermanyArticle history:Available online 13 March 2012Keywords:Museum buildings Energy efficiency Conservation of exhibits Comfort Thermal conditioning LightingMuseum buildings perform ambitious demands for sound conditions of exhibits and comfort of visitors.There is a narrow allowance for room temperature and relative humidity, which has to be maintained forvarying situations of weather and occupancy. Lighting has to assure an excellent visual performance butto avoid deterioration of exhibits. Energy consumption can be kept extremely low contrariwise. Severalhigh quality and low energy museum buildings could be realized recently by utilization of energy effi-cient measures and renewable energies. Outstanding pieces of architecture, e.g. Kolumba Art Museum,Cologne (architect P. Zumthor), Emil-Schumacher-Museum, Hagen (architect M. Lindemann), arepresented and integrated advanced technologies like thermal active room surfaces, low air changeventilation, geothermal heating and cooling, and controlled daylighting are explained.1. IntroductionThere is a basic conflict between conservation and exposure of exhibits for museums. On the one hand minimal fluctuations of room temperature (21℃±3℃), relative humidity (55%±5%), and air flow throughout the year as well as low irradiation of light and ultraviolet radiation are required in order to reduce ageing of samples to a minimum. On the other hand visitors and staff demand excellent thermal comfort, air quality, room illumination,and visual perception of objects.The erection and operation of museum buildings with such high performance standards nowadays has to be energy efficient with a minimum output of green house gases over the life cycle. This means a low embodied energy in the building materials and construction, a low energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting as well as a utilization of renewable instead of fossil energies.Last not least economical conditions have to be fulfilled. While building investments often tend to be increased by measures of energy efficiency, the operation costs for energy and maintenance will be reduced. Overall life cycle costs must clearly account for sustainability.This ambitious and complex task of high quality as well as ecologically and economically sustainable museum buildings can only be realized by a comprehensive design approach of architects,engineers and experts utilizing the latest knowledge about passive andactive means of architectureand technology. This challenge hascreated new principles of design, which differ a lot from the traditional and fully air conditioned museum building, as advancedexamples show [1].2. Principles of energy efficient museum buildings2.1. Thermal controlThe narrow bands of room temperature and relative humidityare traditionally aimed at by complete air conditioning with heat-ing, cooling, dehumidification, humidification of air and varying air change rates for exhibition rooms. The “ideal climate” supposed tobe created by these means provokes some doubts: The ac plants,which have to adjust by measurement and control technology tothe ever-changing influences of number and local concentration of visitors as well external climate factors, cannot warrant stableclimate condition in spite of their technical and financial input. The large volumes of heated and cooled air, which have to be trans-ported under peak loads (2 to 3 and up to 6 air changes per hour),make it difficult to avoid negative effects of draft and raised dust.For the case of failure redundant back-up systems have to beinstalled or exhibits have to be removed.The energy efficiency of completely air conditioned museumscan be improved by passive means like geometry, thermal insu-lation,thermal capacity of room surfaces, orientation and solar control of windows as well as by advanced systems and compo-nents, but the new principles of climate control, which are shown in Table 1, allow for higher efficiency and performance:Thermal capacity of indoor room surfaces in combination with chilled/heated ceilings, floors and walls are the basic principals ofa stable climate control. The room surfaces maintain the required temperature for exhibits by embedded water pipes (Figs. 1 and 2).Thus all conventional heat or cold distributers like radiators or convectors can be omitted with regard to conservatory reasons. Thematerials used are concrete (ceilings, walls), screed (floors), plasterwith cement, lime, gypsum or clay binder (ceilings, walls) or masonry (walls). Clay plaster has a relatively high sorption rate,which allows for storing excess humidity (e.g. for times of high visitor frequency).Components of the building envelope are characterized by air tightness and thermal insulation in addition to the described surface temperature control.The ventilation system can be reduced in comparison to complete airconditioning, as air change rates are mainly based onloads of occupants and lighting. The design of advanced ventilationand surface control systems requires dynamical simulations of the thermal behaviour and the air flow (Figs. 3 and 4).Geothermal energy is predestined for heating (in combinationwith a heat pump) and cooling (free cooling) of room surfaces inMiddle Europe. Boreholes of a depth until 100 m with heat exchangers are used for the basic loads of water systems. Hori-zontal earth airheat exchangers are applied for preheating/-cooling of fresh air (Figs. 5e7).Three examples of out a larger number of museums using these principles (compare ) are shown here, KolumbaArt Museum in Cologne and Emil-Schumacher-Museum in Hagen(ESMH), and Kunsthaus Bregenz. A comparison of energy consumption with traditional buildings could be demonstrated in Hagen, where the existing Osthaus-Museum (OMH) is located directly beside the new Emil-Schumacher-Museum, which was opened 2009. Fig. 8 shows, that the annual energy costs of the ESMH could be reduced to 11.85 V/m2a by means of energy efficiency and to 2.71 V/m2a in addition by renewable energies in comparison to 29.67 V/m2a of the OHM. In terms of energy the classification of consumers and renewable sources is given in Table 2.2.2. Light controlThere are three tasks for the lighting in museums, visibility of objects, conservation of objects, and illumination of rooms, which can be realized by daylight and/or artificial light.A good visibility of objects needs a minimum brightness, good contrasts without cast shadows, good colour reproduction, and avoidance of glare. Depending on the kind of objects, e.g. two-dimensional pictures with micro structures on the surface,three dimensional sculptures or large exhibits like building monuments, the object lighting will differ a lot, especially as thereplacement of exhibitions requires a certain variety. For a true colour reproduction of artwork it is highly important whether daylight or artificial light sources are used and which colour rendering is applied on the room surfaces.The conservation of objects often is in contradiction to good visibility, which increases with the brightness. The energy of absorbed light damages the object. The shorter the wavelength the higher the destructive energy of radiation is, thus UV or blue light has a higher damage factor than green or red. This means that a dark (absorbing) surface will be damaged more than a light one, and a red surface more than a blue one. In addition the sensitivity highly depends on the kind of material, e.g. paper is more sensitive than metal. Finallythe ageingof a material is influenced by the time of illumination. Because of these reasons maximum values for the energetic exposuretolight are defined. As 50 lux is the lowest valuefor good visibility, this illumination often is defined as maximumvalue for sensitive objects of paper or fabric, while 150 lux aredefined for paintings on canvas. This regulation is vulnerable fromthe scientific point of view, as it does not consider the spectral component and the time of illumination. Therefore many museumstry to define the conservation of objects by [4]:- Definition of varying maximum illumination depending on light source - Limitation of maximum duration of exhibition- Absolute protection against UV and blacking-out before/after visiting hours- Individual classification of artwork in light sensitivity categories.These regulations stress the necessity of light control in museums, concerning daylight as well as artificial light.For the orientation of visitors a general room illumination is needed, which can be object lighting simultaneously. Daylight openings should allow the visitors a view to the outside.Daylighting is applied in many museums, as it is characterizedby good colour reproduction, natural lighting conditions, contin-uous spectral distribution, and energy efficiency. Although integralpart of the architectural design lighting experts should be consulted. For illumination purposes skylights are more efficient than vertical windows. Transmission of direct sunlight must be avoided because of glare. For cooling situations solar heat gains must be minimized. This can be doneby fixed or movable shading devices. Solar control glass without additional shading or light diffusion cannot be used, as glare is bound to occur. Movable shading devices, e.g. lamellas, havea high adaptabilityand allowfor an accurate daylight control and, may be, for thermal control as well as total light black-out. Fig. 9 shows the annual illumination of an exhibition room with a skylight and fixed shading devices,which is designed to guarantee a maximum illumination of 400 luxunder maximum external illumination. For poor daylight condi-tions inwinter and under covered sky the room illumination is very poor and (power consuming) artificial light has to be switched on.A movable shading device with variable light transmission, as shown in Fig. 10, can offer controlled daylighting for a significantlonger time of the year. Fig. 10 shows an example of a skylight constructionwith light control (positions from top down): External glazing (ventilated), movable solar and glare control (lamellas),highly insulated glazing, conditioned air gap, artificial lighting, light diffusing ceiling.Fig. 11. Light diffusing ceiling for daylighting from glazed faced facade and artificial lighting from clear storey. Kunshaus Bregenz, A., Architect: Peter Zumthor.As shown in Fig.10 daylight and artificial light systems are often integrated the same building elements, e.g. skylights. A good example is the Kunsthaus (art house) in Bregenz with a suspended light diffusing ceiling and a clear storey above, distributing daylight from the glazed facades and artificial light sources (Fig. 11).Artificial light will vary a lot depending on the kind of museum room and exhibit, and accordingly the energy consumption will.The installed capacity can range from 10 W/m2(general room illumination) to 100 W/m2. The annual electricity consumption willbe influenced strongly by the daylight facilities and the automatic control of artificial light (dimming and switching).3. ConclusionsMuseum buildings can be highly energy efficient although the performance requirements for comfort and object conservation are ambitious. Advanced passive and active means of temperature andlight control were developed, which are predestined for utilizationof geothermal energy and daylight. Energy consumption can be reduced to less than one tenth compared to traditional museum buildings with standard air conditioning. Comfort and conservationof exhibits are improved and lifecycle economy is given. To achievethis result forenergyefficient museum buildings, an integral design process of architects, engineers and experts and the application ofsimulation tools are necessary.References[1] V on Naredi-Rainer P, editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston:Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.[2] www.Kolumba.de.[3] www.esmh.de.[4] Müller HFO, Schmitz H-J. Lighting design for museums. In: V on Naredi-Rainer P,editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston: Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.博物馆建筑的节能赫尔穆特•四时米勒环境体系结构部门、建筑学院科学技术大学(TU)多特蒙德,多特蒙德,德国绿色建筑研发、绿色建筑4,杜塞尔多夫,德国文章历史：网上2012年3月13日关键词:博物馆建筑节能保护展品舒适性热调节照明博物馆建筑执行雄心勃勃的展览要求声音条件和舒适的游客。