Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine 托马斯皮普
The American Crisis
Байду номын сангаас
In late 1776, Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army.
Main ideas about the society and slavery
He belief in the inevitability （必然性）of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally.
Contents:
1.Brief introduction about his life 2.Main ideas about the society and slavery 3.Major works
4.Conclusions
Brief introduction about his life：
Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England.
By the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing （学徒） for his father, but again, he failed.
1 Common Sense (1776) 《常识》
2 The American Crisis (1776) 《美国的危 机》 3 The Rights of Man (1791-1792) 《人权》 4 The Age of Reason (1794, 1795, 1807) 《理性时代》
美国简史选择题及答案(1-16章)
1.From 1622 unit his death, _____, one of the greatest of colonial American, was reelected thirty times as governor.A.Anne BradstreetB. William BradfordC.Edward TaylorD. Thomas Paine2.____carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution.mon SenseB. The American CrisisC.Declaration of IndependenceD. Defence of the English People3.____usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetB.Emily Dickinson D.Captain John Smith4.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “____”who appeared in America.A.Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse5.The ship “——” carried about one hundred pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A.SunflowerB.ArmadaC.MayflowerD.Pequod6.From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous____,an annal collection of proverbs. BA.The AutobiographyB.Poo r Richard’s Almanacmon SenseD.The General Magazine7.Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?mon SenseB.The American CrisisC.The Rights of ManD.The Autobiography8.”These are the times that try men’s souls”,these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence.Who is the author of these words?A.Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington9.Who was considered as th e “Poet of American Revolution”?A.Anne BradstreetB.Edward TaylorC.Michael WigglesworthD.Philip Freneau10.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of ____.A.T homas HoodB.Benjamin FranklinC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington11.It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded complete separation from England. The voice was that of ___, whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing demand for separation.A.Thomas PaineB.Thomas JeffersonB.George Washington D.Patrick Henry12.In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment.____was the dominant spirit. BA.HumanismB.RationalismC.RevolutionD.Evolution13.At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ____. CA.Chartist MovementB.Romanticist MovementC.Enlightenment MovementD.Modernist Movement14.In American literature, the enlighteners were favorable to _____. DA.the colonial orderB.religious obscurantismC.the Puritan traditionD.the secular literature15.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted____in 1776. AA.the Declaration of IndependenceB.the Sugar ActC.the Stamp ActD.the Mayflower CompactChapters 31.____is respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narrative and as the creator of an American hero-myth. CA.Washington IrvingB. John Greenleaf WhittierC. James Fenimore CooperD.Oliver Wendell Holmes2.A new ____had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then to American early in the nineteenth century. CA.realismB.critical realismC.romanticismD.naturalism3.The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in the following works:___. CA.Benjamin Franklin’s The AutobiographyB.Washington Irving’s The Sketch BookC.James Fenimore Cooper’s The Leatherstocking TalesD.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature4.Choose Washington Irving’s works from the following. DA.The Sketch BookB.Bracebridge HallC. A History of New YorkD.Tales of a Travelers5.The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as_____. AA.the Romantic PeriodB.the Modern PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Realistic Period6.There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ____on the Puritan soil. AA.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.MysticismD.Unitarianism7.In 1826 as an American diplomatic attache, Washington Irving was sent to Spain where he gathered material for his following works EXCEPT____. CA.The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus,1828B.The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829C.The Life of Goldsmith, 1829D.The Alhambra, 18329. There is the famous___, in which there is the memorable event of an apparently headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love, and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-as-sertiveness, and cowardice. BA.Rip Van WinkleB.The Legend of Sleep HollowC.The PioneersD.The American ScholarChapters 4-71.In 1836, a little book entitled____written by Ralph Waldo Emerson came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. AA.NatureB. The TranscendentalistC.PowerD.Wealth2.As a philosophical and literary movement, ____flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. DA.modernismB. rationalismC.sentimentalismD. transcendentalism3.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___Henry David Thoreau. BA.Thomas JeffersonB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Philip FreneauD.Edgar Allan Poe4.Transcendentalist recognized ____as the “highest power of the soul”. AA.intuitionB.logicC.data of the sensesD.thinking5.Edgar Allan Poe’s ____was an ingenious detective story and became the ancestor of the genre, influencing, among others, Conan Doyle. CA.The Fall of the House of UsherB.The Gold BugC.The Murders in the Rue MorgueD.The Purloined Letter6.From the following, which one is NOT the characteristic of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry? DA.Being highly individualB.Harsh rhythmsck of form and polishck of optimism7.The publication of ___established Ralph Waldo Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. AA.NatureB.Self-RelianceC.The American ScholarD.The Divinity School Address8.From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, ___, which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A.WaldenB.NatureC.Civil Disobediencemon Sense9. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ____in American literature. AA.the largest brain with the largest heartB.father of American poetryC.the transcendentalistD.the American scholar10.”The universe is composed of Nature and the soul...Spirit is present everywhere”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England___. BA. RomanticismB.TranscendentalismC.NaturalismD.Symbolism11.Which of the following works is generally regarded as “the Bible of New England Transcendentalism”? DA. On BeautyB. WaldenC.The Conduct of LifeD.Nature12. ___is an appalling fictional version of Nat haniel Hawthorne’s belief that “the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones” and that evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen. BA.The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC.The Blithedale RomanceD.Young Goodman Brown13. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT____. BA.mystery of the universeB.sin of the whaleC.power of the Great NatureD.Evil of the world14. In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes____. BA.natureB.a search for truthC.the unknown worldD.the microcosm of human societyChapters8-101.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ___. CA.transcendentalistsB.idealistsC.pessimistsD.impressionists2.Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his____. CA.international themeB.waste-land imageryC.local colorD.symbolism3.In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the you ng woman as an embodiment of ____. BA.the force of conventionB.the free spirit of the New WorldC.the decline of aristocracyD.the corruption of the newly rich4.Which of the following is not written by Henry James? DA.The Portrait of A Lady and The EuropeansB.The Wings of the Dove and The AmbssadorsC.What Maisie Knows and The BostoniansD.The Genius and The Gilded Age5.Henry James experimented with different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being____. CA.nothingnessB.disillusionmentC.international themeD.relationship between men and women6.Theodore Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and ____. AA.The StoicB.The GiantB.The Tycoon D.The Genius7.Stylistically, Henry Jam es’ fiction is characterized by___. AA.highly refined languageB.ordinary American speechC.short, clear sentencesD.abundance of local images8.The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to ___. DA.The Great GatsbyB.The Sun Also RisesC.Moby DickD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism:_____. BA.American modernismB.American naturalismB.American vernacularism D.American local colorism10.While embracing the socialism of Marx, Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel___. CA.The Call of the WildeB.The Sea WolfB.Martin Eden D.The Iron Heel11.Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat, An Experiment and ___,all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredityoverwhelming man. CA.The Black RidersB.A Man Said to the UniverseC.The Blue HotelD.The Red Badge of Courage12.The main theme of ____The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel. AA.Henry James’B.Willian Dean Howells’C.Mark Twain’sD.Jack London’s13.Which statements about O.Henry is NOT right? DA.His stories are a penetrating criticism of America of the time.B.The ends of his stories are always surprising. AC.The plots of his stories are exceedingly clever and interesting.D.Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions.14.The publication of the novel____stirred a great nation to its depths and hurried on a great war. DA.My Bondage and My FreedomB.Stanzas on FreedomB.Voices of Freedom D.Uncle T om’s Cabin15.War in the novel____by Stephen Crane is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger. DA.War Is KindB.The Man That Corrupted HandleyburgC.The Black RidersD.The Red Badge of CourageChapters11-161.In which of the following works, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy? DA.The Green Hills of AfricaB.The Snows of KilimanjaroB.To Have and Have Not D.Death in the Afternoon2.___is Hemingway’s first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”. AA.The Sun Also RisesB.A Farewell to ArmsB.In Our Time D.For Whom the Bell Tolls3.F.Scott Fitzgerald’s fictional world i s the best embodiment of the spirit of ___. AA.the Jazz AgeB.the Romantic PeriodB.the Renaissance Period D.the Neoclassical Period4.Which one of the following figures does NOT belong to “The Lost Generation”? CA.Ezra PoundB.William Carlos WilliamsB.Robert Frost D.Theodore Dreiser5.The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature EXCEPT_____. AA.F.Scott FitzgeraldB.William FaulknerB.John Steinbeck D.Ernest Hemingway6.____showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po(Li Bai) into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. CA.T.S.EliotB.E.E.CummingsC.Ezra PoundD.Robert Frost7.Choose the novel of the following Not written by F.Scott Fitzgerald. CA.The Great GatsbyB.Tender Is the NightC.This Side of ParadiseD.The Beautiful and the Damned8.Thomas Stearns Eliot’s later poetry took a positive turn toward faith in life. This was demonstrated by ____, a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt. CA.The Waste LandB.The Hollow MenC.Ash-WednesdayD.Four Quartets。
专八2003-2015年人文知识真题及答案
2003年英语专八人文知识真题31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America.[A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day32. The university of Dublin was not founded until .[A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898.[A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to .[A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century[C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the fifth century, the seventh century35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?[A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times[C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period.[A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.[A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.[A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent[C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government39. studies the sound systems in a certain language.[A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called .[A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism2004年英语专八人文知识真题31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT .[A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year.[A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992.[A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream".[A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr[C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.[A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson[C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .[A] international theme [B] waste-land imagery[C] local color [D] symbolism37. Hemingway's writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanently influenced by his experiences .[A] in his childhood [B] in the war [C] in America [D] in Africa38. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of .[A] manner of articulation [B] openness of mouth[C] place of articulation [D] voicing39. Which of the following words can correct two clauses in a coordinate sentence?[A] Through. [B] When. [C] But. [D] If.40. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.[A] Word [B] Morpheme [C] Allomorph [D] Root2005年英语专八人文知识真题31. is the capital of Canada.[A] Vancouver [B] Ottawa [C] Montreal [D] York32. U.S. presidents normally serve a (n) term.[A] two-year [B] four-year [C] six-year [D] eight-year33. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?[A] Huston. [B] Boston. [C]Baltimore. [D] Philadelphia.34. is the state church in England.[A] The Roman Catholic Church [B] The Baptist Church[C] The Protestant Church [D] The Church of England35. The novel Emma is written by .[A] Mary Shelley [B] Charlotte Brontë [C] Elizabeth C. Gaskell [D] Jane Austen36. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?[A] William Wordsworth. [B] George Elliot.[C] George C. Byron. [D] Percy B. Shelley.37. William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous for .[A] his poems [B] his plays [C] his short stories [D] his novels38. Syntax is the study of .[A] language functions [B] sentence structures [C] textual organization [D] word formation39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?[A] Arbitrariness. [B] Productivity.[C] Cultural transmission. [D] Finiteness.40. The speech act theory was first put forward by .[A] John Searle [B] John Austin [C] Noam Chomsky [D] M.A.K. Halliday参考答案：BBADA BCBDB2006年英语专八人文知识真题31. The President during the American Civil War was .[A] Andrew Jackson [B] Abraham Lincoln [C] Thomas Jefferson [D] George Washington32. The capital of New Zealand is .[A] Christchurch [B] Auckland [C] Wellington [D] Hamilton33. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?[A] The Aborigines. [B] The Maori. [C] The Indians. [D] The Eskimos.34. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of .[A] the Shadow Cabinet [B] the Parliament [C] the Opposition [D] the Cabinet35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?[A] T. S. Eliot. [B] D.H. Lawrence. [C] Theodore Dreiser. [D] James Joyce.36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by .[A] Scott Fitzgerald [B] William Faulkner [C] Eugene O'Neill [D] Ernest Hemingway37. is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines.[A] Free verse [B] Sonnet [C] Ode [D] Epigram38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of .[A] reference [B] meaning [C] antonymy [D] context39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of .[A] dialectal synonyms [B] stylistic synonyms[C] emotive synonyms [D] collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by .[A] Halliday [B] Chomsky [C] Bloomfield [D] Saussure参考答案BCADA DBDBD2007年英语专八人文知识真题31. The majority of the current population in the UK are decedents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPT .[A] the Anglos [B] the Celts [C] the Jutes [D] the Saxons32. The Head of State of Canada is represented by .[A] the Monarch [B] the President [C] the Prime Minister [D] the Governor-general33. The Declaration of Independence was written by .[A] Thomas Jefferson [B] George Washington[C] Alexander Hamilton [D] James Madison34. The original inhabitants of Australia were .[A] the Red Indians [B] the Eskimos [C] the Aborigines [D] the Maoris35. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Brontë?[A] Oliver Twist. [B] Middlemarch. [C] Jane Eyre. [D] Wuthering Heights.36. William Butler Yeats was a(n) poet and playwright.[A] American [B] Canadian [C] Irish [D] Australian37. Death of a Salesman was written by .[A] Arthur Miller [B] Ernest Hemingway[C] Ralph Ellis on [D] James Baldwin38. refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.[A] Phonology[B] Morphology[C] Semantics[D] Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT .[A] lexical[B] syntactic[C] phonological [D] psycholinguistic40. The word "tail" once referred to "the tail of a horse", but now it is used to mean "the tail of any animal." This is an example of .[A] widening of meaning [B] narrowing of meaning[C] meaning shift [D] loss of meaning参考答案CDACD CABDA2008年英语专八人文知识真题31. The largest city in Canada is .A. VancouverB. MontrealC. TorontoD. Ottawa32. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in .A. the Federal GovernmentB. the Supreme CourtC. the CabinetD. the Conress33. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. Baseball.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. American football.34. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is .A. the PresidentB. the Governor-GeneralC. the British monarchD. the Prime Minister35. The Caterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by .A. Willian LanglandB. GeoffreyC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred Tennyson36. Who wrote The American?A. Herman Melville.B. Nathaniel Hawthorne.C. Henry James.D. Theodore Dreiser.37. All of the following are well-know female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPT .A. George EliotB. Iris Jean MurdochC. Doris LessingD. Muriel Spark38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D.Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"?A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence. C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above.40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called .A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. PolysemyD.homonymy参考答案BCADBBDACD2009年英语专八人文知识真题31. The Head of State of New Zealand is .[A] the governor-general [B] the Prime Minister[C] the high commissioner [D] the monarch of the United Kingdom.32. The capital of Scotland is .[A] Glasgow [B] Edinburgh [C] Manchester [D] London33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?[A] Thomas Jefferson. [B] George Washington. [C] Thomas Paine. [D] John Adams.34. Which of the following cities is located on the eastern coast of Australia?[A] Perth. [B] Adelaide. [C] Sydney. [D] Melbourne.35. Ode to the West Wind was written by .[A] William Blake [B] William Wordsworth[C] Samuel Taylor Coleridge [D] Percy B. Shelley36. Who among the following is a poet of free verse?[A] Ralph Waldo Emerson. [B] Walt Whitman.[C] Herman Melville. [D] Theodore Dreiser.37. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by .[A] Thomas Hardy [B] John Galsworthy [C] D.H. Lawrence [D] James Joyce38. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is .[A] corpus linguistics [B] sociolinguistics[C] theoretical linguistics [D] psycholinguistics39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called .[A] dialect [B] idiolect [C] pidgin [D] register40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing .[A] an illocutionary act [B] a perlocutionary act [C] a locutionary act [D] none of the above答案31、D the monarch of the United Kingdom 32、B Edinburgh. 33、AThomas Jefferson. 34、C Sydney 35、D Percy B. Shelley36、B Walt Whitman. 37、C D.H. Lawrence. 38、D psycholinguistics.39、C pidgin. 40、A an illocutionary act.2010年英语专八人文知识真题31. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. the British Constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215B. the British Constitution includes Parliamentary actsC. the British Constitution includes decisions made by courts of law答案D：The British Constitution includes one single written constitution32. The first city ever founded in Canada isA. QuebecB. VancouverC. TorontoD. Montreal答案A：Quebec33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?A. B. 1788C. 1900D. 1901答案D：190134. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the plantation slavery in the south of US was issued byA. Abraham LincolnB. Thomas PaineC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson答案A：Abraham Lincoln35.Who was best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems?A. Will BlakeB. W.B.YeatsC. Robert BrowningD. William Wordsworth答案C：Robert Browning36. The Financier was written byA. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC.答案D：Theodore Dreiser37. In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined asA. allegoryB. sonnetC. blank verseD. rhyme答案A：Allegory38.____ refers to the learning and development of a languageA. language acquisitionB. language comprehensionC. language productionD. language introduction答案A：language acquisition39. The word “motel”comes from “motor –hotel”. This is an example of “…”in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym答案C：blendingnguage is tool of communication, the symbol “highway closed”servesA. B.C. a performative function D. a persuasive function答案B：informative function2011年英语专八人文知识真题31. The northernmost part of Great Britain is _______.A. Northern IrelandB. WalesC. EnglandD. ScotlandTIP：选D。
经典 常谈读后感作文750字
经典常谈读后感作文750字英文回答：Title: Timeless Lessons in "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine.Thomas Paine's timeless classic, "Common Sense," published in 1776, remains a profound and influential work that resonates with readers even today. Paine's persuasive arguments for American independence, rooted in reason and equality, have left an enduring legacy on American thought and politics.Paine's writing style is both accessible and eloquent, employing vivid imagery and concrete examples to make his points clear and compelling. He deftly combines philosophical principles with practical considerations, arguing that the pursuit of happiness and liberty is the natural right of all individuals.Paine's critique of monarchy is particularly incisive, exposing the absurdity and hypocrisy of a system where a single family claims the right to rule by birthright. He argues that "the sun of heaven is no more a king than a man," highlighting the fundamental equality of all human beings."Common Sense" also addresses the importance of government based on consent. Paine argues that government should be designed to serve the people, not to oppress them. He emphasizes the need for a government that is accountable to its citizens and that protects their rights and freedoms.Moreover, Paine advocates for a republican form of government, where power is vested in electedrepresentatives rather than a single hereditary ruler. He believed that this system would be more responsive to thewill of the people and would ensure a more just andequitable society.Paine's ideas had a profound impact on the American Revolution, helping to galvanize support for independenceand shaping the ideals that would eventually form the basis of the United States Constitution. His work continues to inspire people around the world who strive for freedom and self-governance.中文回答：《常识》，永不过时的人生指南。
大学英语六级模拟试题新题型(8)
Volume
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
第13题
A.Collecting objects on the beach.
B.Creating computer models.
第11题
A.She once wrote about it.
B.She thinks the man should write about it.
C.She"s been studying it recently.
D.She particularly likes Romantic poetry.
第12题
Each type of music usually has a distinctive rhythm and a special sound, 1 on the kinds of instruments that are used to produce it. The most common type of instruments are string instruments, such as guitars and violins; wind instruments, including horns and flutes; and percussion instruments, such as drums, cymbals and pianos. Many different kinds of musical sounds can be 2 by using different combination of instruments.
paine-common-sense-intro
Chapter 4 – „On the Present Ability of America, with some Miscellaneous Reflections.‟,
• Paine's optimistic view of America's military potential. • “It is not in numbers, but in unity, that our great strength lies; yet our present numbers are sufficient to repel the force of all the world” -Paine
• "Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain.” – John Adamser, 1776, New Jersey • „[to] reap the blessings of freedom, [we] must undergo the fatigue to support it‟ • “These are the times that try men‟s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” -Paine
Thomas Paine&Thomas Jefferson&Philip Freneau
Thomas Paine (1737-1809):Paine was “Great Commoner of Mankind”. He was born England.At the age of 37, Franklin met him in London and recognized his peculiar talents in their American perspective.He wrote many political pamphlets during the Revolutionary period.Some important works by Paine: American Crisis, Common Sense, Rights of Man.Thomas PaineFight for the rights of manHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his ageWorks:Common Sense 《常识》(1776)The American Crisis 《美国危机》(1776.12 – 1783.4)The Rights of Man 《人的权利》(1791-- 92)The Age of Reason 《理智时代》(1794 -- 95)“Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one” -- Common Sense“These are the times that try men’s souls,”…“The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” -- The American CrisisPaine: The American Crisis:Historians tell us that Paine wrote The American Crisis on or about November 20, 1776, on a military drumhead, which served as his desk.The British government is compared to a house thief who causes destruction of life and property and who must be stopped.In short, The American Crisis is Enlightenment, Deist document.Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism. The American struggling for victory must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man, first and foremost.Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of Independence:Jefferson’s great monument in literature and political theory.Formal proclamation of the 13 colonies, announcing their separation from Great Britain, was adopted July 4, 1776. The actual writing was done by Jefferson, although corrections were made by Franklin, Adams, and the Congress at large.The document was signed on Aug. 2 by 56 colonial representatives.The document is based on the natural-rights theory of government, derived from Locke and 18th-century French philosophers, and proclaims that the function of government is to guarantee the inalienable rights with wh ich men are endowed. These include “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”The declaration contended that, since George III had willfully violated these rights, revolution was justifiable and necessary.Common Sense is publishedNorth Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves making it the first British colony to officially authorize its delegates to vote for independence.Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes a resolution calling for a Declaration of Independence. Virginia Declaration of Rights by George Mason is adopted by the V irginia Convention of Delegates. The Delaware General Assembly votes to suspend government under the British CrownIntended AudienceThe audience were those wanting independence from England.International audience1.Jef ferson’s V iewpoint on the Major Issues of His Time•He believed in the separation of church and state.•He believed that the colonies had the right to overthrow a tyrannical government.2.Main Points of the Declaration of IndependenceAll men are created equal.“We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,.Men are given by god certain unalienable rights.“They are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, liberty and the Pursuit of Happ iness.”We have the right by god to declare our independence from England.“When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them… Governments derive their authority from the consent of the people.“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”When a government abuses it’s power, the people have the right to overthrow it.“That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it…The colonies tried repeatedly to compromise with King George, but has been a tyrant.“Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.3.Historical SignificanceThe American Colonies finally declared their independence from EnglandIt was the first step in the creation of a new nation.Philip Morin Freneau (1752-1832)The Indian Burying GroundPublished in his Miscellaneous Works (1788). In ten iambic tetrameter quatrains, it portrays sympathetically the spirit of the nomadic Indian hunters, who were traditionally buried in a sitting posture and with images of the objects they knew in life.。
2 The Age of Reason
The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.
The first cabinet: GW, Knox, Randolph, TJ, and Hamilton
Leading writers and works
Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826): The Declaration of Independence (1776) Thomas Paine(1737-1809): Common Sense (1776) Benjamin Franklin Autobiography Philip Freneau The Wild Honey Suckle
因素
Logos：理性；理念；道
•Appeals based upon logic.
The Establishment of Thirteen Colonies
北美13个殖民地的建立
Map: The British Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies
Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Connecticut New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia
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His Early Life
• Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1737, in a poor family, in rural Norfolk, England.
• Paine was educated at Thetford Grammar School since1744.
• Paine died at the age of 72, at 59 Grove Street in New York City on the morning of June 8, 1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.
• In late 1776 Paine published the American Crisis pamphlet series, to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army.
• In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs.
During the French Revolution
• Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution.
• He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics.
• Paine wrote his last important treatise Agrarian Justice in 1797.
His Death
• In 1802, Paine returned to America, only to find that his patriotic services had been forgotten in the wave of resentment against his " atheistical" (无 神 论 ) beliefs and the reaction of conservatives against the French Revolution.
• Theme: Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided. Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing(摒弃) the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment( 启 蒙 ) era writers, Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people. He connected independence with common dissenting Protestant(新教) beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as, "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era".
• The pro-independence monograph pamphlet Common Sense he anonymously published on January 10, 1776, has gained him the title The Father of the American Revolution.
• He wrote his first pamphlet The Case of the Officers of the Excise in 1772.
Thetford Grammar School
During the American Revolution
• In 1774, Paine moved to London, where George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin. Later Paine immigrated to the British American colonies in time to participate in the American Revolution.
• The pamphlet was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, before the American Revolution. Common Sense, signed "Written by an Englishman", became an immediate success.
Common Sense
the most incendiary and popular pamphlet
• There were mainly two reasons:
• For one, while the average Colonist was more educated than their European counterpart, European and Colonial elites agreed that common people had no place in government or political debates. By aiming for a popular audience, and writing in a straightforward and simple way, Paine made political ideas tangible for a common audience. This brought average Americans into political debate, creating a whole new political language. Paine's new style of political writing avoided using complex Latin phrases, instead opting for a more direct, concise style that helped make the information accessible to all.
Paine’s burial location
Paine’s Major Works
Common Sense(1776)《常识》 The American Crisis (1776) Rights of Man (1791)《人权论》 The Age of Reason(1793)
Common Sense (1776)
• He has been lived as stay-maker(裁缝), excise officer(税务员) and schoolteacher.
• In 1768, Paine was appointed to Lewes where he first became involved in civic matters. There he joined excise officers asking Parliament( 英 国 国 会 ) for better pay and working conditions.
French Revolution
• The book Rights of Man , an abstract political tract critical of monarchies(君主政体) and European social institutions, which finally appeared on March 13, 1791, with the help of his friends, and sold well.
• The second reason involves the way the vast majority of people felt about the idea of independence from British rule. Except for a few radical thinkers, the people of the colonies were "up on the fence" about freedom. Individuals were in conflict with themselves. Common Sense was an unequivocal call for independence, and many Americans wavering between reconciliation with and independence from Britain were won over to separation by Paine's powerful polemic against monarchy.