中国社会保障英文关键词(keywords on social security)
社会保障 英语作文
社会保障英语作文Social Security。
Social security refers to the various programs and policies put in place by the government to provide economic assistance to individuals and families in need. The goal of social security is to ensure that all citizens have access to the resources they need to live a decent and dignified life, regardless of their economic circumstances.There are several key components of social security, including unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, disability benefits, and health care assistance. These programs are designed to provide financial support to individuals who are unable to work due to unemployment, illness, or disability, as well as to provide a safety net for retirees who may not have enough savings to support themselves in their old age.One of the most important aspects of social security isthe old-age pension program, which provides financial assistance to retirees who have reached a certain age and are no longer able to work. This program is funded througha combination of payroll taxes and government contributions, and it is designed to ensure that all citizens can enjoy a comfortable standard of living in their old age.In addition to old-age pensions, social security also provides disability benefits to individuals who are unableto work due to a physical or mental impairment. These benefits are intended to help disabled individuals cover their living expenses and medical costs, and they are an important source of support for people with disabilitiesand their families.Another key component of social security is unemployment insurance, which provides financial assistance to individuals who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. This program is designed to help workers andtheir families make ends meet while they search for new employment, and it plays a crucial role in preventing poverty and hardship during times of economic downturn.Finally, social security also includes various health care assistance programs, which are designed to ensure that all citizens have access to affordable medical care. These programs provide financial assistance to low-income individuals and families, as well as to seniors and people with disabilities, and they are an important tool for promoting public health and well-being.In conclusion, social security is a vital component ofa just and equitable society. By providing financial assistance to individuals and families in need, social security helps to ensure that all citizens have access tothe resources they need to live a decent and dignified life. As such, it is essential that governments continue toinvest in and expand social security programs in order to promote the well-being of all members of society.。
高中英语高考复习中国社会与经济必知词汇
高考英语中国社会与经济必知词汇多元文化论cultural pluralism文化适应 acculturation社会保障 social security班车 shuttle bus搬迁户a relocated unit or household独生子女 the only child in a family单亲 single parent福利彩票 welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工 migrant laborers名人 celebrity农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor青春期 puberty; adolescence全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查nationwide census社会保险 social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency性骚扰 sexual harassment走私 smuggling性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination年龄歧视 age discrimination工作歧视 job discrimination享乐主义 hedonism文盲 illiteracy贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies“一国两制”One Country, Two Systems“三个代表”理论 the Three Represents Theory 两会(人大、政协)Two Conferences(NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作 South-South Cooperation南北对话North-South Dialogue人大常委会People’s Congress Standing Committee 法制观念awareness of law法治国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up公务员 civil servants官僚主义作风the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育 family planning居委会neighborhood committee可持续发展 sustainable development领土完整 territorial integrity民族精神 national spirit普选制 general election system人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilization小康社会a well-off society与时俱进 keep pace with the times综合国力 overall national strength人口老龄化 the aging of population人口出生率 birth rate社区服务 community service道德法庭 court of ethics盗用公款embezzlement大学城 college town高等教育higher education综合性大学 comprehensive university文科院校 colleges of(liberal) arts理工科大学 college/university of science and engineering师范学院 normal college高分低能 high scores and low abilities高考(university/college)entrance examination 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动 extracurricular activities必修课 required/compulsory course选修课 elective/optional course基础课 basic courses专业课 specialized course课程表school schedule学历 record of formal schooling学分 credit人才交流 talent exchange素质教育quality-oriented education应试教育 exam-oriented education填鸭式教学 cramming method of teaching希望工程Project Hope走读生 extern; non-resident student住宿生 boarder研究生 graduate student; post-graduate(student) 应届毕业生 graduating student; current year's graduate校园数字化 campus digitalization校园文化 campus culture学历教育 education with record of formalschooling学龄儿童school-ager学生减负 alleviate the burden on students职业道德 work ethics; professional ethics网络世界 cyber world网络文化 cyber culture网络犯罪 cybercrime网络购物 online shopping信息革命 information revolution1电子货币e-currency人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)生物技术 bio-technology克隆 cloning基因工程 genetic engineering转基因食品genetically modified food(GMF)试管婴儿 test-tube baby基因突变 genetic mutation3D 电影 three-dimensional movie虚拟银行 virtual bank信息高速公路information superhighway同步卫星 geostationary satellite多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)电子商务e-business; e-commerce电子管理e-management办公自动化Office Automation(OA)重点项目 key project网络谣言 online rumors森林生态系统forest ecosystem海洋生态系统marine ecosystem垄断价格 monopolize the price汽车限购 vehicle purchase restrictions汽车购买配额 vehicle purchase quotas车牌摇号a lottery for license plates牌照单双号限行 odd-even license plate system 黑名单制度a blacklist system二代身份证 2nd-generation ID card直接经济损失 direct economic loss应急系统 emergency response system闯红灯 run red light遮挡、污损号牌block or deface license plates 扣分处罚 point penalty酒驾 drunk driving终身禁驾 lifetime ban from driving总需求aggregate demand总供给aggregate supply企业文化 corporate culture企业形象 corporate image(CI); enterprise image 跨国公司transnational corporation创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济 holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry电子工业 electronic industry汽车制造工业 car industry娱乐业 entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry轻工业 light industry博彩业 lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业 monopolized industry市场多元化 market diversification市场经济 market economy市场监管 market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市 bear market牛市 bull market城镇化 urbanization房地产real estate首付 down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones(SEZ)经济增长 economic growth泡沫经济 bubble economy关税tariff纳税人 tax payer宏观经济macro economy经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀 inflation贴现率 discount rate存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio(RRR)公开市场业务open market operation(OMO)稳健的货币政策 prudent monetary policy硬着陆 hard landing软着陆 soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty(G20)财政部部长Minister of Finance经济活力economic vitality结构改革 structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产 soft assets有形资产tangible assets经济走廊 economic corridor反垄断antitrust; anti-monopoly定价浮动 price fluctuations债务审计audit of debt地方性政府债务 local government debt/liability 公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the publicfinance system信用支持credit support2。
社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)
社会保障Social Security社会保险Social Insurance➢参保participation in social insurance scheme➢参保人the insured➢个人缴费比例ratio of individual contribution➢个人账户individual account➢个人账户储存额deposit amount of individual accounts➢个人账户基金fund for individual accounts➢个人账户基金结余surplus in fund for individual accounts➢个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of interest of individual accounts➢社会保险机构Social security institution➢社会保险业务经办Social Insurance Operation➢在城镇强制推行以养老、失业、医疗为重点的社会保险Social welfare insurance, particularly old-age, unemployment and medical insurance, must be mademandatory in urban areas.1.养老➢养老保险retirement insurance➢养老保险制度the old-age insurance system➢基本养老金basic pensions➢农村养老保险Old-age Insurance in Rural Area➢法定退休年龄statutory retirement age➢个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings➢个人账户养老金individual old-age insurance account➢规定领取年龄prescribed age of benefits entitlement➢补发拖欠的离退休人员统筹项目内的养老金All back pension entitlements have been paid for the retired covered by the overall government plan.➢工资总额total pay-roll➢确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费和离退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放to ensure that subsistence allowances for laid-off workers from state-ownedenterprises and basic pensions for retirees are paid on time and in full 2.医疗➢医疗保险制度the medical insurance system➢医疗保险medical insurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees➢大病统筹social pooling for catastrophic disease➢大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure➢定点药店designated pharmacy➢定点医疗机构designated medical institution➢定额控制quota control➢非营利性医疗机构non-profit medical institutions➢多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system➢公费医疗free medical service➢国家基本医疗保险药品目录state medicine catalogue for basic medicalinsurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度the basic medical insurance system for urban employees3.失业➢失业保险unemployment insurance➢失业保险制度the unemployment insurance system➢失业保险金Unemployment insurance benefits➢失业率rate of unemployment➢城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate➢城镇失业率urban unemployment rate➢非本人意愿中断就业employment termination against one’s own wills ➢非正规就业non-standard employment➢待业人员job seekers➢完善失业保险制度to improve the unemployment insurance system4.工伤➢工伤work-related injury➢工伤保险work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险制度the on-job injury insurance system➢工伤保险待遇benefits for work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险基金fund for work-related injury insurance➢《工伤保险条例》Regulation on Work-related Injury Insurance➢工伤补偿work-related injury compensation➢工伤认定work-related injury certification➢工伤医疗medical treatment of work-related injury5.生育➢生育保险制度the childbirth insurance system6.补充➢补充保险supplementary insurance➢补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance➢补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance社会救助Social Assistance➢补助金subsidy➢国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度basic living standard guarantee system for laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises➢关心和支持残疾人事业Programs to help the physically and mentally challenged deserve our care and support.➢弱势群体disadvantaged groups1.低保➢城市居民最低生活保障制度scheme of guaranteeing minimum living standards for urban residents/guarantee of subsistence allowances forurban residents/the minimum living standard security system ➢贫困线the poverty line➢救助站social relief station2.住房➢公积金public accumulation fund➢安居工程housing project for low-income families3.就业➢残疾人就业保障金employment security fund for the disabled➢充分就业full employment➢促进就业employment promotion➢定向培训designated training➢工会trade union➢工会组织trade union organization➢公共就业服务public employment service➢保障妇女就业权力guarantee women’s right to employment➢合理调整就业结构to rationally readjust the employment structure➢建立市场导向的就业机制to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism➢建立新型的劳动关系to establish a new type of labor relations➢扩大就业和再就业to expand employment and reemployment➢实施积极促进就业的政策to implement the policy of vigorously increasing employment➢实行弹性大、灵活性强、多样化的就业形式to adopt elastic, flexible, diversifiedforms of employment➢提高劳动者素质to enhance workers’ quality➢统筹兼顾城乡就业to make overall plans for urban and rural system ➢推动就业服务向社区延伸，形成多层次的就业服务网络to encourage the formation of community-run agencies as a part of the multi-levelemployment service network➢完善和落实再就业优惠政策to improve and implement preferential reemployment➢优化就业结构to optimize employment structure➢职业培训Vocational Training4.灾害➢灾害救助制度the natural disaster relief system社会福利Social Welfare优抚安置Special treatment and placement社保基金➢保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values➢部分积累模式partial accumulation model➢财政补贴financial subsidy➢财政投入financial input➢待遇给付payment of benefit➢当期结余current surplus➢地方财政补贴local financial subsidy➢费率调整adjustment of contribution rate➢费用结算settling accounting of fees➢费用审核expense audit➢风险准备金reserve fund of risk➢付费方式method of payment➢给付利率interest rate of payment➢国家债券state bond➢国有股减持state stock reduction➢社会保险基金管理S ocial Insurance Fund Management➢社会保障基金监管Social Security Fund Supervision其他➢按劳分配distribution according to work➢保障水平level of security➢城乡二元结构dual economic structure of urban and rural areas ➢恩格尔系数Engel Coefficient➢覆盖率coverage rate➢雇佣关系employment relationship➢管理信息系统management information system➢国有企业改革reform of state-owned enterprises➢加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion➢人口老龄化aging of population➢人口增长与社会经济发展相协调try to keep population growth in line with social and economic development➢人民生活水平quality of life; the living standards➢预期寿命life expectancy➢政府主导计划government-sponsored programs➢剩余劳动力surplus labor➢贫困陷阱poverty trap。
社会保障专业英语词汇
劳动与社会保障专业词汇汇总劳动经济学Labour Economics/ Industrial Relation Studies劳动心理学Labor Psychology福利经济学Welfare Economics社会政策Social Policy公共管理Public Management社会保护Social Protection劳动法Labour Law劳动关系Labour Relations劳动合同Labour Contract劳资谈判Collective Bargaining劳资纠纷labor Dispute劳动统计Labour Statistics劳动指标Labour Indicators就业指标Employment Indicators社会保障指标Social Security Indicators就业Employment劳动力labor force经济活动人口Economically Active Population就业人口Employment Population在业人口Working Population劳动力参与率Labor Force Participation Rate就业登记Employment Registration再就业Re-employment非正规就业Informal Employment灵活就业Flexible Employment自雇者Self-employment失业Unemployment / Jobless失业率Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate调查失业率Surveyed Unemployment Rate长期失业Long-term Unemployment培训Training职业培训Vocational Training职业教育Vocational Education Exchange人力资源Human Resources人力资本Human Capital公开招聘Open Recruitment面试Interview职位Position工作经历Work Experience企业文化Corporate Culture定位Orientation工作分析Job Analysis工资Wages / Income / Salary工资等级Salary Grade最低工资Minimum Wages收入分配Income Distribution收入差距Income Disparities / Income Gap职业安全Work Safety劳动保护Labour Protection事故预防Accident Prevention职业病Occupational Disease社会保障Social Security社会保障号码Social Security Number社会保险Social Insurance劳动保险Labour Insurance社会保险范围Social Insurance Coverage社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund缴费Contribution社会保险待遇Social Insurance Benefits社会保险待遇享受资格Qualification of Social Insurance养老保险Old-Age Insurance老年保障Old-Age Security社会统筹Social Pooling个人账户Individual Account现收现付Pay as You Go职业年金/企业年金??Annuity Pension / Supplementary Pension / Private Pension医疗保险Medical Care / Public Health公费医疗Free Medical Service大病统筹Social Pooling for Serious Disease医疗救助Medical Assistance失业保险Unemployment Insurance失业保险金Unemployment benefits生育保险Maternity Insurance工伤保险Work-related Insurance工伤康复Injury Rehabilitation家庭津贴Family Benefit / Family Allowance社会福利Social Welfare贫困Poverty扶贫Poverty Relief / Poverty Alleviation社会捐助Social Donation孤儿Orphan弱势群体Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Population/ Groups社会工作Social Work优抚Preferential Treatment五保Five Guarantees社会救济Social Relief最低生活保障minimun living standard guarantee劳资关系union-management relations雇佣关系employment relations员工employee雇主协会manager union斡旋者councilor调解者mediator仲裁者arbitrator合作cooperation冲突conflict力量power权利right罢工stike沟通communication共同协商negotiation外购outsourcing转包contracting out宽容型accommodative职位阶梯job ladder家长制管理paternalistic management工作生活质量计划quality of work life programs职务扩大化job enlargement职务轮换job rotation职务深度job depth自主性工作团队autonomous work teams综合性工作团队integrated work teams雇员参与计划employee involvement schemes劳资联合委员会labor-management committees共同管理计划comanagement arrangement内部公平制度internal justice system工会申诉制度union grievance system雇员持股计划employee stock ownership plans全面质量管理total quality management双轨经营战略twin-track business strategy心理契约psychological contract“非强制“条款non-imposition clause工会trade union总工会general union职业协会professional association职业工会occupational union同行工会craft union白领工会non-manual union行业工会industrial union公司工会company union垄断性行业工会monopoly industrial union谈判单位bargaining unit北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement 对抗confrontation休战armed truce和睦相处working harmony合作cooperation利润分享计划gainsharing program授权选举certification election间接纠察secondary picketing失业效应unemployment effect工会巡视员walking delegate申诉程序grievance procedure公共部门雇主public sector employer公共选择理论public choice theory自由放任主义laissez faire社团主义corporatism社会正义social justice维持生活工资living wage热炉规则hot-stove rule渐进性惩处progressive discipline公正与公平fairness and equity权力与职权power and authority个人主义individualism集体主义collectivism保护者protector促进者promoter调停者peace-maker规划者planner选举捐款campaign contribution社会伙伴机制social partnership mechanism 失业政策unemployment policy收入政策income policy维持生活工资living wage小额福利fringe benefit劳动合同labor contract体面工作decent work核心劳动标准core labor standards工资决定wage determination计时工hour rated worker非正规部门informal sector书面合同written contract诚实谈判bargain in good faith正式谈判formal bargaining协调性谈判coordinated bargaining合作式谈判cooperative bargaining让步式谈判concession bargaining和解conciliation实地调查的fact-finding利益仲裁interest arbitration常规仲裁conventional arbitration最后仲裁final arbitration集体协议collective agreement小环境niche国际劳工公约International Labor Organization Convention劳动统计Labor statistics变量Variable补贴Subsidy长期职工Long-term staff城乡一体化City and countryside integration城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate城镇登记失业人员registered unemployed urbanites城镇失业率urban unemployment rate城镇失业人员unemployed persons in urban areas城镇私营从业人员urban privately operated jobholders出生率(又称粗出生率) birth rate (crude birth rate)从业人员Jobholders简单随机抽样Simple random sampling奖金Bonus津贴Allowance经济活动人口Economically active population劳动力资源Labor force resources类型抽样??分层抽样?? Typical sampling(Stratified sampling)临时职工Temporary staff劳动报酬Payment for labor劳动工资Labor wages劳动就业Labor employment劳动生产率Labor productivity劳动收入Labor income离休人员Retired personnel离休人员保险福利费用Retired personnel's insurance and welfare expense 卖方市场Seller market买方市场Buyer market高失业??High unemployment低失业??low unemployment自然失业??natural unemployment白领失业??White-collar unemployment高龄失业??Old unemployment高学历失业??Highly educated unemployment结构性失业??Structural unemployment周期性失业??Cyclical unemployment隐蔽性失业??Disguised Unemployment摩擦性失业??Frictional unemployment季节性失业??Seasonal unemployment教育性失业??Educational unemployment制度性失业??Institutional unemployment永久性失业??Permanent unemployment知识性失业??Intellectual Unemployed暂时性失业??Temporary unemployment需求不足型失业?? Unemployment of insufficient demand自愿失业??Voluntary unemployed非自愿失业??Involuntary unemployment城镇登记失业?? urban registered unemployment rate长期失业??Long-term Unemployment均衡失业??Balanced unemployment增长型失业??Increasing unemployment失业率??Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate平均失业率??The average unemployment rate自然失业率??natural rate of unemployment原住民登记失业率?? registered unemployment rate in indigenous 最优失业率??也就是自然失业率??natural rate of unemployment ??调查失业率??Surveyed Unemployment Rate失业救济??Unemployment Relief失业津贴??Unemployment benefits失业保险??unemployment insurance失业保险金?? Unemployment insurance benefits失业补助金??Unemployment benefits失业补偿金??unemployment compensation失业辅助??Unemployment Guidance失业赔偿??Unemployment compensation失业登记?? registration of unemployment失业保险制度??the unemployment insurance system失业风险??Unemployment Risk妇女儿童福利Women and children ’ s Welfare住房公积金??Housing Provident Fund住房抵押贷款??Housing Mortgage Loan社会优抚Social Entitle军人保障Soldier Security补充保障Additional Security慈善事业Charity Work ??Philanthropy社区服务Community Service企业年金Annuity Pension商业保险Commercial Insurance家庭保障Family protection社会保险型模式The social insurance-type model福利国家模式The welfare state model强制储蓄型模式Compulsory savings-type model国家保险型模式National Insurance-model社会保障基金Social Security Fund社保基金的来源渠道Sources of Social Security Fund国家财政拨款State funding其他渠道Other channels发行特种国债Issuing special bonds国际援助International aid社会保障基金的筹集模式The social security fund-raising mode现收现付式Pay-as-you-go完全积累式fully accumulated model部分积累式partial accumulation model征税方式Tax form征费方式Levy way强制储蓄制Compulsory savings system自由筹资Free Financing福利彩票Welfare Lottery社会募捐Community donation社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund社会保险基金的所有权分类The social insurance fund ownership classification 公共基金Public fund机构基金Institutions Fund个人基金Personal Fund养老保险基金Pension Fund医疗保险基金Medical insurance Fund失业保险基金Unemployment insurance fund工伤保险基金Injury Insurance Fund生育保险基金Maternity Insurance Fund护理保险基金Care Insurance Fund社会保险基金来源Social insurance fund sources三方负担Tripartite burden双方负担Both burden单方负担Unilateral burden医疗保险medical care/ public health大病统筹social pooling for serious disease免费医疗free medical service农村合作医疗cooperative medical service in rural areas离休人员医疗保障medical security for honored retirees医疗卫生体制health care system社会医疗救助social medical relief/social medical assistance医疗保障制度medical insurance system城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees 医疗保险制度改革the reform of the medical insurance system劳保医疗制度medical labor insurance system基本医疗保险basic medical insurance大额医疗费用互助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure企业补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance for enterprise商业医疗保险commercial medical insurance多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system大病风险risk for catastrophic disease医疗保险覆盖范围medical insurance coverage卫生部Ministry of Health卫生所health care center卫生院community clinic医务室clinic/infirmary医疗保险机构medical insurance institutions商业医疗保险公司commercial medical insurance company医院信息管理系统information management system for hospitals专科医院specialized hospitals综合医院general hospitals民营医疗机构private medical institutions营利性医疗机构profit-going medical institutions医院等级hospital grade定点医疗机构designated medical institution社区医院community hospital定点药店designated pharmacy/designated drug store慢性病chronic disease精神病mental illness医疗保险费medical insurance expenses基本医疗保险基金basic medical insurance fund企业补充医疗保险基金supplementary medical insurance fund for enterprise 医疗保险信息管理系统medical insurance management information system 医疗补助金medical subsidies社会统筹social pooling离退休人员医疗费用统筹social pooling for medical expenditures of retirees 个人帐户individual account医疗保险金medical insurance premium门诊outpatient service门诊包干reimbursement quotas system for outpatient service charge门诊病人patients of outpatient department门诊部outpatient department门诊费outpatient service charge门诊人次person-times of outpatient service门诊特殊病种special disease in outpatient service诊疗项目范围scope of clinic items诊疗项目管理management of clinic items急诊费emergency call charge手术费operation costs药品费用drugs expenses补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance企业补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance for enterprise多层次养老保障体系multi-level old-age security system资金来源fund source个人缴费individual contribution用人单位缴费contribution of the employing units基金筹集模式the mode of fund collection缴费确定型defined contribution〔DC〕完全积累式total accumulation model个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings基金收缴contribution collection企业/ 个人负担比例ratio of corporate/individual responsibility企业/ 个人缴费率enterprise / individual contribution rate企业/ 个人缴费额amount of corporate/ individual contribution个人账户individual account企业/个人缴费基数bases of corporate/ individual contribution月平均工资average monthly wage企业在职职工工资总额total pay-roll of enterprise employees年金生命表annuity life table职工福利费workers welfare fund从成本中列支be listed as a production cost代扣代缴withhold and remit待遇支付benefit payment现金给付cash payment一次性给付Lump-sum benefit分期给付staged benefit给付条件qualifying condition/qualification for benefit实际缴费年限actual contribution time法定退休年龄statutory retirement age提前退休early retirement正常退休normal date retirement累计缴费时间accumulated contribution time待遇水平benefit level企业年金替代率replacement rate of corporate pension个人账户基金fund for individual accounts专项基金special fund积累基金accumulation funds个人账户存储额deposit amount of individual accounts累积数额accumulation amount个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of individual accounts 基金收入revenue of the fund给付增长率accrual rate of benefit年金购买率annuity purchase rate投资运营investment operation投资组合investment portfolio投资基金investment fund年金风险annuity risk运营收益率return rate of operation保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values信托trust信托财产/基金trust property/fund信托受益人beneficiary of trust信托合同trust contract 〔between corporate and trustee〕信托关系fiduciary relation集体协商机制collective consultation system职工代表大会congress of works representation职工大会workers congress。
社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)
社会保障Social Security社会保险Social Insurance➢参保participation in social insurance scheme➢参保人the insured➢个人缴费比例ratio of individual contribution➢个人账户individual account➢个人账户储存额deposit amount of individual accounts➢个人账户基金fund for individual accounts➢个人账户基金结余surplus in fund for individual accounts➢个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of interest of individual accounts➢社会保险机构Social security institution➢社会保险业务经办Social Insurance Operation➢在城镇强制推行以养老、失业、医疗为重点的社会保险Social welfare insurance, particularly old-age, unemployment and medical insurance, must be mademandatory in urban areas.1.养老➢养老保险retirement insurance➢养老保险制度the old-age insurance system➢基本养老金basic pensions➢农村养老保险Old-age Insurance in Rural Area➢法定退休年龄statutory retirement age➢个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings➢个人账户养老金individual old-age insurance account➢规定领取年龄prescribed age of benefits entitlement➢补发拖欠的离退休人员统筹项目内的养老金All back pension entitlements have been paid for the retired covered by the overall government plan.➢工资总额total pay-roll➢确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费和离退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放to ensure that subsistence allowances for laid-off workers from state-ownedenterprises and basic pensions for retirees are paid on time and in full 2.医疗➢医疗保险制度the medical insurance system➢医疗保险medical insurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees➢大病统筹social pooling for catastrophic disease➢大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure➢定点药店designated pharmacy➢定点医疗机构designated medical institution➢定额控制quota control➢非营利性医疗机构non-profit medical institutions➢多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system➢公费医疗free medical service➢国家基本医疗保险药品目录state medicine catalogue for basic medicalinsurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度the basic medical insurance system for urban employees3.失业➢失业保险unemployment insurance➢失业保险制度the unemployment insurance system➢失业保险金Unemployment insurance benefits➢失业率rate of unemployment➢城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate➢城镇失业率urban unemployment rate➢非本人意愿中断就业employment termination against one’s own wills ➢非正规就业non-standard employment➢待业人员job seekers➢完善失业保险制度to improve the unemployment insurance system4.工伤➢工伤work-related injury➢工伤保险work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险制度the on-job injury insurance system➢工伤保险待遇benefits for work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险基金fund for work-related injury insurance➢《工伤保险条例》Regulation on Work-related Injury Insurance➢工伤补偿work-related injury compensation➢工伤认定work-related injury certification➢工伤医疗medical treatment of work-related injury5.生育➢生育保险制度the childbirth insurance system6.补充➢补充保险supplementary insurance➢补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance➢补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance社会救助Social Assistance➢补助金subsidy➢国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度basic living standard guarantee system for laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises➢关心和支持残疾人事业Programs to help the physically and mentally challenged deserve our care and support.➢弱势群体disadvantaged groups1.低保➢城市居民最低生活保障制度scheme of guaranteeing minimum living standards for urban residents/guarantee of subsistence allowances forurban residents/the minimum living standard security system ➢贫困线the poverty line➢救助站social relief station2.住房➢公积金public accumulation fund➢安居工程housing project for low-income families3.就业➢残疾人就业保障金employment security fund for the disabled➢充分就业full employment➢促进就业employment promotion➢定向培训designated training➢工会trade union➢工会组织trade union organization➢公共就业服务public employment service➢保障妇女就业权力guarantee women’s right to employment➢合理调整就业结构to rationally readjust the employment structure➢建立市场导向的就业机制to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism➢建立新型的劳动关系to establish a new type of labor relations➢扩大就业和再就业to expand employment and reemployment➢实施积极促进就业的政策to implement the policy of vigorously increasing employment➢实行弹性大、灵活性强、多样化的就业形式to adopt elastic, flexible, diversifiedforms of employment➢提高劳动者素质to enhance workers’ quality➢统筹兼顾城乡就业to make overall plans for urban and rural system ➢推动就业服务向社区延伸，形成多层次的就业服务网络to encourage the formation of community-run agencies as a part of the multi-levelemployment service network➢完善和落实再就业优惠政策to improve and implement preferential reemployment➢优化就业结构to optimize employment structure➢职业培训Vocational Training4.灾害➢灾害救助制度the natural disaster relief system社会福利Social Welfare优抚安置Special treatment and placement社保基金➢保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values➢部分积累模式partial accumulation model➢财政补贴financial subsidy➢财政投入financial input➢待遇给付payment of benefit➢当期结余current surplus➢地方财政补贴local financial subsidy➢费率调整adjustment of contribution rate➢费用结算settling accounting of fees➢费用审核expense audit➢风险准备金reserve fund of risk➢付费方式method of payment➢给付利率interest rate of payment➢国家债券state bond➢国有股减持state stock reduction➢社会保险基金管理S ocial Insurance Fund Management➢社会保障基金监管Social Security Fund Supervision其他➢按劳分配distribution according to work➢保障水平level of security➢城乡二元结构dual economic structure of urban and rural areas ➢恩格尔系数Engel Coefficient➢覆盖率coverage rate➢雇佣关系employment relationship➢管理信息系统management information system➢国有企业改革reform of state-owned enterprises➢加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion➢人口老龄化aging of population➢人口增长与社会经济发展相协调try to keep population growth in line with social and economic development➢人民生活水平quality of life; the living standards➢预期寿命life expectancy➢政府主导计划government-sponsored programs➢剩余劳动力surplus labor➢贫困陷阱poverty trap。
社会保障的英语作文
社会保障的英语作文Social security is a critical component of any modern society, providing a safety net for individuals and families during times of need. It encompasses a range of government programs designed to support citizens financially and medically, particularly when they are unable to work due to illness, injury, unemployment, or old age.The concept of social security is rooted in the principles of equity and solidarity. It aims to reduce poverty andinequality by redistributing wealth from those who can afford to contribute to those who are in need. This system is funded through various means, including payroll taxes, income taxes, and sometimes general government revenue.In the United States, the Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for managing the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known asSocial Security. This program provides benefits to retirees, disabled individuals, and the survivors of workers who have contributed to the system.Healthcare is another significant aspect of social security. Many countries have public healthcare systems that offer free or subsidized medical services to their citizens. For example, the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK provides comprehensive healthcare to all residents.Unemployment benefits are also an integral part of social security systems. These benefits provide temporary financial assistance to those who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. The goal is to help individuals maintain abasic standard of living while they search for new employment.In addition to these programs, many countries offer other forms of social security, such as family allowances, housing assistance, and child support. These programs are designed to support families and ensure that children have access to the resources they need to grow and thrive.However, social security systems are not without their challenges. They must be carefully managed to ensure thatthey remain financially sustainable as populations age and economic conditions change. Additionally, there is an ongoing debate about the balance between providing adequate supportto those in need and encouraging personal responsibility and self-reliance.In conclusion, social security is a vital part of a just and caring society. It helps to protect individuals and families from the financial and medical hardships that can accompany unemployment, illness, and old age. By providing a safety net, social security enables people to lead more secure andfulfilling lives.。
(完整版)社会保障相关英语词汇
社会保障social security残疾人社会保障social security for handicapped福利保障security on welfare风险risk抚恤comfort and compensation个人账户individual account给付确定制defined benefit给付项目benefit package后付制post-payment环境保障security on environment公平equality工伤社会保险social insurance for work-related缴费确定制defined contribution基金积累funded pooling健康维护组织health maintenance organization(HMOs) 济贫法Poor Law教育保障security for education就业保障security for employment康复保障security for recovery老年福利elderly welfare老年服务service for elderly商业保险commercial insurance社会保障制度social security system社会保障制度改革the reform of social security system 社会保障法Social Security Act社会保障基金social security fund社会保障管理social security management社会保障水平social security level社会保障水平指标index of social security level社会保险social insurance社会保险基金social insurance fund社会救济(社会救助) social assistance生育基金child-bearing fund现收现付pay as you go医疗社会保险social insurance for medical优待special treatment优抚安置veteran placement总额预付制global budget最低生活保障标准minimum living level职工福利employee welfare职工福利项目employee welfare project职工福利基金employee welfare fund职工福利管理employee welfare management职工福利设计employee welfare design基本养老保险basic endowment insurance基本医疗保险basic medical insurance工伤保险employment injury insurance失业保险unemployment insurance生育保险maternity insurance社会保障体系social welfare system大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure 公费医疗free medical service公积金public accumulation fund雇佣关系employment relationship国际劳工公约international labor convention劳动和社会保障部the ministry of labor and social security社会救济social relief优抚安置special treatment and placement。
中国的社会保障 外文原文及译文
SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN CHINA: ISSUES AND OPTIONSSummaryAs part of its far-reaching reform of the overall economy, China has successfully initiated fundamental reforms of the social security system over the past decade, establishing a structure consistent with the needs of a market economy. The combination of a social pool and individual accounts in the mandatory system provides a structure which addresses the basic objectives of a pension system –poverty relief, income redistribution, insurance and consumption smoothing. Outside the mandatory system, enterprise annuity schemes, individual retirement plans, and other pension schemes organised by industries or localities are further essential components. These voluntary pensions can accommodate different needs, tastes and jobs, particularly necessary in a country as large and diverse as China. Thus the three elements of the present reformed system, if properly designed and administered, complement and strengthen one another, and together can serve as the basic structure of China’s pension system for the coming decades.In the course of implementation, however, problems have emerged. Fragmented organisation and limited coverage contribute to financing difficulties and to incompleteness of social insurance. The deficits contribute to the ‘empty individual accounts’ –empty because local governments often use the contributions made by workers to their individual accounts to finance deficits in the social pool. Moreover, a system has not been developed for organising investments in capital markets by individual accounts. Nor are the capital markets in a satisfactory condition for such investments. Over time these problems will be a vicious circle, as the deficits are likely to persist, requiring continuing l arge fiscal subsidies, while ‘empty accounts’ and other systemic problems continue to undermine the credibility of the system, making further implementation enforcing compliance and extension of coverage –increasingly difficult. The emergingproblems are therefore serious and should be addressed urgently.This report by an international team of economists and social security experts is an attempt to address the key challenges faced by the Chinese pension system today. The full report contains 23 recommendations for further reforms, as well as a brief summary of the economic principles and international experience that form the basis for these recommendations. The next section briefly discusses the principles of pension design. The last section presents the team’s keyrecommendations.I. Principles of Pension DesignObjectives of a Pension SystemRetirement pensions allow a person to transfer consumption from his productive middle years tohis older years in retirement. They also provide insurance, mainly in the form of annuities, weekly or monthly payments to the individual for the rest of his life. Since the length of life isuncertain, such annuities are a form of pooling against the risk of individuals outliving theirpension savings.For a government, pension systems have additional objectives. They canredistribute incomes on a lifetime basis, complementing the role of progressive taxes on annual income. This can be achieved, for instance, by paying low earners pensions which are a higher percentage of their previous earnings. Pension systems can also redistribute across generations, for instance by imposing a higher contribution rate on the present generation, thereby allowing future generations to have higher pensions or to pay lower contributions. Finally, poverty relief targeted at the elderly, through minimum or citizen’s pensions, can be particularly efficient compared to a general system of poverty relief for the entire population. The latter creates some disincentives to work and a country may not be able to afford it.Issues of Pension DesignMany different structures can combine to address the objectives of pensions, but design must avoid large distortions which contribute little, if anything, to the achievement of core objectives. For instance, labour mobility is essential for an efficient labour market. To avoid unduly discouraging mobility, pensions should be portable for workers moving from job to job and place to place. Portability is achieved most readily when the system has a uniform structure across the covered population, both across localities and across sectors.An important feature of pension design is the degree of funding, i.e. whether contributions are used for current pension payments (‘pay as you go’ – PAYG), or to accumulate assets from which pensions in the future are paid (Funding). Funding may or may not be desirable, depending on the circumstances of each country. The degree to which contributions are used to accumulate assets for the pension system can affect the level of national savings and thus the rate of growth. Funding may also improve the efficiency with which savings are channelled into investment. This is more likely in countries with developing financial institutions, if increased investment encourages reform of regulatory and supervisory capacity to improve the functioning of capital markets. However, greater recourse to capital markets with poor regulation and insufficient improvement can increase the risk and lower the return to investment. Finally, funding means increased contributions by the current generation of workers so that future generations may enjoy lower contributions or higher benefits, and thus it involves income redistribution from this generation to future generations.A desirable characteristic of a pension system is that it has the capacity to evolve in a straightforward way as incomes rise, overall economic reforms proceed and administrative capacity grows.International ExperienceThere is a wide range of pension designs across countries and many ways to design good systems. Most countries have a combination of different pension schemes. The simplest scheme is a tax-financed citizen’s pension, available to everyone beyond a given age, as in the Netherlands and New Zealand. Alternatively, there can be a guaranteed minimum income, available to all poor elderly people on the basis of an income test, as in many countries. A most common element internationally is a national defined-benefit (DB) scheme, in which a worker receives a pension based on his wage history and his age on first receipt of benefits. With funded defined-contribution (DC) schemes, also known as funded individual accounts,pensions are paid from a fund built over the years from members’ contributions. Countries with DC systems can use publicly organised investment (as in Singapore) or private, regulated financial intermediaries (as in Chile). A recent innovation internationally is the notional definedcontribution (NDC) schemes of Sweden and Italy, which have many properties of the DC element in individual accounts but with no funding. These various elements are assembled in different ways and with different relative sizes across countries. Thus, internationally, there is no single, dominant system.II. Options for Further ReformsOn the basis of economic principles and lessons from international experience, our full report makes a number of recommendations for further reform of the pension system in China, of which the most important are discussed in the section below. National Pensions Administration Pooling lies at the core of the redistributive and risk-sharing elements of pensions. Given the size and diversity of China, national pooling of the mandatory pension schemes is particularly important. The following measures will help achieve this. There should be a single set of regulations on mandatory pensions, preferably in the form of legislation that is enforceable. The rules on contributions and benefits should be set centrally by formula, though they should include room for regional variation in basic benefit levels, to reflect disparities both in price evels and living standards. Variation must be compatible with a national system for portability of pension rights and hence labour mobility.There should be a single national pensions administration.A single administration which receives all pension revenues and delivers pensions is essential to achieve national pooling. A necessary element is a national database with information on each worker’s account, both to foster a national labour market and to control the pension spending of localities (which could otherwise pay pensions at whatever level they wanted out of the national pool). The national pensions administration should be part of central government and funded from the central government budget. The pensions administration should administer both the basic pension and individual accounts. Contributions should be collected by the tax authority. The contributions base should be changed to match a definition of earnings to be used also in determining income-tax liability, with the contribution rate adjusted so that total contributions are broadly unaffected by the change.Reforms of the Individual AccountsIndividual accounts should be organised on a notional defined contribution (NDC) basis. NDC pensions are a recent innovation internationally, used by countries seeking to retain the usefulness of defined contributions without the necessity of funding. Each worker accumulates a notional individual account, comprising his contributions over the years, which is each year credited by the pensions administration with a notional interest rate defined by law. At retirement, each worker receives a pension based actuarially on his accumulation. Basing individual accounts on the NDC approach has sign ificant advantages in China’s current circumstances. It offers consumption smoothing to today’s contributors in a similar way to funded DC schemes, and hence maintains the purpose of individual accounts. But, because nofund is built up, it does not requir e today’s (poorer) workers to make larger contributions so that future (richer) generations of workers can make smaller contributions, thus avoiding unsatisfactory intergenerational redistribution. It does not require the considerable private-sector financial and administrative capacity of funded schemes, since it is run by the public authorities. It is less risky for workers, since the rate of return avoids the short-run volatility of assets in the capital market; this is particularly important at a time when banking and financial-market institutions are still developing. Finally, the NDC approach will not require an increase in the contribution rate, or an increase in subsidies from the central Budget, as will be necessary if the ‘empty’ individual account s are to be funded under the present scheme. By regularising the encouragement and regulation of voluntary supplementary pensions, there can be adequate capital-market 。
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社会保障制度: Social security system社会保障体系: Social security system商业保险：Commercial insurance慈善事业：Charity补充保障：Supplemental Security养老保险: Old age insurance社会排斥：Social exclusion社会对抗: Social resistance医疗保障: Health security医疗卫生：Medical treatment and public health医疗保险: Health insurance公费医疗: Public medical services社会救助: Social assistance社会福利: Social welfare services社会服务: Social services失业保险: Unemployment insurance工伤保险: Work injury insurance生育保险：Maternity insurance军人保障：Military personnel security军人保险: Military personnel insurance军人抚恤: Military Personnel preferential treatment军人安置: Military Personnel placement老年人福利：Welfare for the elderly残疾人福利：welfare for the disabled妇女福利：Women welfare儿童福利：Child welfare职业福利：Occupational welfare其他保障：Other security专项救助：Special Assistance社会救济：Social relief护理保险：Long-term care insurance社会保险项目: Social insurance programs 住房福利：Housing welfare services住房公积金：Housing provident fund教育福利: Education welfare services灾害救济：Disaster relief最低生活保障制度：The minimum living standard guarantee system社会统筹：Social pooling 个人账户：Individual accounts单位：Work unit机关：State organs事业单位：Public institutions企业：enterprise五保(供养)制度: The five guarantees system国家—单位保障制：State-work unit security system国家-社会保障制：State-social security system国有企业改革: the reform of state-owned enterprises覆盖面：Coverage劳动合同制度: Labor contract system市场经济体制: The market economy system待业保险: Job-waiting subsidy计划经济: The planned economy分配: Distribution收入分配: Income distribution劳资双方: employee and employer改革开放: Reform and opening-up经济社会转型期: Economic and social transition period下岗：Lay-off下岗职工: Laid-off workers社会化：Socialization多元化：Diversification合同制工人: Contract workers离退休人员：Retirees农民工: Migrant workers城镇户口: Urban hukou公益事业：Public welfare programs文化大革命: Cultural Revolution扶贫开发poverty alleviation and development传统社会救济traditional social relief灾害救助disaster assistance医疗救助medical assistance教育救助education assistance住房救助housing assistance法律援助lawsuit assistance贫困线poverty line贫困陷阱poverty trap流浪乞讨人员救助assistance for vagrants and beggars in cities福利依赖welfare dependency安全网safety net三无人员Three-No’s包办就业arranged employment格局framework铁饭碗permanent employment自由流动权The rights of free flow队办企业Brigade-owned enterprises转移transfer试点pilot机构改革institutional reform政府代表government representatives企业代表employers’ representatives职工代表employees＇representatives 社会机构Social institutions统筹调剂pooling and co-coordinating保值增值Value maintenance and appreciation非主管部门department-not-in-charge主管部门department-in-charge定型stereotypes户籍制度the household registration system进城务工人员inter-provincial migrants人均纯收入net income per capita民生People's livelihood修正案the revised ordinance国家机关government organizations事业单位public institutions劳动保险制度the labor insurance system 财政拨款financial allocation生产收益Production Gain孤寡老人an elderly person of no family农业生产合作社agricultural production cooperation 五保“five guarantees”军官military officer集体经济the collective economy“文化大革命” “cultural revolution”老化aging终身制life-long tenure国营企业state-owned enterprise劳动保险金Labor insurance funds社会事务Social Affairs内部事务internal affairs阶级斗争class struggle思想路线指导the ideological guideline年老体弱Old and frail离休honorary retirement政策法规Policies and Regulations城镇劳动者urban workers土地联产c承包责任制the land contract responsibility system组织基础Organizational foundation配套措施supplementary measures劳动就业体制labor employment system 财政税收体制fiscal and taxation system 社会化socialization铁饭碗permanent employment局限性limitation单位保障work unit insurance责任分担responsibility-sharing单一层次Single-Level计划生育政策family planning policy土地保障land security计划生育政策family planning policy社会保险机构Social security institution标准工资standard wage退休待遇retirement benefits大队brigade生产队production team公益金public welfare fund社区（乡镇、村）Community (township and village)县级机构county-level organization中央层面the central level附件attachment探索试点the exploratory pilot计发办法payment method一次性lump-sum老人the people retired before the reform 中人the people worked before the reform and retired after the reform.新人the people worked after the reform 试点方案Pilot Project省级调剂制度Provincial adjustment system 属地化localization职业年金制度occupational pension system亚洲金融危机Asian Financial Crisis管理事务administration affairs养老金增长机制pension growth mechanism制度创新institutional innovations资料来源date source农业生产经营Agricultural production and operation漏洞巨大great vulnerability劳动合同制度the labor contrast system 正规就业劳动者formally employed workers 非正规就业劳动者informally employed workers灵活就业casual employment自我雇佣self-employment私营企业主private entrepreneurs雇员制employee system住房保障制度Housing security system民生保障制度Livelihood security system 住有所居residents have houses to live低收入家庭/低收入群体Low-income families/groups住房体制改革Housing System Reform道路Gradual path实物in-kind全民保障Security for all people住房非商品化Non-commercial housing分配体制Distribution system 公有住房public housing购房补贴housing subsidies货币cash经济适用房affordable house商品房commercial house公积金制度Housing Provident Fund system廉租房Low-rent house小康生活水平Comfortable standard of living住房券Housing vouchers/coupons经济体制改革Economic system reform社会主义有计划商品经济Socialist planned commodity economy无偿分配Free distribution再生产reproduction维修费、管理费、折旧费Maintenance fees, management fees, depreciation charges 基本思路Basic ideas住房建设投资housing construction Investment住房分配体housing distribution system国家贷款资金State loan城市配套资金City supplemental funds城市住房基金Urban Housing Fund单位住房基金work Unit housing funds其他房改资金Other housing reform funds 高收入户High-income households利润率profit rate住房公积金缴纳率Housing provident fund contribution rate按月补贴Monthly subsidy一次性补贴Lump-sum subsidy明补Public subsidies社会的安定团结social stability and unity财政预算资金the fiscal budget funds多渠道Multi-channel因地制宜under the local conditions行政事业性收费Administrative fees基础设施建设费用Infrastructure costs房地产市场the real estate market硬指标Fixed target社会建设Social construction民生发展目标Livelihood development goals农民工合法权益the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers完全产权the full property rights缴存余额Deposit balance三位一体Trinity政府主导的公共房屋Government-led public houses市场主导的商品房屋Market-led commercial houses市场规律the market rules公共土地资源the public land resources, 财政资源the financial resources补充保障体系the supplementary security system渐进式改革gradual reform子系统subsystem民政福利Civil Welfare职工福利employee welfare价格补贴price support(subsidy)生活保障living security儿童照顾child-care补救性模式Residual model住房福利housing welfare教育福利education welfare社会福利事业social welfare cause人民团体people's organizations老弱、病残、孤寡成员the elderly, sick, widows and orphans优待: preferential treatments义务兵役制: compulsory military service system 老年人抚养比old-age Dependency Ratio 文化福利cultural welfare农村集体经济rural collective economy土地承包责任制household contract responsibility system劳保labour protection利益共同体interests-shared Community 路径依赖Path－Dependence企业年金enterprise Annuity商业保险Commercial Insurance退休养老金待遇Treatment of pensions基本养老保险制度Basic old-age insurance system职业福利Occupational Welfare企业补充养老保险Enterprise Supplementary old-age insurance非营利性的事业单位Non-profit public institutions社会统筹和个人账户相结合combination of Social pooling and individual accounts 完全积累Fully funded法人受托机构Corporate trustee账户管理人Account Manager托管人Custodian委托代理Commissioned agent企业所得税Corporate Income Tax等价交换原则The principle of equivalent exchange费率payment Rates保险条款Insurance Terms企业财产保险Enterprise Property Insurance集体所有制企业Collectively-owned enterprises固定资产Fixed assets 赔付率Loss ratio。