机械毕业设计英文外文翻译402驱动桥和差速器 (2)

差速器和车桥--中英文翻译

DIFFERENTIAL AND REAR AXLESThe differential is part of the rear-axle-housing assembly,which includes the differential,rear axles,wheels,and bearing.If the car were to be driven in a straight line without having to make turns,then no differential would be necessary.However,when the car rounds a turn,the outer wheel must travel farther than the inner wheel.The differential permits the two rear wheels to rotate different amounts when the car goes around a turn , while still delivering power to both rear wheels.The rear axles are attached to the wheels and have bevel side gears on their inner ends.The differential case is assembled on the left axle but can rotate on a bearing independently of the axle.The differential case supports the differential-pinion gear on a shaft,and this gear meshes with the two bevel gears.The fing gear is attached to the differential case so that the case rotates with the fing gear when the latter is driven by the drive pinion.The driving power enters the differential through the drive pinion on the end of the propeller shaft.The drive pinion is meshed with a large ring gear so that the ring gear revoves with the pinion.Attached to the ring gear is a differential-pinion shaft on which are assembled two differential-pinion gears.Each rear car wheel has a separate axle, and there are two side gears splined to the inner ends of the two wheel axles.The two side gears.When the car is on a straighet road ,the two differential-pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft ,but they do exert pressure on the two side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear ,causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speed,also.When the car rounds a curve ,the outer wheel must turn faster than the inner wheel,To permit this,the two pinino gears rotate on their pinion shaft,transmitting more turning movement to the outer side gear that to the inner side gear.Thus,the side gear on the outer-wheel axle turns more rapidly than the side gear on the inner wheel axle.This permits the outer wheel to turn more rapidly while the car is rounding the curve.There are two basic types of axle:deed axles and live axle.The dead axle does not rotate; the wheel rotates on it.A common exmple is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon.Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together.Live axles are classified according to the manner in which they are supported:semifloating, three-quarer-floating,and full-floating.AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMThe fuel system has the job of supplying a combustible mixture of air and fuel to the engine. The fuel system must vary the proportions of air and fuel to suit different operating conditions. When the engine is cold, for example, then the mixture must be rich（have a high proportion of fuel）.The reason for this is that the fuel does not vaporize rapidly at low temperatures. Therefore, extra fuel must be added to the mixture so that there will be enough vaporized fuel to form a combustible mixture.The fuel system consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold, and fuel lines, or tubes, connecting the tank, pump, and carburetor. Some gasoline engines use a fuel-injection system; in this system, a fuel-injection pump replaces the carburetor.The fuel tank, in which gasoline is stored, is normally located at the rear of the vehicle. It is made of sheet metal and is attached to the frame.A fuel pump delivers fuel from the tank to the carburetor. There are two general types of fuel pump, mechanical and electric.The fuel system has filters and prevent dire in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor. Dirt could, of course, prevent normal operation of these units and cause poor engine performance.The carburetor is essentially a mixing device which mixes liquid gasoline with air. In this process, it throws a fine spray of gasoline into air passing through the carburetor on its way to the engine. The gasoline vaporizes and mixes with the air to form a highly combustion chambers, where it is ignited. It burns, causing the engine to produce power. The mixture must be of varying degrees of rich nice to suit engine operating conditions.It must be rich（have a higher percentage of fuel）for starting, acceleration, and high-speed operation. And it should lean to（become less rich）for operation at intermediate speed with a worm engine. The carburetor has several different circuits, or passages, through which fuel and air-fuel mixture flow under different operating conditions to produce the varying richness of the air-fuel mixture.The purpose of the cooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient operating temperature at all engine speeds and all drilling conditions.A great deal of heat is produced in the engine by the burning of the air-fuel mixture. Some of this heat escapes from the engine through the exhaust gases（the hot gases left after the gasoline is burned）. But enough remains in the engine to cause serious trouble unless removed by some other means. The cooling system takes care of this additional heat.The cooling system is built into the engine. There are hollow spaces around each engine cylinder and combustion chamber. These hollow spaces are called waterjackets, since they are filled with water. When the engine is running, the water takes heat from the engine, becoming hot in the process.A water pump pumps the hot water from the engine water jackets into the radiator. The radiator has two sets of passages. One set carries air（pulled through by car motion and the engine fan）. As the hot water passes through, it gives up its heat to the air passing through. The cooled water then reenters the engine, where it can pick up more heat. In operation, water continuously circulates between the engine and radiator, carrying heat from the engine temperatures are prevented.Two general types of cooling systems are used, air cooling and liquid cooling. The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps, water jackets, engine fan, radiator and so on. The water pump, driven by a belt from the engine crankshaft, circulates the cooling liquid between the radiator andengine water jackets. The cooling liquid is water. Antifreeze compounds are added to the water during the winter. The water jacket are cast into the cylinder blocks and heats. The engine fan is usually mounted on the water-pump shaft and is driven by the same belt that drives the pump shaft and the generator. The purpose of the fan is to provide a powerful draft of air through the radiator. The radiator is a device for holding a large volume of air so that heat will transfer from the water to the air. The radiator core is divided into two separate compartments; water passes through one, and air passes through the other.The ignition system is part of the electric system of the automobile. Its purpose is to produce high-voltage surges（up to 20 000 volts）and to deliver them to the combustion chambers in the engine. These high-voltage surge surges then cause electric sparks in the combustion chambers. The sparks ignite, or set fire to, the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers so that it burns and cause the engine ton operate.The ignition system consists three basic parts: the ignition distributor, the ignition coil, and the spark plug, together with the connecting wires. When the engine is running, the ignition coil is repeatedly connected, it becomes loaded with electrical energy. Then, when it is disconnected, the “load” of electrical energy is released in a high-voltage. This surge flows through the wiring to the spark plug in the engine cylinder that is ready to fire.You must understand that all this takes place very rapidly. At high speed, the whole series of events happens in less than one three-hundredth of a second. That is, there will be as many as 300 of these events every second that the engine is running at high speed.Some systems use transistors to reduce the load on the distributor contract points. Other systems do not have contract points use instead a combination of transistors and a magnetic pick-up in the distributor.The ignition distributor has two jobs. First, it closes and opens the circuit between the battery and the ignition coil. The distributors second job is to distribute each high-voltage surge to the correct spark plug at the correct instant by means of the distributor rotor and cap and secondary wiring.There are two basic types of distributor:（1）the type using contact points to close and open the coil primary circuit;（2）the type using a magnetic pick-up and a transistor control unit to interrupt the current flow of the coil primary circuit.Automobile engines are not self-starts. In order to start them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over by some outside means so as to（a）admit air-fuel mixture to the cylinder, and（b）cause the mixture to fire.In the case of automobile engines, the mixture in the cylinder, after being compressed, must be not enough to ignite. This requires that the engine be turned over with sufficient speed. If the engine is turned over too slowly, the unavoidable small leaks past the piston rings and also through the intake and exhaust valves of four-circle engines will permit a substantial part of the fuel-air mixture to escape during the compression stroke. Also, the heat loss from the compressed air to the cylinder walls will be greater at low speed because of the longer exposure. The escape of air and the loss of heat both result in a lower temperature at the end of compression. Therefore, there is a minimum speed which the engine must attain before ignition will occur and the engine will begin firing. The starting speed depends upon the type and size of the engine, its condition, and the temperature of the air entering engine.The starting system contains a cranking, or starting, motor and other accessories.The starting motor electrically cranks the engine for starting. It is a special direct-current motor operating on battery voltage and is mounted on the engine flywheel house. The starter changes the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft round. By means of this, the engine can be started. The cranking motor consists of the commutator end head, holding the brushes; the field frame, into which the field windings are assembled around pole shoes; the drive housing, which house the drive assembly and supports the motor on the engine flywheel housing; the armature; and the drive assembly. Some cranking motors also have a solenoid that operates the shift lever.Cranking-motor controls have varied from a simple foot-operated pedal to automatic devices that close the cranking-motor circuit when the accelerator pedal is depressed.The present system that has been almost universally adopted for passenger cars and many other vehicles has starting contacts in the ignition switch. When the ignition key is turned against spring pressure past the ON position to START, the starting contacts close. This connects the cranking-motor solenoid or magnetic switch to the battery. After the engine starts and the ignition key is released, spring pressure returns it to the ON position.The starting motor should not be operated more than 5 seconds during each starting operating, for the sake of recovering the energy of battery. It will not be allowed to start it again until its stopped for fifteen seconds.The manual transmission shown in Fig.—1 provides a means of varying the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels .Varying these gear ratios allows the right amount of engine power at many different speeds.Manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove thetorque to the transmission input shaft. The clutch allows this to happen gradually a so that the car can be started from a complete stop.Modern manual transmissions do not disengage any of the forward drive gears, they are simply connected to their shafts through the use of “synchronizers”.Reverse is achieved reverse idler gears ,which are engaged to move the car backwards.Some manual transmissions have an “overdrive”. An overdrive is a mechanical unit bolted to rear of the transmission. It is usually known as the fifth gear .When you use it, it will reduce the engine speed by about one-third ,which maintaining the same road speed.In an automatic transmission, gear ratios are changed automatically. This eliminates the need for the driver to operate the clutch and manually “shift gears.”The typical automatic transmission combines a fluid torque converter , a planetary-gear system, and a hydraulic control system in a single unit. As car speed changes , various gear ratios between the crankshaft and the wheels are selected and then changed automatically. Automatic controls inside the transmission supply the proper ratio for the driving condition. In addition to the forward-gear ratios, neutral, and reverse, the automatic transmission has a PAPK position. This locks the transmission to prevent the car from moving or rolling away while parked.差速器和车桥差速器和后桥壳总成的一个部件，后桥壳总成包括差速器、后桥、车轮和轴承。

驱动桥外文文献

附录二外文资料原文Design of driving axleAs the car to safety,energy saving,the constant attention to environmental protection, vehicle after vehicle bridge as a key component,the quality of their products on the safe use of cars and car performance of a very large,so the car after Bridge Effectively optimize the design and calculation is very necessary.Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque,and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel,in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical,longitudinal and lateral force.General from the main drive axle reducer, differential,gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components.The design of the Drive axle:Whether the design of the drive axle directly affects the performance of the vehicle is good or bad.so that,Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:（1）Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy.（2）Smaller size,to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.（3）Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise.（4）In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.（5）In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions,should strive for the quality of small,especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort.（6）And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle,but also with the coordination of steering movement.（7）The structure of simple,good processing,manufacturing,easy disassembly,to facilitate adjustment.Drive axle classificationAt non-drive axle disconnect disconnect-style-type with two broad categories.1.disconnect-type drive axleDrive the use of independent suspension bridge,that is the main reducer shell fixed on the vehicle chassis,on both sides of the axle and wheel in the horizontal plane as opposed to relative movement of the body is referred to as drive off the bridge.In order to match with independent suspension,the main reducer shell fixed at the frame (or body),the drive axle housing sub connected through the hinge,or in addition to the main reducer shell outside the shell is no longer driven to other parts of the bridge.Wheel in order to meet the needs of independent jump up and down,between the differential and the wheel axle of the above connection between the use of universal joints.2.Non-disconnect-type drive axleNon-disconnect-type drive axle also known as integrated drive axle,the axle casing and the main shaft reducer with shell shell and connected to a rigid beam,which on both sides of the axle and wheel related to swing through the flexible connected with the frame components. It consists of drive axle housing1,the main reducer,differential and axle components.The design for medium duty truck drive axle design.Due to the non disconnect type drive axle and disconnect type drive axle compared,the utility model has the advantages of simple structure,low cost,reliable work,maintenance and adjustment is also very simple,the driven wheel and the non independent suspension,so the design by non disconnect type drive axleDrive axle componentsDriven mainly by the main bridge reducer,differential,axle and drive axle housings and other components.1.Main reducer assemblyUsed to change the main drive reducer general direction,to reduce speed and increase torque,and ensure there is sufficient car drivers and the appropriate speed skin.More types of the main reducer,a single-stage,dual-class,two-speed,such as Wheel Speed Reducer.1.1single-stage main reducerReduction gear by a slowdown in the realization of the devices,called single-stage reducer.Its structure is simple,light weight,such as Dongfeng BQl090type light andmedium-sized trucks on a wide range of applications.1.2two-stage main reducerLarger number of heavy-duty trucks,require a larger reduction ratio,the main use of a single-stage reducer drive,moving from gear to be larger in diameter will affect the drive axle of the ground clearance,so the use of two slowdown.Often referred to as two-stage reducer. There are two sets of two-stage reduction gear reducer,speed the realization of the two by twisting.In order to enhance the meshing gear pair taper and strength of a smooth,slow down the first-class pair of spiral bevel gear is.Gears2is inclined gear teeth due to prop.Take the initiative to rotate bevel gear,gear driven rotary driven round silver,thus completing a slowdown.Active second stage cylindrical gear reducer and the driven bevel gear coaxial with the rotation,and drive gear driven rotating cylinder,a second-class speed. Due to the driven gear mounted on the cylindrical shell on the differential,so that when the driven gear rotating cylinder,through the differential and drive axle that is,the rotation of the wheels.2.DifferentialDifferential is designed to connect the axle around,on both sides of the wheels can rotate at different angular torque transfer at the same time.To ensure the normal scroll wheel.Some multi-bridge-driven cars,in the sub-actuator type or in the transmission through the shaft is also equipped with a differential,known as the bridge between the differential.Its role is to turn in the car or on uneven road surface,so that drive wheels before and after the differential between the role.The differential is part of the rear-axle-housing assembly,which includes the differential, rear axles,wheels,and bearings.If the car were to be driven in a straight line without having to make turns,then no differential would be necessary.However,when the car rounds a turn, the outer wheel must travel farther than the inner wheel.The differential permits the two rear wheels to rotate different amounts when the car goes around a turn,while still delivering power to both rear wheels.The rear axles are attached to the wheels and have bevel side gears on their inner ends.The differential case is assembled on the left axle but can rotate on a bearing independently of the axle.The differential case supports the differential-pinion gear on a shaft,and this gear meshes with the two bevel gears.The ring gear is attached to the differential case so that the case rotates with the ring gear when the later is driven by the drive pinion.The driving power enters the differential through the drive pinion on the end of the propeller shaft.The drive pinion is meshed with a large ring gear so that the ring gear revolves with the pinion.Attached to the ring gear(through the differential case)is a differential-pinion shaft on which are assembled two differential-pinion gears.Each rear car wheel has a separate axle, and there are two side gears splined to the inner ends of the two wheel axles.The two differential-pinion gears mesh with these two side gears.When the car is on a straight road, the two differential-pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft,but they do exert pressure on the two side gears so that the side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear,causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speed,also.The differential case is supported in the carrier by two tapered-roller side bearings.This assembly can be adjusted from side to side to provide the proper backlash between the ring gear and pinion and the required side bearing preload.This adjustment is achieved by threaded bearing adjusters on some units and the placement of selective shims and spacers on others.The differential case is supported in the carrier by two tapered-roller side bearings.This assembly can be adjusted from side to side to provide the proper backlash between the ring gear and pinion and the required side bearing preload.This adjustment is achieved by threaded bearing adjusters on some units and the placement of selective shims and spacers on others.Transaxle final drive gears provide the means for transmitting transmission output torque to the differential section of the transaxle.The differential section of the transaxle has the same components as the differential gears in a RWD axle and basically operate in the same way.The power flow in transversely mounted power trains is in line with the wheels and therefore the differential unit does not need to turn the power90degrees.When the car rounds a curve,the outer wheel must turn faster than the inner wheel.To permit this,the two pinion gears rotate on their pinion shaft,transmitting more turning movement to the outer side gear than to the inner side gear.Thus,the side gear on theouter-wheel axle turns more rapidly than the side gear on the inner-wheel axle.This permits the outer wheel to turn more rapidly while the car is rounding the curve.There are two basic types of axle:dead axles and live axle.The dead axle does not rotate;the wheel rotates on it.A common example is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon.Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together.Live axles are classified according to the manner in which they are supported:semi-floating,three-quarter-floating,and full-floating.Propeller Shaft and Universal JointThe propeller shaft is a drive shaft to carry the power from the transmission to the rear-wheel axles.It connects the transmission main,shaft carries through the propeller shaft to the differential at the rear axles.Rotary motion of the transmission main shaft carries through the propeller shaft to the differential,causing the rear wheels to rotate.The propeller-shaft design must take two facts into consideration.First,the engine and transmission are more or less rigidly attached to the car frame.Second,the rear-axle housing (with wheels and differential)is attached to the frame by springs.As the rear wheels encounter irregularities in the road,the springs compress or expand.This changes the angle of drive and the distance between the transmission and the differential,and the propeller shaft may take care of these two changes.That is to say,as the rear axle housing,with differential and wheels,moves up and down,the angel between the transmission output shaft changes. The reason the propeller shaft shortens as the angel increases is that the rear axle and differential move in a shorter arc than the propeller shaft.The center point of the axle-housing arc is the rear-spring or control-arm attachment to the frame.In order that the propeller shaft may take care of these two changes,it must incorporate two separate types of device.There must be one or more universal joints to permit variations in the angel of drive.There must also be a slip joint that permits the effective length of the propeller shaft to change.The propeller shaft may be solid or hollow,protected by an outer tube or exposed.Some applications include bearings at or near the propeller shaft center to support the shaft.The two-section propeller is supported by a center bearing and coupled together by universal joints.A universal joint is essentially a double-hinged joint consisting of two Y-shaped yokes,one on the driving shaft and the other on the driven shaft,and across-shaped member called the spider.The four arms of the spider,known as trunnions,are assembled into bearings in theends of the two shaft yokes.The driving shaft causes the spider to rotate,and the other two trunnions of the spider cause the driven shaft to rotate.When the two shafts are at an angel to each other,the bearings in the yokes permit the yokes to swing around on the trunnions with each revolution.A variety of universal joints have been used on auto mobiles,but the types now in most common use are the spider and two-yoke,the constant-velocity,and the ball-and-trunnion joints.A slip joint consists of outside splines on one shaft and matching internal splines in the mating hollow shaft,the splines cause the two shafts to rotate together but permit the two to move endwise with each other.This accommodates any effective change of length of the propeller shaft as the rear axles move toward or away from the car frame.At present,China-made cars and other types of vehicles in the basic use of symmetric ordinary differential bevel gear.Symmetric by the planetary bevel gear differential gear,axle gears,planetary gear axis(cross-axis or a direct-axis)and the differential composition of the shell and so on.At present the majority of planetary gear-type motor vehicles using differential and ordinary differential bevel gear cone by two or four planet gears,planetary gear shaft,the two cone axle differential gear,and about the composition of the shell and so on.3.Auto semi-axleAxle is the differential torque and then came to the wheels,drive wheels spin,promote the solid axle car.As a result of the installation of wheel structure,and the forces of the axle are also different.Therefore,divided into full-floating axle,semi-floating,3/4,three types of floating.3.1full-floating axleGenerally large and medium-sized used car floating the whole structure.Axle with the inner end of the spline axle with the differential gear connected to the outer end of the axle forging a flange with bolts and wheel hub to connect.Wheel away from the more distant of two tapered roller bearings for the text on the axle casing.Rear axle shell casing pressure and one pair to form the drive axle housing.Supporting the use of such forms,axle and axle housing no direct link so that only bear the drive axle torque without bearing any moment,theaxle referred to as"full-floating"axle.The so-called"floating",meaning not subject to bending load axle.Full-floating axle,the outer end flange plate for one made with the axis.But there are also a number of trucks to make a separate flange parts,and by nested spline outer end in the axle.Thus,at both ends of the axle spline,you can use for the first.3.2semi-floating axleSemi-floating axle with the inner end of the same floating,not subject to bending and torsion.Away from direct client support through a bearing in the axle of the inner shell.This approach will support the outer end axle bearing moment.Therefore,this short-sleeve in addition to transfer torque,but also to sustain the local moment,it is known as the semi-floating axle.This structure is mainly used in small passenger cars.3.33/4floating axle3/4floating axle is affected by the degree of bending between the short semi-floating and full floating between.At present the application of this type halfshaft few pickup truck only on individual applications such as Warsaw,M20vehicles.4.Automobile axle housing:4.1the overall shell-style bridgeBridge shell due to the overall strength and stiffness performance,ease of main reducer installation,adjustment and maintenance,and are widely used.Integral axle housing due to different manufacturing methods can be divided into the overall foundry type,pressed into the middle of casting steel pipe and welded steel plate,such as stamping.4.2sub-type drive axle housingSub-type axle housing will generally be divided into two sections,from two sections of a connecting bolt.Sub-type axle housing casting and processing easier.。

驱动桥的英文词汇

差速器锁止机构 differential locking -device
差速器锁止系数 differential locking factor
差速器主齿轮轴 differential pinion-shaft
齿侧间隙 backlash in circular tooth
齿面接触区 circular tooth contact
锥齿轮齿数 number of teeth in bevel gears and hypoid gears
锥齿轮式差速器 bevel gear differential
自动离合式自锁差速器 automotive positive locking differential
总减速比 total reduction ratio
钢管扩张桥壳 expanded tube axle housing
格里林齿制 gleason tooth
贯通式驱动桥 tandem axles
贯通式主减速器 thru-drive
后置式双级主减速器 rear mounted double reduction final drive
平顶锥齿轮 contrate gear
平面锥齿轮 plane bevel gear
前置式双级主减速器 front mounted double reduction final drive
强制锁止式差速器 locking differential
桥壳 axle housing
驱动桥 drive axle(driving axle)
冲压焊接桥壳 press-welding axle housing
单级主减速器 single reduction final drive

驱动桥汽车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

驱动桥汽车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译The driving axle is an essential component of a ___。

It consists of several parts。

including a housing。

axle drive。

differential。

two axle shafts。

and final drives if necessary.The main purpose of the axle drive is to ___。

___.There are two types of axle drives: single and double-stage。

The single-stage type has a pair of gears。

while the double-stage type has two pairs of gears。

The drive ___ case。

To ce noise during n。

axle drive ___.In summary。

___。

It includes several components that work ___ to the wheels。

The axle drive shaft is an essential part of the axle drive。

and there are two types of axle drives。

To ce noise during n。

the driving gears are made with ___.When a car turns。

___ a greater distance than the inner ___。

thanks to the differential ns ___ around the slower side gear。

the inner ___。

机械制造及其自动化专业外文翻译--差速器壳体工艺及工装设计

外文原文Differential shell process and boring tooling design The motor car engine power transmission shaft and the clutch, and finally to drive around again assigned half shaft drive wheels, in this article, the drive power transmission way, it is the final assembly of the main parts is reducer and differential. Gear reducer is increased, the function of torque and completely on gear meshing gears, between are easy to understand. But more difficult to understand differential, what, why "differential differential"?The car is driven car differential main parts. It is in the power of both half shaft transmission shaft, allowing both half with different speed spinning wheels, satisfy both pure rolling form as possible, reducing equi-distant not tire and ground friction.Spider diagramObject graph theory differentialfunctionalAt the turn of the car wheel track line, if the car is circular arc, turn left at the center, and at the same time, the wheels went arc length, the wheels than to balance the difference, left, and right wheel wheels slowlySlip differentialFaster, with different speed up the distance.If you make a whole after wheel, can accomplish on both sides of the wheel speed difference, is also does not have an automatic adjustment. In order to solve this problem, a hundred years ago, France Renault automotive company founderluis Renault will design a differential this thing.Slip differentialconstituteOrdinary differential planetary wheel planetary gear, by plane (d ifferential shell), half axle gear parts etc. The power of the engine into the differential transmissionStructurePlanetary wheel frame, driven directly by the planets wheel driv e, right and left two half shaft, wheel drive left and right. Meet the design requirements of differential (left) and the shaft speed (right) = 2 (axial rotational speed) planet round frame. When the car goe s, left, right wheel and planetary wheel frame of equal speed, and in a state of equilibrium in the balance among car when turning ro und to destruction, reduce the speed, the wheel speed increase.StructurePrincipleThis adjustment is automatic differential here, involves "minimal energyconsumption principle", namely earth all objects are tend to minimum energy. Such a grain of beans in a bowl, beans will automatically stays in the bowl bottom and never stay in the bowl wall, because the bowl bottom is the lowest energy (potential), it automatically select static (minimum) without energy. In the same way,A 3d effectWheel in turning also will be the lowest power consumption tendency, automatically adjusted according to turn radius of the wheel speed around.When turning wheel, because the pull of the phenomenon, the medial wheel slip phenomenon, two driving wheel at will produce two opposite direction of additional force, due to the "principle of minimal energy consumption, will inevitably lead to the wheel speed different sides, thus destroyed the balance between three and half shaft are reflected by the half axle gear planetary gears, forced to produce the half shaft rotation speed, speed, the medial axis speed slow speed, so as to realize the difference on both sides wheels.If the drive wheels on both sides of the drive shaft with a whole rigid connection, only two wheels at the same Angle rotation. So, when the steering wheel, due to the lateral than inside the distance moved across the wheels, will make the scroll wheel on the slide, and drag on the scroll wheel inside the slip. Even the car run straight road gravamen, because although flat tire surface or rolling radius (but ranging from manufacturing error, wear different tyres, ranging from uneven pressure or carrying of sliding wheel) and cause.When the wheel sliding tire wear, not only aggravate increased power and fuel consumption, still can make steering difficulties, braking performance deterio rated. As for the wheels, and does not occur in structure sliding must ensure each wheel at different angles can rotate.Axis between differential driven wheels usually use bearing spindle support in the, can at any Angle rotation, and drive wheels with two and half shaft rigid connection, between two and half shaft with differential. The differential and called shaft between differential.Many of the drive shaft, and to make each off-road vehicle drive to different velocity rotating, in order to eliminate the bridge of the drive wheels, some in two axles sliding between between shaft with differential.Differential inspection1 differential shell doesn't have any properties of crack, shell and planetary gear differential half shaft washer, contact between gear, should be smooth without groove, If there is a slight groove or wear, can continue to use after grinding, or should be replaced or be repaired.2 the planetary gear differential shell and planetary gear wheel when the fitting clearance shall not greater than 0.1-0.15 mm, half axle gear shaft neck and shell hole for clearance, with no obvious loose labels should be replaced or feeling, or repair.Shell's processing technologyThe processing quality not only affects shell, the assembly precision and accuracy, but also affects the movement of the machine working accuracy, performance and life.There are many kinds of shell structure, its size and form with the structure of the machine and the shell in machine has the different function. But they rema in on the analysis from the craft had a lot in common and its structure features are:(1) appearance is basically composed of six or five plane again into the closed-end polyhedron, integral and combined two,(2) structure shape is more complex. Inside the cavity is often, some places "partition wall, shell and uneven thickness thin.(3) shell walls are usually decorate have parallel hole or vertical hole,(4) on the shell, main processing is the number of plane, in addition to many higher accuracy and precision of supporting bearing with less demanding tighten pore.Shell parts technical requirements:(1) bearing support size precision and accuracy, surface roughness, requirements,(2) position precision including hole axis of the distance between the dimension precision, the same axis parallel degree in each hole, and KongDuan facing the coaxial tolerance of vertical axis holes; etc.(3) to meet the needs and positioning of the shell processing machine assembly request, shell and assembly of shell with the datum plane positioning due and certain degree, and the surface roughness requirements, The bearing hole and assembling a certain distance between datum due to the accuracy requirement of the size.中文译文差速器壳体工艺及工装设计汽车发动机的动力经离合器、变速器、传动轴，最后传送到驱动桥再左右分配给半轴驱动车轮，在这条动力传送途径上，驱动桥是最后一个总成，它的主要部件是减速器和差速器。

中英文文献翻译-驱动桥介绍

附录A 英文文献Drive axleAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear,which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft of the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.The accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Limited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories：(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not only used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.附录B 文献翻译驱动桥所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。

文献翻译：驱动桥

附录Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque, and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel, in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical, longitudinal and lateral force. General from the main drive axle reducer, differential, gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components.The design of the Drive axle:Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:1. Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy.2. Smaller size, to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.3. Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise.4. In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.5. In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort.6. And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle, but also with the coordination of steering movement.7. The structure of simple, good processing, manufacturing, easy disassembly, to facilitate adjustment.Drive axle classificationAt non-drive axle disconnect disconnect-style-type with two broad categories.1. Non-disconnect-type drive axleNon-disconnect-type drive axle also known as integrated drive axle, the axle casing and the main shaft reducer with shell shell and connected to a rigid beam, which on both sides of the axle and wheel related to swing through the flexible connected with the frame components. It consists of drive axle housing 1, the main reducer, differential and axle components.2. disconnect-type drive axle.Drive the use of independent suspension bridge, that is the main reducer shell fixed on thevehicle chassis, on both sides of the axle and wheel in the horizontal plane as opposed to relative movement of the body is referred to as drive off the bridge.In order to match with independent suspension, the main reducer shell fixed at the frame (or body), the drive axle housing sub connected through the hinge, or in addition to the main reducer shell outside the shell is no longer driven to other parts of the bridge. Wheel in order to meet the needs of independent jump up and down, between the differential and the wheel axle of the above connection between the use of universal joints.Drive axle componentsDriven mainly by the main bridge reducer, differential, axle and drive axle housings and other components.1. Main reducer assemblyUsed to change the main drive reducer general direction, to reduce speed and increase torque, and ensure there is sufficient car drivers and the appropriate speed skin. More types of the main reducer, a single-stage, dual-class, two-speed, such as Wheel Speed Reducer. 1) single-stage main reducerReduction gear by a slowdown in the realization of the devices, called single-stage reducer. Its structure is simple, light weight, such as Dongfeng BQl090 type light and medium-sized trucks on a wide range of applications.2) two-stage main reducerLarger number of heavy-duty trucks, require a larger reduction ratio, the main use of a single-stage reducer drive, moving from gear to be larger in diameter will affect the drive axle of the ground clearance, so the use of two slowdown. Often referred to as two-stage reducer. There are two sets of two-stage reduction gear reducer, speed the realization of the two by twisting.In order to enhance the meshing gear pair taper and strength of a smooth, slow down the first-class pair of spiral bevel gear is. Gears 2 is inclined gear teeth due to prop.Take the initiative to rotate bevel gear, gear driven rotary driven round silver, thus completing a slowdown. Active second stage cylindrical gear reducer and the driven bevel gear coaxial with the rotation, and drive gear driven rotating cylinder, a second-class speed. Due to the driven gear mounted on the cylindrical shell on the differential, so that when the driven gear rotating cylinder, through the differential and drive axle that is, the rotation of the wheels.2. DifferentialDifferential is designed to connect the axle around, on both sides of the wheels can rotate at different angular torque transfer at the same time. To ensure the normal scroll wheel. Some multi-bridge-driven cars, in the sub-actuator type or in the transmission through the shaft is also equipped with a differential, known as the bridge between the differential. Its role is to turn in the car or on uneven road surface, so that drive wheels before and after the differential between the role.At present, China-made cars and other types of vehicles in the basic use of symmetric ordinary differential bevel gear. Symmetric by the planetary bevel gear differential gear, axle gears, planetary gear axis (cross-axis or a direct-axis) and the differential composition of the shell and so on.At present the majority of planetary gear-type motor vehicles using differential and ordinary differential bevel gear cone by two or four planet gears, planetary gear shaft, the two cone axle differential gear, and about the composition of the shell and so on.3.Auto semi-axleAxle is the differential torque and then came to the wheels, drive wheels spin, promote the solid axle car. As a result of the installation of wheel structure, and the forces of the axle are also different. Therefore, divided into full-floating axle, semi-floating, 3 / 4, three types of floating.1) full-floating axleGenerally large and medium-sized used car floating the whole structure. Axle with the inner end of the spline axle with the differential gear connected to the outer end of the axle forging a flange with bolts and wheel hub to connect. Wheel away from the more distant of two tapered roller bearings for the text on the axle casing. Rear axle shell casing pressure and one pair to form the drive axle housing. Supporting the use of such forms, axle and axle housing no direct link so that only bear the drive axle torque without bearing any moment, the axle referred to as "full-floating" axle. The so-called "floating", meaning not subject to bending load axle.Full-floating axle, the outer end flange plate for one made with the axis. But there are also a number of trucks to make a separate flange parts, and by nested spline outer end in the axle. Thus, at both ends of the axle spline, you can use for the first.2) semi-floating axleSemi-floating axle with the inner end of the same floating, not subject to bending and torsion. Away from direct client support through a bearing in the axle of the inner shell. This approach will support the outer end axle bearing moment. Therefore, this short-sleeve in addition to transfer torque, but also to sustain the local moment, it is known as the semi-floating axle. This structure is mainly used in small passenger cars.License Hongqi CA7560 icon for the type of drive axle limousine. Axle from the inner end of its moment, out client has to bear all the moment, so called semi-floating bearing. 3) 3 / 4 floating axle3 /4 floating axle is affected by the degree of bending between the short semi-floating and full floating between. At present the application of this type halfshaft few pickup truck only on individual applications such as Warsaw, M20 vehicles.4. Automobile axle housing:1) the overall shell-style bridgeBridge shell due to the overall strength and stiffness performance, ease of main reducer installation, adjustment and maintenance, and are widely used. Integral axle housing due to different manufacturing methods can be divided into the overall foundry type, pressed into the middle of casting steel pipe and welded steel plate, such as stamping.2) sub-type drive axle housingSub-type axle housing will generally be divided into two sections, from two sections of a connecting bolt. Sub-type axle housing casting and processing easier.驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩，并将动力合理的分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直立、纵向力和横向力。

差速器和车桥--中英文翻译

DIFFERENTIAL AND REAR AXLESThe differential is part of the rear-axle-housing assembly,which includes the differential,rear axles,wheels,and bearing.If the car were to be driven in a straight line without having to make turns,then no differential would be necessary.However,when the car rounds a turn,the outer wheel must travel farther than the inner wheel.The differential permits the two rear wheels to rotate different amounts when the car goes around a turn , while still delivering power to both rear wheels.The rear axles are attached to the wheels and have bevel side gears on their inner ends.The differential case is assembled on the left axle but can rotate on a bearing independently of the axle.The differential case supports the differential-pinion gear on a shaft,and this gear meshes with the two bevel gears.The fing gear is attached to the differential case so that the case rotates with the fing gear when the latter is driven by the drive pinion.The driving power enters the differential through the drive pinion on the end of the propeller shaft.The drive pinion is meshed with a large ring gear so that the ring gear revoves with the pinion.Attached to the ring gear is a differential-pinion shaft on which are assembled two differential-pinion gears.Each rear car wheel has a separate axle, and there are two side gears splined to the inner ends of the two wheel axles.The two side gears.When the car is on a straighet road ,the two differential-pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft ,but they do exert pressure on the two side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear ,causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speed,also.When the car rounds a curve ,the outer wheel must turn faster than the inner wheel,To permit this,the two pinino gears rotate on their pinion shaft,transmitting more turning movement to the outer side gear that to the inner side gear.Thus,the side gear on the outer-wheel axle turns more rapidly than the side gear on the inner wheel axle.This permits the outer wheel to turn more rapidly while the car is rounding the curve.There are two basic types of axle:deed axles and live axle.The dead axle does not rotate; the wheel rotates on it.A common exmple is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon.Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together.Live axles are classified according to the manner in which they are supported:semifloating, three-quarer-floating,and full-floating.AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMThe fuel system has the job of supplying a combustible mixture of air and fuel to the engine. The fuel system must vary the proportions of air and fuel to suit different operating conditions. When the engine is cold, for example, then the mixture must be rich（have a high proportion of fuel）.The reason for this is that the fuel does not vaporize rapidly at low temperatures. Therefore, extra fuel must be added to the mixture so that there will be enough vaporized fuel to form a combustible mixture.The fuel system consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold, and fuel lines, or tubes, connecting the tank, pump, and carburetor. Some gasoline engines use a fuel-injection system; in this system, a fuel-injection pump replaces the carburetor.The fuel tank, in which gasoline is stored, is normally located at the rear of the vehicle. It is made of sheet metal and is attached to the frame.A fuel pump delivers fuel from the tank to the carburetor. There are two general types of fuel pump, mechanical and electric.The fuel system has filters and prevent dire in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor. Dirt could, of course, prevent normal operation of these units and cause poor engine performance.The carburetor is essentially a mixing device which mixes liquid gasoline with air. In this process, it throws a fine spray of gasoline into air passing through the carburetor on its way to the engine. The gasoline vaporizes and mixes with the air to form a highly combustion chambers, where it is ignited. It burns, causing the engine to produce power. The mixture must be of varying degrees of rich nice to suit engine operating conditions.It must be rich（have a higher percentage of fuel）for starting, acceleration, and high-speed operation. And it should lean to（become less rich）for operation at intermediate speed with a worm engine. The carburetor has several different circuits, or passages, through which fuel and air-fuel mixture flow under different operating conditions to produce the varying richness of the air-fuel mixture.The purpose of the cooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient operating temperature at all engine speeds and all drilling conditions.A great deal of heat is produced in the engine by the burning of the air-fuel mixture. Some of this heat escapes from the engine through the exhaust gases（the hot gases left after the gasoline is burned）. But enough remains in the engine to cause serious trouble unless removed by some other means. The cooling system takes care of this additional heat.The cooling system is built into the engine. There are hollow spaces around each engine cylinder and combustion chamber. These hollow spaces are called waterjackets, since they are filled with water. When the engine is running, the water takes heat from the engine, becoming hot in the process.A water pump pumps the hot water from the engine water jackets into the radiator. The radiator has two sets of passages. One set carries air（pulled through by car motion and the engine fan）. As the hot water passes through, it gives up its heat to the air passing through. The cooled water then reenters the engine, where it can pick up more heat. In operation, water continuously circulates between the engine and radiator, carrying heat from the engine temperatures are prevented.Two general types of cooling systems are used, air cooling and liquid cooling. The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps, water jackets, engine fan, radiator and so on. The water pump, driven by a belt from the engine crankshaft, circulates the cooling liquid between the radiator andengine water jackets. The cooling liquid is water. Antifreeze compounds are added to the water during the winter. The water jacket are cast into the cylinder blocks and heats. The engine fan is usually mounted on the water-pump shaft and is driven by the same belt that drives the pump shaft and the generator. The purpose of the fan is to provide a powerful draft of air through the radiator. The radiator is a device for holding a large volume of air so that heat will transfer from the water to the air. The radiator core is divided into two separate compartments; water passes through one, and air passes through the other.The ignition system is part of the electric system of the automobile. Its purpose is to produce high-voltage surges（up to 20 000 volts）and to deliver them to the combustion chambers in the engine. These high-voltage surge surges then cause electric sparks in the combustion chambers. The sparks ignite, or set fire to, the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers so that it burns and cause the engine ton operate.The ignition system consists three basic parts: the ignition distributor, the ignition coil, and the spark plug, together with the connecting wires. When the engine is running, the ignition coil is repeatedly connected, it becomes loaded with electrical energy. Then, when it is disconnected, the “load” of electrical energy is released in a high-voltage. This surge flows through the wiring to the spark plug in the engine cylinder that is ready to fire.You must understand that all this takes place very rapidly. At high speed, the whole series of events happens in less than one three-hundredth of a second. That is, there will be as many as 300 of these events every second that the engine is running at high speed.Some systems use transistors to reduce the load on the distributor contract points. Other systems do not have contract points use instead a combination of transistors and a magnetic pick-up in the distributor.The ignition distributor has two jobs. First, it closes and opens the circuit between the battery and the ignition coil. The distributors second job is to distribute each high-voltage surge to the correct spark plug at the correct instant by means of the distributor rotor and cap and secondary wiring.There are two basic types of distributor:（1）the type using contact points to close and open the coil primary circuit;（2）the type using a magnetic pick-up and a transistor control unit to interrupt the current flow of the coil primary circuit.Automobile engines are not self-starts. In order to start them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over by some outside means so as to（a）admit air-fuel mixture to the cylinder, and（b）cause the mixture to fire.In the case of automobile engines, the mixture in the cylinder, after being compressed, must be not enough to ignite. This requires that the engine be turned over with sufficient speed. If the engine is turned over too slowly, the unavoidable small leaks past the piston rings and also through the intake and exhaust valves of four-circle engines will permit a substantial part of the fuel-air mixture to escape during the compression stroke. Also, the heat loss from the compressed air to the cylinder walls will be greater at low speed because of the longer exposure. The escape of air and the loss of heat both result in a lower temperature at the end of compression. Therefore, there is a minimum speed which the engine must attain before ignition will occur and the engine will begin firing. The starting speed depends upon the type and size of the engine, its condition, and the temperature of the air entering engine.The starting system contains a cranking, or starting, motor and other accessories.The starting motor electrically cranks the engine for starting. It is a special direct-current motor operating on battery voltage and is mounted on the engine flywheel house. The starter changes the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft round. By means of this, the engine can be started. The cranking motor consists of the commutator end head, holding the brushes; the field frame, into which the field windings are assembled around pole shoes; the drive housing, which house the drive assembly and supports the motor on the engine flywheel housing; the armature; and the drive assembly. Some cranking motors also have a solenoid that operates the shift lever.Cranking-motor controls have varied from a simple foot-operated pedal to automatic devices that close the cranking-motor circuit when the accelerator pedal is depressed.The present system that has been almost universally adopted for passenger cars and many other vehicles has starting contacts in the ignition switch. When the ignition key is turned against spring pressure past the ON position to START, the starting contacts close. This connects the cranking-motor solenoid or magnetic switch to the battery. After the engine starts and the ignition key is released, spring pressure returns it to the ON position.The starting motor should not be operated more than 5 seconds during each starting operating, for the sake of recovering the energy of battery. It will not be allowed to start it again until its stopped for fifteen seconds.The manual transmission shown in Fig.—1 provides a means of varying the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels .Varying these gear ratios allows the right amount of engine power at many different speeds.Manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove thetorque to the transmission input shaft. The clutch allows this to happen gradually a so that the car can be started from a complete stop.Modern manual transmissions do not disengage any of the forward drive gears, they are simply connected to their shafts through the use of “synchronizers”.Reverse is achieved reverse idler gears ,which are engaged to move the car backwards.Some manual transmissions have an “overdrive”. An overdrive is a mechanical unit bolted to rear of the transmission. It is usually known as the fifth gear .When you use it, it will reduce the engine speed by about one-third ,which maintaining the same road speed.In an automatic transmission, gear ratios are changed automatically. This eliminates the need for the driver to operate the clutch and manually “shift gears.”The typical automatic transmission combines a fluid torque converter , a planetary-gear system, and a hydraulic control system in a single unit. As car speed changes , various gear ratios between the crankshaft and the wheels are selected and then changed automatically. Automatic controls inside the transmission supply the proper ratio for the driving condition. In addition to the forward-gear ratios, neutral, and reverse, the automatic transmission has a PAPK position. This locks the transmission to prevent the car from moving or rolling away while parked.差速器和车桥差速器和后桥壳总成的一个部件，后桥壳总成包括差速器、后桥、车轮和轴承。