建筑学专业毕业设计方案外文翻译二44
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
(完整版)建筑学本科外文翻译毕业设计论文
本科毕业设计外文翻译题目：德黑兰城市发展学院: 城市建设学院专业: 建筑学学号:学生姓名:指导教师:日期: 二零一一年六月First Chapter：Development of the city of TehranAli MadanipourTehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。
第一章：德黑兰市的发展阿里.马丹妮普尔德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿1998，第五页到第十一页。
德黑兰市的发展全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。
第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。
这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。
随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。
到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万， 1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。
从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。
50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。
20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。
这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。
德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。
德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。
房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。
建筑学毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑学姓名：学号：外文出处：World Architecture ( 用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文定制：3种生态建筑学摘要：挪威的许多城市在过去的40年间经历了持续不断的转变。
进入后工业时期，各种管制和政府控制逐步撤销，这些新自由主义的手段与石油经济共同促生了日益官僚主义的建筑行业环境。
然而，人们还是能辨认出那些在设法满足外部复杂条件的同时，仍然表现出建筑学特质的项目。
本文探讨了量身定制的建筑设计方式如何在挪威的3种城市生态环境中展开的过程——即临近大尺度水面的峡湾环境、在现有空间肌理中进行中等尺度改造的城市环境、以及在城市郊区进行小尺度住宅设计的山区环境。
关键词：挪威城市, 建筑生态学，城市化正文：在最近的40年间。
挪威经济经历了某种程度的持续增长过程。
石油经济对发展产生了重要的推动作用，从而影响了挪威的城市演进过程。
同时，后工业化进程也与新自由主义的管制解除和政府战略交织在一起。
这些背景因素在建筑领域共同产生了数量丰富的建设项目，如滨水开发区的建设、对现有城市空间肌理进行的更新、对旧工业综合设施的改造，以及城市周边别墅区建筑密度增加的过程等等。
尽管从高度专业化的理论框架来审视，这些项目尺度不一、类型纷杂，它们却仍有一些共同的特点——也就是，它们的建筑师除了需要应对工艺和(建筑)工业体系的挑战之外，还不得不展现出另一方面能力，以满足(司法和法律上)越来越官僚主义的特权要求。
尽管如此，我们还是能够分辨出那些在挪威的特定城市环境下，在想方设法适应外部的复杂条件、完成定制设计过程的同时，还能够隐约显现出建筑学特征的项目。
本文探讨了在这些设计项目中，为业主度身定制的方式是如何在 3 种具体的建筑生态学条件下逐一展开的——具体包括大型滨水区域的地产开发项目、在中等规模的现有城市环境的改造项目，以及在城市郊区进行的小尺度住宅设计项目。
建筑学毕业设计英文翻译
建筑学毕业设计英文翻译Graduation Design of ArchitectureIntroductionThe key focus of the graduation design project is urban renewal, and the project site is located in a rundown area of the city center. The overall goal of the project is to provide a comprehensive plan for the urban renewal of this area, which is currently occupied by old and deteriorating buildings, and to create a vibrant and sustainable neighborhood.Research BackgroundUrban renewal is an ongoing challenge for many cities around the world, with a significant proportion of city centers struggling with abandoned and aging buildings. This not only results in negative visual impacts but also poses potential safety and health risks to residents. Furthermore, such areas are often perceived as unsafe, deterring investors from establishing businesses in the neighborhood. Thus, urban renewal projects are perceived not only as social projects but also as an economic tool to attract enterprises and create jobs.Design ApproachIn addressing the urban renewal challenge, the graduation design project adopts a multidisciplinary approach, which combines architecture, sustainability, and urban planning principles. The core idea is to revitalize the area and provide a multifunctional and harmonious living and working environment for residents and businesses.Design ProposalThe proposed urban renewal comprises three major components: revitalization of buildings, improvement of public spaces, and promotion of sustainable strategies.Revitalization of BuildingsThe renovation of old and deteriorating buildings and the conversion of redundant buildings into new commercial, cultural, and residential spaces is one of the main objectives of the project. These buildings will be transformed into modern, energy-efficient, and trendy spaces. The overall aim is to bring a fresh and exciting look to the area, which will enhance the liveability and attractiveness of the neighborhood.Improvement of Public SpacesPublic spaces are vital in creating a sense of community, socializing, and promoting physical activity. The project will include the creation of new parks, squares, and green spaces, which are designed to provide a balanced mix of recreational and functional spaces. This approach will encourage social interaction and physical activity while providing a safe environment for children to play.Promotion of Sustainable StrategiesSustainability is a critical aspect of the project. The proposals will include the use of renewable energy sources, the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, green roofs, and the recycling of waste materials. These strategies are expected to contribute to the reduction of the neighborhood's carbon footprint, increasing the ecological value of the urban environment, and promoting social responsibility.ConclusionThe proposed urban renewal design for the project site addresses the challenges of a deteriorating urban center while ensuring social, economic, and environmental sustainability. This design proposal provides a comprehensive and holistic solution to urban renewal, creating a vibrant, functional, and sustainable neighborhood.。
建筑设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Architecture StructureWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic consideration s .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift toapproximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specific form of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.1.Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice ofconcrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.2. EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with thedragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³ and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.3.Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also asunserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. Ther e are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults andimperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .文献翻译建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
建筑学毕业设计外文翻译
本科生毕业设计外文资料翻译专业建筑学班级092班姓名XXX指导教师XXX所在学院XXX附件 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文学校建筑规划设计漫谈在校园内的功能和各种需求亦趋向于多元化，在规划、设计中必须要找出一种合适的方法来适应、符合现在及未来的世界潮流需要。
1、学校的功能和秩序学校特别是高等学校的功能相对来说是比较复杂的，在规划设计中要充分考虑到学校中的功能分区和教学的秩序，才能做到有合理的设计和良好的规划。
教学区是校园的核心，是校园建设中的最关键的部分。
学校中的一切其它功能均是围绕其进行的。
教学区的布局主要有组团式与网络式两种主要设计方法。
组团式便于院系相对独立地组织教学活动与进行管理，更能适应建校周期较长而分期施工的现实。
“院落”是是中国传统的建筑布局形式，由建筑所围成的庭院形成社交性的公共空间，也有利于学校中的交流。
网络式的发展规划有利于不同的科系在今后的发展中专业更新与规模调整，并可灵活调节教学用房的使用性质，因此被现代的新型校园规划布局所偏爱，它利于目前国内的大学院校、院系合并和学科调整的教学改革大趋势。
学生宿舍生活区是大学校园内又一个重要的组成部分，无论改革后学生生活区社会化管理落实的力度有多大，还是由于扩招形式的“不是数着床板招生”的局面到何种程度，在目前的实际情况下，新建的大学校园仍然需要规划好学生生活区的建设。
当然要充分考虑到如何便于社会化的管理，有利于形成独立的管理系统，为以后的发展留有可能性。
2、学校的交通组织高等学校交通组织中，首要的是要体现以人为本的思想。
根据教师、学生的心理及行为方式研究各种道路组织、形态和层次，创造一个满足校园使用者的物质和精神上要求的校园环境。
现代校园要求建筑物之间能联络方便、尽量通畅、便捷。
为此，各类建筑物的设计，多采用集中式的布局，建筑群体也多以成团的方式组合，尽量减少楼间的距离几交通路线。
各个相对独立的区域之间，也尽量打通分割界限，室内外都设有方便的连廊和通道，使建筑群体在整体上能联络通畅，达到提高和保证交通、交流、传递、沟通之最佳的效率。
建筑类毕业设计之--外文翻译
译文标题东西方的会合原文标题WEST MEETS WAET作者MIES VAN DER ROHE 译名密斯·凡·德·罗国籍德国原文出处密斯·凡·德·罗导读系列日本人安藤忠雄的建筑是当代建筑神话的绝佳范例。
他的建筑和平而静谧：它们是敏感的，同时又保持着朴素的、自然的要素。
然而，恰恰又是这朴素给虚空之美赋予了生命。
只有借助超乎寻常的专注，以及与古典主义密切相联的深思熟虑的专业训练，才能创造出这样的虚空之美。
“材料、结构与设计”是一条引人实现上述美学含义的途径——在心有灵犀的宁静气氛中，这种美学含义仿佛是卓有成效，然而又出乎意料的呼唤，使得无论建筑的使用这还是旁观者，都会稍作停留并发现内在的和平，进而被吸引到世界的本质的和谐当中。
感觉自己是宇宙的一部分，是开敞空间与自由的一部分，这种东方建筑的显著特色，已经深深地融入了现代主义的核心。
关注人类思想和行为的东方文化引导我们进入冥想世界。
日本的禅宗不仅以强调朴素和自然而闻名，还以专注于沉思和日常生活的感受而著称。
有充分的理由表明，在安藤忠雄的建筑方案中蕴含的创造激情同样源于类似的精神观，并表露出一种非比寻常的敏感。
我们在密斯的作品中已经遇到了这种现象。
凭借这样的精神观，建筑就能触及到人性的根本——全部人性——并创造出一种超凡脱俗的高贵和美丽的感觉。
对于短暂的、难以存在的方式，安藤忠雄的基本观点同样与东方的思想保持一致，就如他寻觅一种几乎是抽象的，或者说至少是解放的然而又是动态的设计一般。
不过不管建筑的组织方式再怎么变化或开放，他创造的空间所特有的形式上的和美学上的协调，都反反复复提醒我们那句禅宗格言：“万物生一，一生万物”。
亭的意义无言的建筑——“无”中生“有”亭——即现代拉丁语中“papilio”，意为愉悦的帐篷——是独立的建筑物，它朝多个方向敞开，并成为约定俗成的与自然景观或园林相关的事物。
植被，蜿蜒的流水以及与之相称的围墙，是来自周围环境的美学要素，它们更衬托出亭的美。
建筑学毕业外文翻译
（2016届）毕业设计文献翻译题目：姓名：学院：专业：建筑学班级：学号：指导教师：导师学科：导师职称：教务处制年月日嘉兴学院外文文献翻译译文1外文题目： Analysis of and Study on the Difficulties in the Fire Protection Design of Large Commercial Complex专业班级：学生姓名：学号：一、外文原文AbstractFire properties of the large commercial complex has been summarized. Based on the fact that there are contradictions between what is required for the large commercial complex in the fire code and the real application in practice, difficulties in fire protection of designing large commercial complex have been analyzed.Key words:large commercial complex; fire protection design; difficulty; research status1. IntroductionIn recent years, more and more large commercial complexes have appeared in China. These complexes integrate different businesses into on large building, where customers can do shopping, eat or enjoy themselves. According to the statistics, nearly 200 large complexes in China now have indoor walking street, with different kinds of shops standing along both sides. And what’s more, the indoor walking street shares the large space with the atrium.Generally speaking, the large commercial complex is multi-functional with high fire load and large assembly of people. The mechanism of the occurrence of fire is different from that of the ordinary buildings and the fire loss is also heavier. As a result, this kind of commercial complex needs higher fire safety. However, the current national fire code only gives the minimum requirements. No specific fire safety objectives are provided.Therefore, it is quite important to understand the design and research status of the large commercial complex and to provide safe, reasonable and economical fire design method.2.Characteristics of large commercial complex fire2.1 High fire occurrenceThere are heavy fire loads inside the large commercial complex, which include merchandises like clothes, shoes, hats and combustible decorations. It is widely recognized that electricity is the important factor to cause fire hazard. Therefore, to provide electricity among these combustibles is very dangerous. However, in the large commercial complex, electric systems and equipment are installed to provide electricity for lighting, ventilating and air conditioning. If there is short circuit, spark, poor contact or long time electrifying of the lights or electric heater, fire may be caused. In addition, other factors like improper welding, lighted cigarette ends or arson can cause fire too.2.2 Quick spread of fire and smokeIf fire occurs in a large commercial complex, it can spread very quickly and grow into a large fire in a short time, while the shelter of the rack usually decrease the sensitivity of the fire detection system and cause delay. As a result, fire can’t be detected and controlled timely. The other reason for quick fire spreading is that the vertical space formed by the atrium and escalators in the complex may help fire and smoke to spread to the whole building.2.3 Large casualties and property lossThe large commercial complex usually accommodates valuable merchandises and facilities. Once there is a fire, big property loss is inevitable. And what’s more fatal is that there are usually large assemblies present. The heavy smoke with CO, CO2, NOx, HCN not only affects the safeand quick evacuation of the people, but also put them in danger. According to the statistics of Japan and UK, the percentage of deaths caused by suffocation in the fire can be as high as 78.9%. As a result of a complicated layout, large assembly of people, long time to evacuate, the large commercial complex is susceptible to fatal fire accidents which usually suffer heavy casualties. For example, on Sept. 30, 1997, a fire occurred in a supermarket on the third floor of a shopping mall in Changchun, Jilin province. It caused 11 deaths and 2 injuries. The burning area reached 4500m2 and most of the commodities inside the supermarket were burnt. The direct property loss was RMB 14,611,000 Yuan.3.Analysis of difficulties in fire protection design of large commercial complexComparing with the ordinary building, the commercial complex is large and usually multi-functional. During the construction, new materials, technologies and structures are employed, which often bring about difficulties in its fire protection design.3.1 There are no applicable requirements for the fire protection design of the complex in the current national fire codeFor the fire protection design of a large commercial complex, the current national standard has covered the following points:（1）the building style and the distribution of business operations inside the complex;（2 ）the style of the indoor walking street;（3 ）how to determine the fire load of the complex;（4）if the walking street inside the complex can be used as a safe evacuation area? If yes, what kind of conditions should be provided;（5）the occupancy density, fire fighting equipment, smoke control pattern as well as other important design parameters;（6）the size and separation of the shops along the both sides of the walking street.3.2 There are limitations in the fire code for the fire designing of the large commercial complexHere just gives an example to illustrate the limitation. The requirements for the evacuation of the people in “Code for design of shop buildings”JGJ48-88 can’t meet the need of the evacuation system of the large commercial complex. Personnel convert quantity in JGJ48-88 is based on the business area and the area of the storage, which is totally unfit for the new layout of a complex with modern ideas and novelties. The evacuation width calculated according to the method given in JGJ48-88 is usually too big. As a result, more staircases will be required, which not only brings great difficulties in the designing of the evacuation system, but also create enormous waste. At the same time, the layout, structure as well as the aesthetic quality of the complex will be affected too.[68~70] Therefore, it is improper to determine the evacuation width or other parameters according to the calculation method given in the current standard.3.3 Some of the requirements in the current code can’t be implemented easily in the fire protection design of large commercial complex（1）Fire compartmenttion.It is required in the current fire code that the fire compartment of the commercial buildings shall not be larger than 5000m2. However, the building area of a large commercial complex is usually as big as hundreds of thousands of square meters. If the fire compartment is divided strictly according to the requirements of the fire code, many many fire compartments, staircases and exits will be provided. The result of this is that the arrangements of the business area will be greatly affected and the function of the complex will be completely limited.（2）Fire separation.The typical problem for the fire protection design of large commercial complex is that its travel distance and evacuation width can’t meet the requirements of the code.“Code for design of building fire protection and prevention”GB 50016-2006 requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas inside the Class A and Class B buildings and the nearest exit should not be larger than 30m; when the building is protected completely by sprinkler system, the maximum safe travel distance shall be 37.5m; the end of the staircase on the first floor shall be provided with exit directly leading to outdoor or shall be enlarged. When the building is not more than 4 stories, the exit directly leading to outdoor can be located at the place that is not more than 15m away from the staircase. But in practice, it is not enough for large commercial complex to provide emergency staircases only at the periphery of the building because the complex is usually quite long and deep. Therefore, more staircases shall be provided in the middle. According to the requirements of the fire code, these staircases in the middle part of the building must have exits directly leading to the outdoor, which is completely out of the question.“Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” GB 50045-95(2005 edition) requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas and the nearest exit should not be larger than 30m. In practice, the emergency staircases of the high-rise commercial buildings are also provided at the periphery of the building. The linear distance between the least favorable point to the nearest staircase is often larger than 30m. But in order to meet the requirement of the tall building code, staircases in the middle of the building must be provided. However, the staircases in the middle of the building can’t directly lead to outside.（3）Fire fighting.Both “Code for design of building fire protection and prevention”and “Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” require that wherethe length of the building along the street is more that 150m or the total length of the building is more than 220m, a well situated fire vehicle access shall be provided to cross the building. For large commercial complex, it is quite difficult to provide fire vehicle access to cut the building apart. Therefore, in practice, many designers propose to use the walking street as the fire vehicle access, but it can’t meet the fire fighting need of the fire vehicles.4.Current research status at home and abroadCurrently in China, the researches on the fire protection design of large commercial complex mainly focus on the analysis of some fire protection system.Zhao Hualiang analyzed the commonly used index and parameters of evacuation design. Parameters used for design of evacuation system of large commercial complex such as number of people, evacuation width, travel distance as well as emergency lighting have been discussed.Aim at the difficulties in designing of the fire partition in commercial construction, Zheng Yanqiu analyzed the general requirements for the design of the sunk plaza, fire compartment, protected evacuation passage and atrium. The application of cesium and kalium fire protection glass and toughened glass protected by water sprinkler as the fire partition was also studied.Guo Jinjun and Zhao Lijun introduced the difficulties in the designing of water based fire fighting systems as well as the solution.Guo Xiaolong and Wang Lingjian introduced a method to solve the problem of fire separation of a large commercial complex as well as atrium smoke extraction by separating inner atrium and horizontal sliding skylight.“Code for fire protection design of large commercial complex in Chongqing” provides a method to calculate the width of exit and series of parameters that are applicable for Chongqing city. In the code, theconcept of calculating the width of the exit based on the fire compartment was put forward for the first time. The requirements that the exit can be borrowed or shared by the adjoining fire compartments are provided and the calculation method to calculate this kind of exit is given. For the shopping malls with quite many stories above ground, this local code of Chongqing introduces the concept of “refuge space”, which provides favorable conditions for the emergent evacuation of the people.Aiming at the problems in the requirement of the fire code-“if the building area of an underground shopping mall is larger than 20000m2, fire wall shall be used to separate it and there shall be no openings in the fire wall”, Kang Dasheng and Wang Jinling suggested to provide a so-called “open fire isolating area” (sunk space) and “closed fire isolating area” . They also suggested to provide an emergency passageway less than 55m long on the first underground floor to directly lead to the outside of the building. For those large space areas like the atrium and indoor walking street, they suggested to install intelligent sprinkler system especially for large space areas.The above mentioned researches mainly focus on the problems in the design of the commercial buildings. Solutions from the experiences during design, review and construction have been proposed, but they are not complete and thorough. The results can’t be generalized.Some foreign building and fire codes have some requirements for the fire protection of commercial buildings. For example, building code of Canada, fire code of Singapore, building code of New Zealand and the “Uniform Building Code” of NFPA etc. However, these requirements are mainly applicable to ordinary shops, not the large commercial complexes in China.5. ConclusionIn order to solve so many practical problems encountered in the fire protection design of the large commercial complex, to evaluate the fire safety performance of this kind of building scientifically, and to define the scientific, reasonable and economic fire safety system, it is necessary to study the key technology of fire protection based on the practical fire loads and occupant density in the large commercial complex in China. Through this research, the related technical requirements of fire protection design were determined, and the scientific, reasonable and economical method of fire protection design was proposed. It is very important to understand the method and to prevent the occurrence of fire so as to safeguard the life safety and reduce property loss.References[1]Fire Bureau of MPS. Anthology of disastrous fire cases of China,2008.[2]LI Yin-qing. Performance Design for Building Fire Protection. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.2005.141~171.[3]LI Yu. Study on Performance-based Fire Protection Design of Large Shopping Centre. MA thesis of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology,2005.[4]ZOU He. The key technology research for performance-based design of underground commercial building. Engineering Master Degree Dissertation of Chongqing University,2007.[5]LI Xin, GU Yu. Discussion on the problems in the evacuation design of large commercial complex.. Fire Technology and Products Information,2007,12,31~33.[6]Chongqing Construction Committee. DBJ 50-054-2006 Code for fire protection design of large-scale commercial buildings of Chongqing,2006.[7]HUO Ran, YUAN Hong-yong. Performance-based Fire Protection Design and Analysis.Hefei:Anhui Science & Technology Publishing House, 2003.[8]ZHAO Wei. Evaluation of performance-based design on giant commercial building.Fire Science and Technology, 2009,28(11),817~819.[9]The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB50016-2006 Code of Design on Building Fire Protection and Prevention. Beijing: China Planning Press,2006.[10]The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB50045-95 Code for fire protection design of tall buildings(2005Edition).Beijing: China Planning Press,2005.[11]Civil Air Defence Office of China, The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB 50098-2009 Code for fire protection design of civil air defense works. Beijing:China Planning Press,2009.[12]Central-south Architectural Design Institute. Code for Design of Shop Buildings(draft) JGJ 48-88. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1988.[13]LIN Feng. Studies on the Fire Safe of Large-scale Commercial Buildings. MA thesis of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology,2009.[14]ZHAO Hua-liang. Discussion on Safe Evacuation from Commercial Buildings.Fire Technology and roducts Information,2005,2,9~11.[15]JING Jian-sheng, NI Zhao-peng, ZHUANG Jing-yi. Calculation method of the number of safe egress occupants in commercial building.Fire Science and Technology,2003,22(5),351~353.[16]ZHANG Shu-ping, JING Ya-jie. Research of evacuation crowd in the business hall of large department stores. Fire Science and Technology,2004,23(2),133~136.[17]QI Xiao-xia, PAN Jing. Research of evacuation crowd in the large specialized stores. Fire Science and Technology,2005,24(1),60~64.[18]YAN Xiao-long,WANG Ling-jian. Fire protection design of large-scale commercial building. Fire Science and Technology,2007.26(5),523~525.[19]ZHENG Yan-qiu. Analysis of fire protection separate design in commercial construction [J]. Fire Science and Technology,2009,28(1),43~46.[20]GUO Jin-jun, ZHAO Li-jun. Design difficulties and solutions for water fire-extinguishing system in the mall [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering,2008,7(34),86~88.[21]GUO Sheng-you, LIU Mei-mei. Idea and characteristic of code for the fire prevention design of large-scale commercial buildings of Chongqing [J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2007, 26(1), 49~51.[22]KANG Da-sheng, WANG Jin-ling. The Measures of Large-Scale Shop Fire Prevention Designing [J]. Journal of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy,2008,24(10),15~17.[23]National Research Council of Canada.National Building Code of Canada[S].2005ˈVolume 1.[24]Singapore Civil Defence Force.Singapore Fire Code[S].[25]NFPA. NFPA1 Fire Code 2009 Edition[S],2009.[26]R.L.P. Custer & B. J. Meacham. Introduction To Performance based Fire Safety. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.[27]SFPE engineering guide to performance–based fire protection:analysis and design of buildings.First Edition,National Fire Protection Association,Society of Fire Protection Engineers,USA,2000.[28]British Standards Institution. Draft British standard BSDD240 fire safety engineering in building,Part l: Guide to the application office safety engineering Principles,1997.[29]Building Code of Australia, Australia Building Code Board, October 1996.[30]Hadjisophocleous GV,Benichou N.Development of performance-based codes, performance criteria and fire safety engineering methods.International Journal on Engineering Performance-based Fire Code, 2000, 2(4), 127~142.二、翻译结果分析与研究大型商业综合体中消防难点的设计摘要总结了大型商业综合体的火灾特性。
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毕业设计英文资料翻译Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n课题名称_____________________________________院< 系）_____________________________________专业 _____________________________________姓名 _____________________________________学号 _____________________________________起讫日期 _____________________________________指导教师 _____________________________________2018 年2月25日原文:Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the concept of gree n buildi ng and improve the effect iven ess an alysis of the exter nal effects of gree n buildi ng measures,Key words green buildings。
protect the ecology。
signification 。
analysing the effects1 What is a green building Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation ofresources (energy, land, water and materials>, protecting the environment | and reduce polluti on, provide people with health, applicati on and efficie nt use of space, and | n ature harm ony of the build ing. The so-called gree n build ing "gree n" does not mean a gen eral sense of three-dime nsional gree n, roof garde n, but represe nts a con cept or symbol, refers to build ing en vir onmen tally frie ndly, make full use of n atural resources, en viro nment and basic ecological damage to the en viro nment without bala nee of a build ing un der con structi on, but also known as susta in able buildi ng, eco-build ing, back into the wild con structi on, en ergy sav ing con structi on. Gree n buildi ng in terior layout is very reas on able, to mini mize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost- natural feeling. People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy liv ing en vir onment, as much as possible to con trol and reduce the use and destructi onof the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balanee. 2, the meaning of gree n build ing The basic conno tati on of gree n buildi ng can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources 。
providea safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good 。
affinity with the natural environment, sothat people and build ing a harm oni ous coexiste nee with the en viro nment and susta in able development. 3 Development of the significanee of green building rating system Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles. 3.1 Technical Significanee Green building study of early tech nical problems of in dividual-based, tech no logy is isolated and on e-sided, not formed | an orga nic whole, the in tegrati on of desig n and econo mic study of eon scious ness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, in dividual tech ni cal research results of early moder n gree n buildi ng tech ni ques for the multidime nsional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since thenin eties of the 20th cen tury, with the un dersta nding of gree n build ing gradually deepe n and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage.Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is alsostarting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.3.2 The social significance. Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects. To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green buildingrating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correctpeople's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way oflife that matches the green building to achieve the best results. Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community. 3.3 The economic significance. Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current fromthe economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted. 3.4 Ethical Significance. Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room. This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the developmentof green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages. 4 green building design Green building design include the following: Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane. Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening. Return to Nature: GreenBuilding exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.5 Effect of green building5.1Effect of the compositi on of gree n build ing Effect of gree n build ing, in cludi ng internal effects and exter nal effects, direct ben efits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the in direct ben efits and in direct costs of exter nal effects, accord ing to engin eer ing econo micspoint of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-ec ono mic prin ciples of susta in able developme nt, from the perspective of the overall n ati onal economy, study projects spe nding of social resources and con tributi ons to the commu nity to evaluate the project's econo mic and reas on able and exter nal effects gen erally in clude In dustry Effects, en viro nmen tal and ecological effects, tech no logy diffusi on effect, the exter nal effect will cause the private costs (in ter nal costs or in direct costs> and social costs incon siste nt, leadi ng to the actual price is differe nt from the best price. From the perspective of susta in able developme nt, gree n build ing assessme nt effects of the mai n in dicators of external effects. Since beg inning the developme nt of gree n building, unity of quantitativeindicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1> strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over thecon structi on project, the con structi on process using huma n wave tactics, once the state limitthe scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree ofmecha ni zati on, labor, the low level. (2> more in vestme nts in tech no logy, upgrade tech no logy, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the developme nt and applicati on of buildi ng tech no logy, comb ined with the project, the characteristics of future con structi on, a pla nned way scie ntific and tech no logical research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce,absorb and assimilate the adva need scie ntific and tech no logical achieveme nts of scie nee and tech no logy to improve the level of mecha ni zati on. (3> in urba n pla nning, survey and desig n through the "gree n buildi ng" ideas. Family hous ing and urba n con structi on or alterati on must remai n in the room, from light ing, ven tilati on, drain age and so con trol the damage to the en viro nment. (4> con structi on work, reduced resource con sumpti on, the producti on processin construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive | con sumpti on of la nd resources, water resources, power resources. |5.2External effects of the challenges to building the economy Under the control of thegovernment's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources tostre ngthe n the impleme ntati on of en ergy con servati on man datory sta ndards for con structi on | supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public build ings to enhance the buildi ng en ergy regulati on, reflected in the project cost on the part of | the Waibu costs into in ter nal costs, making the "non-gree n build ing" project's in ter nal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency in crease, so that effective econo mic resources to the rati onal flow of gree n buildi ng.6 to improve the external effects of green building measures Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only]con ti nually tap the ways and means to improve the exter nal efficie ncy, reduce exter nal costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1> Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and ecological (n atural> en viro nment 。