罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第8章 浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)【圣才出品】
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】
罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The American and French Revolutions（美国⾰命和法国⾰命）Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.在美国⾰命和法国⾰命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。
英国也不例外。
(2) The Industrial Revolution（⼯业⾰命）It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.⼯业⾰命使富⼈更富，穷⼈更穷。
随着新的⽣产机器的发明，妇⼥和⼉童渐渐取代了熟练的⼯⼈，为了⽣存，他们每天必须⼯作⼗四到⼗六个⼩时。
Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景）(1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects theworship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men sho uld “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.卢梭是浪漫主义之⽗，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待⽣活中很多⾄关重要的问题最好是靠感觉、直觉、情感，。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第4章 15世纪(1400～1550)【圣才出品】
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争）The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne.百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。
(2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争）The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war.玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。
它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。
(3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现）In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with thesupport of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.1492年，热那亚水手克里斯托弗·哥伦布相信只要一直向西航行就能到达印度，在费迪南和伊莎贝拉的支持下，他登上了美洲大陆。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第7章 18世纪(1688～1798)【圣才出品】
第7章18世纪(1688～1798)7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life，some special features are worthy of our notice:随着市民阶层文化生活的提升，以下几点值得我们的注意：(1) Political writings（政治写作）The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers，literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes.政党的崛起，他们的竞争对手召集作家进行创作，而作家们一般都愿意帮助其中任何一派来替他们拉选票。
(2) Newspapers and journals（报纸和期刊）With the coming of the 18th century a new mass media came into being. Both parties printed newspapers as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers.随着18世纪的到来，一种新的媒介开始形成。
双方政党都印刷报纸作为宣传他们主张的媒介。
此外，正在上升的中产阶级也推动了报业的发展。
(3) Coffeehouses（咖啡屋）In the latter half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes,where they could exchange their opinions and do business.17世纪后半叶和整个18世纪，伦敦的咖啡屋都被当成是各个阶级的非正式会议室，他们可以在那儿交流意见、业务往来。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901)【圣才出品】
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901)9.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) 1832～1848The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers.凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。
这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。
(2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代）England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。
这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。
(3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代）The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth.九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
Ⅱ. The Victorian Novelists （维多利亚时期的小说家）The Flourishing of Novels（小说兴起的背景）①a new reading public新的阅读群体②a dropping of the price of books书价格的下跌③a profession of writing写作职业的出现④a need of recreation and entertainment休闲娱乐的需要⑤a need of satire of individuals or institutions讽刺个人或体制的需要⑥the feminist movement女权运动Common Features of Victorian Novels（维多利亚小说的共同特征）①The plot小说情节的社会背景更加广②The cause-effect sequence因果关系更加明确③By installment以系列的形式出版④The spirit of Puritanism清教思想的渗入⑤Moral Purpose以道德说教为目的1. Charles Dickens (1812～1870)（查尔斯·狄更斯）(1) Brief Introduction of the Author（作者简介）Dickens was born at Portsmouth in 1812. In 1858 Dickens began to give public readings which continued until his death in 1870. He is the most important novelist of the critical realistic period. In his works, he exposes the cruelty and the hypocrisy of the upper class of the English society, making great contributions to the development of the English literature.1812年生于朴次茅斯市郊，狄更斯在1858年开始公开朗诵，直到1870年他去世。
罗经国版《新编英国文学选读》笔记
羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. 盎格魯撒克遜時期钱俊@ 2009/8/23 13:08 阅读(291) 无评论推荐值(0)引用通告分类: 學習筆記羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sword.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect.One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520.3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines betweenwhich is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united byalliteration, a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up ofan accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)1. Historical background1066, the battle of HastingsThe Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.Accelerated the feudalism in England.Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.A peasant uprising in 1381.2. Middle EnglishFor 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th.Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.3. Religious literatureThe issue of personal salvation.Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels4. Romance and the influence of French literatureThrough French literature the introduction of Italian literature.Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightWritten about 1375-1400.About 2500 lines.Four “fyttes”.Green ChapelFirst day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of GarterA true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical backgroundChaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.But he deserves a period of his own.Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.John Wycliff (1324?-1384)One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.William Langland (1330?-1400?)Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.The visions the poet had on a May morning.A high tower ——TruthA deep dungeon ——the Father of FalsenessPeople from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.Gluttony.Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.Grew up in London.1357, a page at court.1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.1386, PM from KentJohn of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes. Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbur y.The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.The significance of The Canterbury Tales(1). A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.PS: 文中的《十日談》作者意大利作家薄伽丘用的單詞是“Boccacio”，但是維基百科和朗文當代英語詞典查詢出的都是“Boccaccio”。
罗经国新编英国文学选读第4版笔记和考研真题详解
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350) 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解第3章 乔叟时期(1350～1400) 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解第4章 15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解第5章 英国文艺复兴(1550～1642) 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解第6章 17世纪(1603～1688) 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解第7章 18世纪(1688～1798) 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解第8章 浪漫主义时期(1798～1832) 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解第10章 20世纪 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）（罗经国主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
作为罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材的学习辅导书，本书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350)【圣才出品】
第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)2.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himself William I, King of England, and regarded himself as the sole owner of the land of all England. He himself kept large tracts of land for his own use and allocated land to his relatives and his followers who had won merit in the conquest. Those people who received land from the king were made “barons” and in return they had to provide the king with knights if there should be a war. The chief class conflict of the time was that between the serfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons, and the church on the other hand.1066年，诺曼人战胜英格兰人，加快了英国的封建化进程。
威廉任命自己为威廉一世，英国国王，自己是英国唯一的统治者。
他将大量的土地归为自己所有，将土地分给自己的亲人和在战争中立下功劳的将士们。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)-章节题库-第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901)【圣才出品
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901)一、填空题1. Author _____; Title _____.（南京大学2009研；南京大学2008研）I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any consideration: simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to them was greater than every consideration.【答案】Charles Dickens; Great Expectations【解析】题目节选自狄更斯的Great Expectations（《远大前程》）。
2. Like Ibsen, _____ was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play _____ was put on and turned out a success.（天津外国语大学2010研）【答案】George Bernard Shaw; Widowers’ Houses【解析】萧伯纳是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家，是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。
他的第一部剧作《鳏夫的房产》创作于1892年。
3. Heathcliff and Catherine are characters in _____ written by _____.（大连外国语大学2007研）【答案】Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë【解析】Heathcliff和Catherine是英国小说家Emily Brontë小说《呼啸山庄》中的人物。
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自由诗体
Ⅳ. Major Poets（主要诗人） 1. William Wordsworth (1770～1850)（威廉·华兹华斯） (1) His Life（生平）
Wordsworth was born and grew up near the Lake District, a beautiful scenic spot in northwestern England. From his very early years, he had a profound love for nature, which characterizes all his works. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.
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圣才电子书
主观性
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
(2) Spontaneity
自然性
(3) Singularity
独特性
(4) Worship of nature
崇拜自然
(5) Simplicity
简洁性
(6) Melancholy
忧郁性
(7) Free Verse
卢梭是浪漫主义之父，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待生活中很多至关重要的问题最好是 靠感觉、直觉、情感，。他倡导文明人“回归自然”，回到生命最原始的状态中去。 (2) Edmund Burke (1729～1797)（埃德蒙·伯克）
As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France (1790), in which he repudiates the revolution, claiming that no one has the right to destroy the institutions and traditions that have been passed down to him through generations and to destroy them is to destroy civilization itself.
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
worship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men should “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 8 章 浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)
8.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The American and French Revolutions（美国革命和法国革命）
工业革命使富人更富，穷人更穷。随着新的生产机器的发明，妇女和儿童渐渐取代了熟 练的工人，为了生存，他们每天必须工作十四到十六个小时。
Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景） (1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）
He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects the
伯克是一位著名的政治哲学家，1790 年他因著作《关于法国革命的思考》一书而闻名。 在此书中，他否定了法国革命，并宣称，体制与传统都是世代相传的，没有人有权利去毁坏 他们，毁坏体制与传统就是毁坏文明本身。 (3) Thomas Paine (1737～1809)（托马斯·潘恩）
He believes that it is the right of the people to overthrow a government that opposes humanity. This assertion of individual rights is in direct opposition to Neo-classicist’s thinking of binding oneself to traditions and conventions.
Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.
在美国革命和法国革命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。英国也不例 外。 (2) The Industrial Revolution（工业革命）
It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.
潘恩认为，推翻一个镇压、剥削人的政府是人民的权利。他对个人权利给予了充分的肯 定，他的思想与新古典主义将个人融入传统与规约中的思想截然不同。
Ⅲ. Characteristic Features of the Romantic Movement（浪漫主义运动的特征） (1) Subjectivism
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