2006北航考博英语试题及答案
2006年考研英语真题完整版
2006年考研英语真题完整版Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating（C）[D] monopolizing22.According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite（A）[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture（C）[D] constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.（D）[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American societyis ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless（B）[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needsa subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms（A）[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers（B）[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that ________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money（C）[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable（D）[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude（D）[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higherproportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today（C）[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount（A）[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Wormmeans that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss（C）[D] the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level（D）[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits（B）[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern timeshave seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness（D）[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37.The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining（B）[D] commercial38.In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information（D）[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied（B）[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40.Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.（A）[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting themedical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplesslyaddicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explainedas weakness of will.[G]The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.Section IIIWritingPart A51.DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionPity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised e-ducation,prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time,which can often take a further three years. By then,most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings. The Economic and Social Research Council,which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates:until recently,only about 25 points of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10 points;in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39 points. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness,and will progressively raise the threshold to 40 points in two years. Unless completion rates improve further,this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University,the London School of Economics and the London Business School. Predictably,howls of protest have come from the universities,who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills,but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics. The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies. The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners,or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis,too.1．By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time,_____.A．most of them died of some sicknessB．their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC．most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD．most of their grants run out正确答案：D解析：题目问：新的医生在找到工作并利用业余时间写论文时，发生了什么情况?第一段第三、四句“Mostsocial-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out afterthree years．They must then get a job and finish in their spare time，which can often take a further threeyears．”通过这段话可知。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which ______ treatments are unsatisfactory.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．similarB．dangerousC．uncommonD．alternative正确答案：D解析：本题考查形容词辨析。
A相似的；B危险的；C不寻常的，罕有的；D供选择的。
选择性的，交替的。
句意为：根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的伦理学的指导方针，人类的基因只有在(其他的)治疗方案不能满意的情况下才可以改变。
D为正确选项。
2．The project is not______a failure. It is a success in some respect.A．altogetherB．likelyC．possiblyD．inevitably正确答案：A解析：not altogether并非完全(如：It’s not altogether impossible．She wasn’t altogether pleased with her choice．I don’t altogether agree with him．)。
likely ad.很可能；a.可能的，有希望的(句型：sb．is likely to+动词原形；it is likely that sb．will do sth．；a likely place；不能说likely a place)。
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】关于心理学家对思考过程的看法可以在文章第一段找到：Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone，but that one's muscles also participate．由此可知，精神活动包括思考，不仅仅表现为大脑的活动，肌肉也会参与。
A、B、C三项与题意不符。
本题正确答案为D。
22．【答案】A【解析】根据文章第二段的“Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body”可知，正确答案为A。
23．【答案】C【解析】作者在第三段以“there is a very good reason for it”引出了“One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates，so to speak，in its performance”。
只有参与到表演中人们才能享受音乐。
因此正确答案是C。
24．【答案】C【解析】作者在最后一段指出肌肉的参与和精神思考的过程是同一种方式，“but this participati on is less obvious because it is less pronounced”以一个转折表明肌肉的参与并不明显。
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging globalknowledge society,so new ways of providing access to education fora much higher percentage of the population are now being devised.The most dramatic examples of access to education are found inthe11distance-education mega-universities found around the world.In"distance education,"the student is separated in time or spacefrom the teacher or professor.The largest of these high enrollmentuniversities is in China,the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity,with more than3million students.The English-speakingworld has the British Open University,with215,000students,and theUniversity of South Africa,with120,000students.In addition to themega-universities,dozens of other national and regional systems areproviding education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mega-universities istelevision,supplemented by other technologies or even some onsiteinstruction in more-developed countries.Some distance-educationsystems use two-way interactive video connections to particularlocations where students gather;others supplement with the Internet,and still others deliver only by Internet.Withvideo-and-audio-streaming now available,the Internet appears to bethe technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers.Of course,these technologies merely add to the radio--delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming.Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education,where90%or more of the required credits are given at a distance,as are dozens of master's degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that50,000university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions:those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students.Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university,then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated.Regent's College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States,now serving mainly the18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges.Students will come tothe colleges for their social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs.The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community.Students will access their courses from colleges and universities around the world,transfer the credits to the college,then gain a degree.Faculty members will serve as tutors and advisers and may provide some courses live.(479words)51.What is the passage mainly about?[A]The emerging global knowledge society[B]Distance-education mega-universities[C]The largest of these high enrollment universities[D]Two main types of educational institutions52.It may be inferred that the Internet could be the technology of choice in_______.[A]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[B]the University of South Africa[C]the British Open University[D]the English-speaking world53.We learn from the passage that the distance-education programs may offer all the following EXCEPT______.[A]virtually all the basic literacy courses and the highest graduate-level programming[B]nearly90%of the required credits[C]courses for master's degrees and accredited doctoral degrees[D]50,000university-level courses54.The residential colleges in the United States______.[A]serve only the18-to-23-year-old population[B]provide students with social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs[C]provide courses from colleges and universities around the world[D]may provide a lot of faculty members to conduct courses lively55.Judging from the context we know that a mega-universityis_______.[A]the largest of these high enrollment universities[B]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[C]the British Open University[D]a university with very large number of studentsText1151. B.远程教育的百万人大学。
2008年北京航空航天大学博士研究生考试(北航考博)英语真题
北京航空航天大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题题单号：101英语考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Parts Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20points）Section A（10%）Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C andD and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1.1. A. Mary lost the photo album。
B. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.C. The photo album is in the living room.D. Mary is a good photographer.2. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.B. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.C. She refused the position because of the low salary.D. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.3. A. Take the man to the station.B. Find out when the next bus leaves.C. Show the man the way to the station.D. Look after the man’s things.4. A. He has to do what is necessary in order to learn.B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.C. There’s not much he can learn by memorizing.D. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.5. A. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.B. It doesn’t fit him very well.C. He needs a long-sleeved shirt.D. He’s not sure he likes the pattern.6. A. She doesn’t think it will snow.B. The location of session has been changed.C. The session might be canceled.D. She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.7. A. Use bleach on his socks.B. Buy new white socks.C. Wash his red T-shirt again.D. Throw away his pink socks.8. A. He hasn’t talked to his brother since he transferred.B. He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.C. His brother doesn’t want to transfer.D. He hadn’t heard the news about his brother.9. A. Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.B. If the woman keeps money at the bank.C. Where the woman learned about the seminar.D. If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.10. A. He’s used to cold weather.B. He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.C. He has never liked the weather in October.D. He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B , C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.11.A. The unemployment rate was the lowest in modern times.B. Inflation was the lowest in 50 years.C. Home ownership was the highest in the country’s history.D. A budget surplus was achieved.12. A. On the day he was born.B. When he was four years old.C. When he was in high school.D. When he was in Georgetown University.13. A. A professional musician.B. A professor.C. An actor.D. A lawyer.14. A. George Washington.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Franklin Roosevelt.D. John Kennedy.15. A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Hostile.16. A. 40,000.B. 14,000.C. 400,000.D. 140,000.17. A. On October 18, 1955.B. On October 28, 1955.C. On October 18, 1958.D. On October 28, 1958.18. A. In 1973.B. In 1974.C. In his junior year.D. In his senior year.19. A. His dream of making more profit.B. His mother’s advice.C. A belief the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in everyhome.D. The suggestion of his friends.20. A. Eight weeks.B. Seven weeks.C. Six weeks.D. Five weeks.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-writing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Withoutblaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspapereditors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to otherbattered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that thesystem failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there isa lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: Spare the rod and spare the child.21. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parentsof .A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family22. “Sparing the rod” (黑体部分)means .A.childrenspoilingB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children23. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is .A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers24. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of .A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentviolencestreetD.25. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run .A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible danger and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or featureswhich distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries, ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.26. In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals27. According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek sciencescienceforamateurspseudo-science D.aC.a28.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work29. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hand-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientist to observe30. The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsoccurringfamily relationshipsquicklyB.C. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. ”While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“We can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated—than previously imaged. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey ate the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .programsA.expertsB.devicesC.creaturesD.33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “Idon’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver lining to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swing, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.may still be worth toasting.36. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means .A. Spero can hardly maintain her businessB. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown out of her bad habitD. Spero is not in a desperate situation37. How do the pubic feel about the current economic situation?ConfusedA.B.OptimisticPanickedCarefree D.C.38. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about .A. gold marketB. real estateC. stock exchangeD. venture investment39. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.40. To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Part Ⅲ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.41. The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agency’s computers.A. an explanationB. a contradictionC. a referenceD. a rejection42. A judge who is lenient will not punish people severely.loosemerciful B.A.sincere D.lunaticC.43. A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed.B.stronggentleA.D.fairywarmC.44. There is controversy even among doctors as to whether this disease is contagious or not.A. incisiveB. infertileC. allergicD. communicable45. The poem admirably expresses complicated nuance of feeling.innocenceB.annoyanceA.C. slight differenceD. great nuisance46. They believed that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation’s economic independence.minimizeuphold B.A.C. weakenD. postpone47. Miss Black, an heir to a large fortune, is serving a life term.A. sentenceB. convictionofficeduty D.C.48. When doing business with an Arab, you have to endure hours of small talk, waiting for the topic of commerce to be broached.brokenA.B.raisedconcludedD.C.solved49. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were illegible.illegitimateilliterate B.A.indecipherableD.C.inscrutable50. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions: inhaling and exhaling.recitingspeaking B.A.smelling D.breathingC.51. A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.currencyB.A.forgedD.cashsubstitutedC.52. I hate to see the repulsive sights in commercials about cold remedies.A. soothingB. hypocriticaldeceitfulD.loathsomeC.53. Every of a motion picture is the responsibility of the director.A. sectionB. facetC. characterD. footage54. The criminal past a guard and managed to escape.stoleA. stormedB. sneezedC.sneaked D.55. Future scientific discoveries will make possible the further prolongation of the human life .pursuit D.spanC.well-beingcondition B.A.56. The sport of wrestling tests , strength, and stamina.A. agilityB. coordinationC. tacticsD. courage57. The travelers were into silence by the sight of a distant mountain.A. enlivenedB. awedC. forcedD. frightened58. What is missing from TV news would fill a book.A. coverageB. disseminationC. declarationD. consultation59. English in idioms, and so does Chinese.A. catersB. existsC. remainsD. abounds60. The university has sought to a special fund for physically disabled students.A. administerB. complimentC. performD. institutePart Ⅳ Cloze(10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children 61 the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people 62 to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held 63 when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.“A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has 64 consequences for her children’s behavior,” indicates 65 professor of sociology Elizabeth Mengaghan. Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book keeping, food service, and 66 line positions.Women who are supervised closely at work and made to 67 strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in 68 their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for 69 punishment. “We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the 70 of behavior problems in children.” On the 71 hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and 72 must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, 73 encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and 74 responsibility for their behavior. 75 an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands 76 they aren’t being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don’t 77 constant supervision “ 78 problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life”.The research also found that those who have 79 challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, 80 turn, is linked to fewer behavior problem.with C.B.in D.onof61.A.D.tendedrelatedC.62.likely B.A.linkedD.thesamewrong63.A.true B.false C.64. A. negative B. positive C. affirmative D. denialC.associate D.juniorvice B.deputy65.A.gatherD.C.gatheringassembledA.66.assembly B.listenD.heargive C.followB.67.A.68. A. growing B. bringing C. feeding D. raising69. A. mental B. psychological C. physical D. bodyD.depth70.C.extentA.frequency B.degreeanother D.othersC.A.other71.one B.C.thosewhosewho D.B.whom72.A.73. A. instead B. rather than C. rather D. instead ofget C.makehave D.take B.74.A.Thus D.WhatSo C.Such B.A.75.76. A. even B. even then C. even when D. even so77. A. involve B. relate C. revolve D. relate78. A. invent B. develop C. developing D. inventingleast79.most D.C.A.less B.moreby D.withto C.in B.A.80.Part Ⅴ Translation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.81. By now it’s hardly news that as education has risen to the top of the national agenda, a great wave of school reform has focused on two related objectives: more-stringent academic standards and increasingly rigorous accountability for both student and schools.82. In state after state, legislatures, governors, and state boards, supported by business leaders, have imposed tougher requirements in math, English, science, and other fields, together with new tests by which the performance of both students and schools is to be judged. In some places students have already been denied diplomas or held back in grade if they failed these tests. 83. In some states funding for individual schools and for teachers’ and principals’ salaries----and in some, such as Virginia, the accreditation of schools---will depend on how well students do on tests. More than half the states now require tests for student promotion or graduation.But a backlash has begun.84. In Virginia this spring parents, teachers, and school administrators opposed to the state’s Standard of Learning assessments, established in 1998, inspired a flurry of bills in the legislature that called for revising the test of their status as unavoidable hurdles for promotion and graduation. One bill would also have required that each new member of the sate board of education “take the eighth grade Standard of Learning assessments in English, mathematics, science, and social sciences” and that “the results of such assessments… be publicly reported.” 85. None of the bills passed, but there’s little doubt that if the system isn’t revised and the state’s high failure rates don’t decrease by 2004, when the first Virginia senior may be denied diplomas, the political pressure will intensify. Meanwhile, some parents are talking about Massachusetts-style boycotts.Part Ⅵ Writing(15 points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than 200 words about you opinions on academic plagiarism—the dishonest act in academic communication. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.。
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ VOCABULARY(15 minutes,10 points,0.5 point each) Directions:Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5Directions:For each blank in the following passage,choose the best answer from the four choices given below.Mark the correspondingletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Section A(60 minutes,30 points)Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers tee,question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Directions:In each of the following passages,five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75).For each passage,there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanksMark yourSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SIN75.A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION(30 minutes,15 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese versionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3PART Ⅴ WRITING (40 minutes,20 points)1.Directions:Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic答案:。
北京理工大学2006年考博英语真题及答案详解
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N63A<1E1>/6D1E>32C‘3A16379486/<7<?;2/GN G217@CN0163@79@=42/0479E3E1/?/A;Y G07D17@C/3@1/:@=?2=612/<1:/42161EM G61b1@22C157?=14/:2C1E/039792@?744北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!64"Q G C 1?807392739‘3A 16379?79A =7A 179E@=?2=61&G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 17=2C /6!#@C /67?617E 39A $07;618614192GN G 39E 353E =7?340Y G @/??1@235340M G @/0812323/9Q G 3001643/9%G N 93072/63E 1/?/A ;108C 743S140/61/9GN G 2C 14/@37?:=9@23/9/:?32167@;Y G 42=E 1924R 816:/6079@13921424M G 2C 1E /039792A 6/=8R 4?79A =7A 1Q G 2C 17227390192/:?3:14D3??4$%::%;’.N @@/6E 39A2//914=651;/:$"###81/8?1!7</=2)#816@192/:2C /4107D39A‘1>V 176R 4614/?=23/9447;2C 1;E /9R 21519D1182C 10392/c 1<6=76;G N 9E/9?;7</=2$39%7@2=7??;427;4/9267@D :/643F 0/92C 4/60/61!618/6241Q 3@24G @/0!7@/94=016E 31279E:329144H1<4321GY =2E /9R 2?122C /41/E E 407D1;/=617@C:/62C 19176142<7A/:8/272/@C 384G[F8162447;;/=@79D1182C /41614/?=23/94?/9A2160!15193:;/=R 61426=A A ?39A9/>G#I C 10/235723/9@/014:6/0>32C 39!79E4/>C 19;/=:39E2C 72;/=R 61E 1@?3939A39;/=6C 17?2C ;17239A 86/A 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/143:;/=:11?2361E G Y G _11839A</61E /07>7;:6/0;/=6E 73?;7@23532;G M G J 7D39A74@C 1E =?1>32C2//C 3A CA /7?43932G Q G d =9939A707672C /9722C 1<1A 39939A/:2C 10/92C G!6E",G P />079;4=A A 1423/9472?1742C 751<1193926/E =@1E@/9@16939A2C 11F16@341614/?=23/9-N G c /=6Y G c 351M G .3FQ G .1519$#G H C 7234@6323@7??;308/627923907D39A?/9A B 2160614/?=23/944=@@144:=?-N G V /=4C /=?E<1426=A A ?39A>32C;/=641?:7??2C 12301G Y G V /=4C /=?E@/942792?;157?=7212C 1614=?24;/=>792G M G V /=4C /=?E26;2/D118;/=641?:0/235721E GQ G V /=4C /=?E26;;/=6<1422/E 351643:;;/=6:329144867@23@1G$%::%;’2K =68614192A 1916723/9/:@=?2=67?@6323@4!7663539A7:2162C 17447=?2/:8/420/E 16934079E2C 139@6174B 39A ?;>3E 148617E@/0016@37?3S723/9/:@=?2=61!C 74<119@7427E 63:2!>32C /=279;:360<7434:/6b =E A 01924G Z =<?3@723/9479E394232=23/942/4=88/624163/=4@6323@340!392C 34531>!132C 169/?/9A 161F342/6761:1>399=0<16GM 6323@42/E 7;!32347?4/@?7301E !7612//@/S;<1C 39E2C 13531E>7??4/:7@7E 101!@/921922/108?/;786/4142;?12C 7234E 1@38C 167<?1/9?;2/7C 79E :=?/:2C 1@/A 9/4@1923G I C 1E 17E ?;E 351/:=93516432;@6323@4392/2C 14C 7??/>E 182C 4/:8/8=?76@=?2=61!0/61/516!61517?42C 1=9>3??39A 9144/:2C 141@6323@42/=8C /?E 4279E 76E 4G [5193:2C 16174/94/::161E761@/9267E 3@2/6;!2C 141]161037C 4C =E E ?176/=9E2C 13647E@/9@?=B 43/92C 724163/=4@=?2=67?@6323@340C 74:7??19392/70/6744/:8122;<3@D1639A79E<?/721E618=2723/94G.=@C9766723514/:E 1@?1943/9!74278?1/:N 0163@793921??1@2=7??3:1439@12C 12301/:2C 1Z =632794!7610348?7@1E !41?:B 416539A !79EC 342/63@7??;397@@=6721G N 9EE 3::3@=?22/86/51G P 742C 1?151?/:@6323@340E 1@?391E 392C 1?742%#;1764-K :@/=6412C 1?/A 3@/:4=@C79/8393/9E 1819E 4/92C 1:3A =6142C 72761<139A@/92674B 21E>32C /9179/2C 16G N 9;9=0<16/:@=?2=67?@6323@42C 63539A2/E 7;@/=?E<1395/D1E2/E 10/9426721C 72@=?B 2=67?@6323@340347?35179E>1??GY =2079;91>79E2C 63539A519=14:/6@6323@34079EE 1<7211F3422/E 7;!79E2C 1;7619/2?30321E4/?1?;2/2C 1E 34@=443/9/:?321676;>/6D4G N @2=7??;!2C 1;<1@7014/19@6=421E>32C 2C 136/>9@16232=E 179E8/?323@7?b 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1;7619/2!Q 1:6779E2C 1H3?E :/>?79EH 12?79E799/=9@1E?742>11D 2C 722C 1;>/=?E<1@/9E =@239A21424/9$$###>3?E<36E 4,2C 611239142C 19/607??151?G #I C 1634D /:7537939:?=19S748617E 39A:6/01742169d =44372/2C 1^_53703A 67239A<36E 434423???/>G $473EQ 1:67R 4@C 31:512!Q 1<<;d 1;9/?E 4G #P />1516!>1C 751473E7??7?/9A2C 72>10=42610739/92C 1?//D /=2G $$-G H C 72E /142C 1#4@19763/$39Z 767A 678C "01792/I =6D1;-N G I =6D1;>3??<11F8/41E2/2C 19723/9>3E 17A A 61443/9/:2C 1E 17E ?;536=4742C 10/42415161?;72B 27@D1E@/=926;/92C 1414C /614G北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!6J"Y G I =6D1;0=42D3??<3??3/94/:@C 3@D1979E/2C 16D39E 4/:8/=?26;G M G I =6D1;C 742/<16148/943<?1:/62C 1766357?/:P %‘$/92C 1414C /614G Q G N ??2C 1512163976;1F8162439I =6D1;>3??4//94>39A392/7@23/9G$’G H C 7234!7@@/6E 39A2/‘13?c 16A =4/9!2C 18/443<?1634D /:<36E:?=3:/91A 12439:1@21E -N G N 9;/91R 439:1@23/9>3??263A A 16879E 103@2C /=A C323486/<7<?;/91392192C /=479E G Y G [7@C230178164/9A 12439:1@21E>32C2C 1536=4>3??@7=417919/60/=4879E 103@<36E B :?=G M G I C 18164/939:1@21E>32C2C 1536=4>3??E /A 6172C 7602/81/8?176/=9EC 30GQ G X 234308/443<?12C 722C 1536=439:1@23/9/:7@1627398164/94>3??@7=4176723/97?<36E536=448617E 39A G $*G I C 1@C 79A 1/:7?162@/?/64:6/070<162/61E308?3142C 72GN G 7??8/=?26;>/6D1640=42?17512C 136>/6D39A8?7@14744//9748/443<?1Y G 2C 1/::3@37?4392C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C0=42@7??:/60=@C0/61/:392169723/97?74434279@1M G 2C 10/424163/=4432=723/9/:<36E B :?=C 747881761EQ G 2C 1@C 79A 1/:2C 1@/?/6:=9@23/94A 6172?;742C 1>172C 16618/624E /$,G H C 727612C 14218427D19<;2C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C/:^_>32C2C 1634D /:2C 1536=448617E 39A2/C =B0798/8=?723/9-N G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361EM 353?M /9239A 19@;.1@612763722/8=<?34CE /@=01924:/62C 1879B E 103@8618761E 9144GY G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361E2C 1^_9723/97?@/00322112/@/B >/6D >32CC /48327?26=42479E?/B @7?7=2C /632314GM G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361EM 353?M /9239A 19@;.1@612763722/07D17879E 103@8?79744//9748/443<?1GQ G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =36141516;C 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符合原文",G N !3精析4语义理解题"从第八小节开始!文章从E 312谈到了1F16@341(I C 147018639@38?1@79<178B8?31E2/7?7A A 39A1F16@341614/?=23/9!2//G 在接下来的文章部分!作者分段论述了相关细节(427;39A 0/235721E34D1;f )7E E 39A576312;f7?4/f )412239AA /7?42//C 3A C3479/2C 16f 42762=87A 739fG 细数起来!有关1F16@341的建议一共有四点"$#G M !3精析4语义理解题"文章在中间部分的时候提到(.27;39A0/235721E34D1;2/?/9A B 21604=@@144G 也就是说!在制订个人长期计划的时候!一定要有动力!不断地保持这样的动力才是成功的关键"重点词汇及短语61A 301161%&$3,02).!养生法!制度!!!>1??B 3921923/91E 1#>1?%9&219’(9E 2%.!好心的!善意的423::91441&42%:9%42).!僵硬!坚硬:7??<;2C 1>7;43E 1!半途而废!无法继续$%::%;’2参考译文随着后现代主义和不断蔓延的商业文化的侵蚀!我们这一代的文化评论家已经出现了偏移!没有了任何坚实的判断力"对于能坚持发表严肃评论的出版商和机构!从某种意义上来说!现在已经很少存在了"今天的评论家舒适地躲在常春藤的学院墙背后!发表一些无聊的仅能被一小部分人所了解的评论"大学评论家这种掉进了浅薄的大众文化的致命下滑现象!表明了他们不愿意坚持一个真正评论家所需的准则"即使其中原因是互相矛盾的!这些耶利米依然紧抱着他们的悲观结论!即严肃的文化评论现在已经跌进了一个沼泽!到处充满了琐碎的争吵以及膨胀的声望"这种衰退的结论!是美国自从纯教徒时代以来的知识分子时代的一个主题"这种说法是不对的!然而难以证明的是!到底评论的水平在过去的%#年内有没有衰退-显而易见!衰不衰退这种观点因人而异"从当今任何欣欣向荣的文化评论!我们都可以断定这种文化评论是有生命力的"现今涌现出了很多新的!活跃的评论和辩驳!而且它们并不仅仅局限于文学作品的探讨"事实上!它们根源于自己原先的政治判断和信仰!但是又给自己加上了一层外包装!以致两者从外表上看已经毫无相关"今天!大家的抱怨是文学文化缺少了一种谦恭"我们已经生活在一个商业化光怪陆离的年代"作家寻找一点黯淡的光芒的思想!消化吸收后发表出自己的看法!从而将星星之火变成一把火炬!照亮四周!提升了原先思想的深度"这种作家以Q 7?1Z 1@D 最为有名&典型"P 13E 3]=?75324!%坚信者’一书的作者!哀叹严肃评论在走下坡路"她调查了文学里头与#4976D $有关的题材!4976D 是P 13E 3]=?75324自己创造的一个词!即有敌意的&自私的评论"就]=?75324看来!.976D 评论避开了学术上的严谨性!试图将评论变成一种浅薄的类似电影评论或饭店评论的娱乐形式"他现在已经认为当今的文化评论已经到了一个紧要关头"对他而言!将后现代主义变成一种理论!由于未知其是否具有客观性!使得这方面的评论家毫无坚实的立足之地"然而!到处充斥着购书连锁店和畅销书!使这些评论家乖乖地成为商业化的猎物"批评似乎没有间断"然而我们依旧不能忘记现在已经很少在纽约文人墨客中出现的那种谦恭"艺术评论家M ?10192g 6119<16A 由于剧院评论家U 3/91?N ?<1?拒绝承认法国哲学家]179H7C ?是反犹太人的!而将他暴打一顿"虽然d /<162Z 1@D 有着文学打手的名称!但是据我所知!他的打击!迄今全部局限于印刷版"文化评论毫无疑问在这些年里变化了很多"以前评论家直面权威的时代已经过去了"当今是一个多元化的年代!我们不应该仅仅局限在一个狭窄的文学文化里面"民主化的批评!例如在亚马逊!读者评价书籍制度是一片狼籍的事!因为民主是必须的"但在目前解决这些批评的问题!不会在发现了霉的地下室!因为文化批评的一个半世纪过去了"事实上解决办法应该是认识和承认!正如]/C 9Q 1>1;在$个世纪前做的一样!即民主的问题需要更多的民主!不要在怀念已经过去的黄金年代"我们要有一种开放的&崭新的&充沛的精神注入到我们的文化里面去"①转折处设题细节处设题否定处设题①同义转换文章结尾处设题北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!I 6"61531>392/7:/60/:1921627390192!就是一种比较轻松的&有娱乐性质的文学评论形式"$%G Q !3精析4语义理解题"文章的最后一句揭示了试题的答案(f0/61E 10/@67@;!?1449/427?A 37f79E7483632/:/81991442/>C 723491>79E3953A /67239A39/=6@=?2=61G 需要更多的民主!少一点怀旧)开放的!崭新的!充沛的精神注入到我们的文化里面去"重点词汇及短语7E 63:21)&E 6%:22%’.!漂浮着!随波逐流地E 1@38C 167<?11E %&47%:)6)<?2%.!可翻译的!可判读的]161037C 1#E $16%&07%)2).!耶利米*公元前’世纪和-世纪的希伯莱大先知+!耶利米书E 1@?1943/91E %&D?19’(92).!衰退<1C /?E 191<%&C )*?E )92%.!对66表示感谢3531E 1&7%5%E 2%.!常春藤遮盖的@/A 9/4@19231#D .9b )*&’192%2).!行家@16232=E 11&4-,2%2b =,E 2).!确实!确信72;83@7?11%&2%8%D (?2%.!非典型的14@C 1>1%4&2’=,2L.!避开!远离$%::%;’3参考译文七月!在国内媒体还没有注意的时候!一种致命的禽类病毒在英格兰东南部的萨里的农场出现"在狩猎季节来临之前!英国环境&食品和农村事物部*Q 1:67+的专家在法国进口的,###只野鸡群中确定了纽卡斯尔病!这是一种对火鸡和鹅而非对人类致命的病毒"在诊断的几个小时里!兽学专家迅速采取行动!在靠近科巴姆的农场划出了三公里的隔离区!宰杀了$万只鸡"宰杀后的鸡都被掩埋!现场进行消毒清洗!以免病毒的传播"四周以后!Q 1:67的W 12163976;[F/23@Q 34B 17414Q 35343/9认为本地区的家禽迁移没有危险"可以恢复进行"本周末!有消息称!一种更致命的禽类病毒P %‘$已经传到土耳其!Q 1:67和其他部门已经做好了相关的应急计划"他们所预料的是P %‘$病毒很快会来临!这种病毒已经使东南亚国家成百万只鸡被宰杀!有-#人因此死亡"接下来会发生什么要看病毒的爆发会出现在哪里!它是否可以被遏制!更重要的是!这种病毒会不会变种!传染到人类"目前为止!虽然直接的人际传播还不能被排除!但只有接触家禽的工人或那些直接接触鸡粪便&血液的人最易受到威胁"伦敦帝国学院的科学家‘13?正在研究如果P %‘$传到英国会出现的后果!他说(#每次多一个人感染这种病毒!那个人就可能会导致一次大面积的流行疾病"几率可能为千分之一!万分之一或者更小"$如果有患病的鸟飞到英国!兽医们要采取的第一步会是和应对纽卡斯尔病一样的方法来遏制疾病的爆发"会拉响黄色警报!病毒样本立即送到H 1;<63E A 1的W U N 实验室检验"如果禽类病毒学权威U 79Y 6/>9确定P %‘$是死亡的罪魁祸首!那么黄色警报会升级到红色警报!从家禽的检疫&限制迁移到宰杀等一系列应急过程会立刻进入状态"其他的部门!比如健康部&健康保护委员会和国防部都会配合作战"万一病毒的爆发无法遏制!Q 1:67有可能考虑家禽的集中宰杀计划!以及疫苗注射"冒着病毒可能会传染到人类的危险!健康部成立了一个全国流感委员会!协调医院和当地相关机构的反应"内阁的应急秘书处也会紧急应对!本来协调白宫对恐怖主义反应的突发事件委员会M /<67!也整体待命"三月份出版的健康部的流行病预备方案提出了在接下来的几个月会有%万&千英国人因为流感爆发死亡"但是到了-月!秘书处的官员警告说还远远不止这个数字"更有可能的会是七十万人!这是本月后期健康部就流行病计划的更新中做的预测"在最严重的情况下!官员们估计$"周后会出现死亡病例!通常情况是在一年后"在流行病的高峰时期!需要$万,千张床位!议会需要把学校腾出来给病人住"为了治疗疾病!政府会动用库存的I 703:?=!一种抗流感的药物"但所库存的量仅够供四分之一人口使用"对药品的限量使用是迟早的事"政府也会迫于压力发放之前库存的流感疫苗!目前大概有两三百万的剂量"但无法保证能用于抵制人类流感的疫苗会同时作用于P %‘$"但是结局很难想象"今年早些时候!在K 816723/9N 6@23@M 36@?1的一次彩排上!官员们认为!很多太平间需要用来存放尸体"但没有人知道在流行病传染期间!什么样的措施才能有效"d .Z M N 的科学家&Q 1:67禽类流感研究组织的成员约翰说(#你所能做的事就是做最坏的打算"$让人担心的是从中国西部迁往西伯利亚的野鹅可能已经将病毒传染给了几种不同类型的鸭子和海鸥!它们在向北迁徙中会在英国海岸短暂停留"很多鸭子没有病灶!但可能会把病毒传染给英国农场的家禽"条件关系处设题引言处设题同义转换①细节处设题①①因果关系处设题北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!J !"们认为自己有多么堕落!我们仍然可以净化思想!从头再来"点评本段出现的并列成分比较多!比如第一句中4/012C 39A 后的定语从句里!有三个并列的修饰部分(2C 1;76174C 701E/:!7:673E/:/62C 722C 1;:11?A =3?2;7</=2"最后一句话有三个9/072216C />的排比结构!这样三个结构翻译处理时可以只是按照字面翻译!也可以为了强调!把每个部分都完整翻译出来"最后一句可以用三个#无论我们认为$!也可以只用一个#无论我们认为$"""G 译文我们花费很多精力给自己定位!却很少去了解我们自己"如果我们意识到生命的本质有多么珍贵!我们就不会浪费一分一秒试图去改进"如果我们真正懂得自己对生命这份礼物而言是多么珍贵!我们也就不会浪费时间去给自己定位"点评本段语句简洁!没有太多复杂的句式"翻译时基本顺译就可以了"")G 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2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension(略)Part II Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them,there are4choices marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage1Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone,but that one's muscles also participate.It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body.Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically,some part of their body.Often when one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio,he is tempted in direct the orchestra even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job.Strange as this behavior may be,there is a very good reason for it.One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates,so to speak,in its performance.The listener"feels"himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way,but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.21.Some psychologists maintain that thinking is______.A.not a mental processB.more of a physical process than a mental actionC.a process that involves your entire bodyD.a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain22.Few people are able to listen to familiar music without______.A.moving some part of their bodyB.stopping what they are doing to listenC.directing the orchestra playing itD.wishing that they could conduct music properly23.Body movements are necessary in order for the listener to______.A.hear the musicB.appreciate the musicC.enjoy the music fullypletely understand the music24.According to the selection,muscle participation in the process of thinking is______.A.deliberateB.obviousC.not readily apparentD.very pronounced25.The best title for this selection is______.A.An Ear for MusicB.Music AppreciationC.How Muscles Participate in Mental ActsD.A Psychological Definition of the Thinking ProcessPassage2Laziness is a sin----everybody knows that.We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral,that it is wasteful,and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life.But laziness can be more harmful than that,and it is often caused by more harmful than that,and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work.Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems.They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas stolen.These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work.Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work;some people are so busy planning,sometimes panning great deals or fantastic achievements that they are unable to deal with whatever"lesser"work is on hand.Still other people are not avoiding work;strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinating-rescheduling their day.Laziness can actually be helpful.Like procrastinators,some people may look lazy when they are really thinking,planning,contemplating,researching.We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was"goofing off".Newton wasn't working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity.All of us would like to have someone"lazy"to build the car to stove we buy,particularly if that"laziness"were cause by the worker's taking time to check each step or his work and to do his job right.And sometimes,being"lazy"-----that is,taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked student or executive.Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who's simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic.So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy.That person may be thinking,resting,or planning his or her next book.26.The main idea of this passage is that______.ziness is a moral sinB.there are advantages and disadvantages in being lazyziness is the sign of deep-seated emotional problemszy people do more careful work27.The passage states that______.ziness is a diseaseB.some people appear lazy because they are insecureziness is more beneficial than harmfulD.a good definition of laziness is emotional illness28.Which of the following conclusion does the passage support?______A.The word laziness is sometimes applied incorrectly.B.Most of the time laziness is a virtue.C.Most assembly line workers are lazy.D.Most insecure people are lazy.29.The final paragraph is______.a.gloomy B.humorous C.serious D.ironical30."Goofing off"as used in paragraph2probably means______.A.wasting timeB.sleepingC.workingD.chatting with friendsPassage3The idea of humanoid robots is not new.They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek,a Czech writer,first dreamed them up for his1921play"Rossum's Universal Robots".(The word"robot"comes from the Czeeh word for drudgery,robota.)Since then,Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme,from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang's silent masterpiece"metropolis"to the withering C-3PO in"Star Wars"and the ruthless assassin of"Terminator".Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious,coloring our views of the future.But now Japan's industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality.Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering:when Honda introduced Asimo,a four-foot robot that had been in development for some15years,it walked so fluidly that its white,articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human.Honda continues to make the machine faster,friendlier and more st October,when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh,it walked on the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall,Sony’s QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo.It walks,understands a small number of voice commands,and can navigate on its own.It is falls over,it gets up and resumes where it left off.It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see.In2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run.Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In2004,Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots,called Partner,one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet.Its fingers work the instrument’s valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips.Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by2010.This month,50Partner robots will act as guides at Expo2005in Aichi,Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation,however,humanoids are still a mechanical minority.Most of the world's robots are faceless,footless and mute.They are bolted to the floors of factories,stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal,making more machines.According to the United Nations,business orders for industrial robots jumped18%in the first half of2004.They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots,such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners,lawn mowers,and window-washers,which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.31.In paragraph1the author introduces this topic by relating______.A.the idea of humanoid robotsB.Karl Capek's creation of robotsC.Hollywood's production of robot filmsD.the origin of and popular movies about robots32.According to the author's description,Asimo______.A.is a four-legged robotB.seems more like a human being than a machine in actionC.seems more like a machine than a human being in actionD.is in a sort of animal form33.Sony’s QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT______.A.walking everywhere freelyB.understanding some words uttered by peopleC.finding its wayD.continuing walking after it stumbles34.From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner______.A.is much better than any other robotsB.is no more than a mechanic deviceC.may be put into mass productionD.may speak like man35.Judging from the context,this passage is probably written______.A.in2004B.in2005C.between2003~2004D.between2004~2005Passage4Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life.The great ocean basins hold bout300million cubic miles of water.From this vast amount,bout80,000cubic miles of water are sucking into the atmosphereeach year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean.More than24,000cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents.This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent.Thus,the hydrosphere permits organic existence.The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid.One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about9percent,whereas most liquids contract on cooling.For this reason,ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom.If the ice sank,the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly,except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season.Thus,all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents,which moderates climate,would be notably absent.Another outstanding characteristic of water is that it has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia.This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and sore vast quantities of heat,thereby often preventing climate extremes.In addition,water dissolves more substances than any other liquid.It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents.In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited.Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced,potash is extracted from the Dead Sea,and Magnesium is produced from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.36.A characteristic of water NOT mentioned in this passage is that water______.A.expands on freezingB.is a great solventC.is like ammoniaD.has a very high heat capacity37.From this passage,we may conclude that______.A.ocean and land masses are equalB.ocean masses are smaller than land massesC.it is difficult to get fresh water from the oceanD.none of the above is correct38.By“hydrosphere”the author means______.A.the moisture in the airB.the part of the earth covered by waterC.the Milky WayD.the frozen waters of the earth39.Fish can survive in the oceans because______.A.there are currents in the oceanB.ice floatsC.evaporation and condensation create a water cycleD.water absorbs heat40.“Anomaly”,as used in the second paragraph,means______.A.state of being anonymousB.abnormalityC.characteristicD.propertyPart III Vocabulary(10points)Directions:In this part,there are20sentences with four choices below each sentence.Choose the best one from the4choices.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41.Early exponents of science fiction such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells explored with zest the futurepossibilities opened up to the optimistic imagination by modern technology.A.inspirationB.enthusiasmC.fantasyD.endeavor42.Except for coarse earthen-wares,which can be made from clay as it is found in the earth,pottery is made from special clays plus other materials mixed to achieve the desired results.A.conventionalB.uniqueC.genuineD.crude43.When the fire broke out in the building,the people lost their heads and ran into the elevator.A.pouredB.dismayed C panicked D.trembled44.The English language contains a(n)______of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.A.altitudetitudeC.multitudeD.attitude45.The wealth of a country should be measured______the health and happiness of people as well as the material goods it can produce.A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard withD.by means of46.Radar is used to extend the______of man's senses for observing his environment,especially the sense of vision.A.validityB.liabilityC.capacityD.intensity47.We are writing to the manager______the repairs recently carried out at the above address.A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to48.They made detailed investigations to______themselves with the needs of the rural marketA.adhereB.acknowledgeC.acquaintD.activate49.Probably there's a good reason for her absence,as she doesn't usually stay away from work.A.ConspicuouslyB.ProspectivelyC.incidentallyD.Presumably50.I was______in my reading,and didn't at first hear the doorbell ring.A.immuredB.immersedC.busyD.infatuated51.Ten minutes later,the police came and______the crowd.A.dismayedB.dispersedC.dismountedD.distressed52.There are______differences between theory and practice.A.legibledenC.radicalD.medieval53.Will you______my article to find out whether I've made any mistakes?A.look afterB.look throughC.look upD.look into54.When he lived in that remote place,radio was the only means he had to keep______of current events in the country.A.accountB.traceC.recordD.track55.The flashing red light served as a______of danger ahead.A.predictorB.cautionC.precautionD.prevention56.According to the weather forecast,which is usually______,it will snow this afternoon.A.accurateB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious57.If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage,his uncle might______it for him.A.redeemB.amendC.resembleD.appeal58.His writing depicts this changing world and the increasing cultural diversity of the United States.A.conflictB.refinementC.varietyD.movement59.She was artful and could always get round her parents in the end.A.playB.deceiveC.confuseD.annoy60.He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.A.honestlyB.appropriatelyC.intelligiblyD.flexiblyPart IV Cloze(10points)Directions:Decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Who won the World Cup2004football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(61)______an event takes place,newspapers are on the street(62)______the details whenever anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to(63)______the news.Newspapers have one basic(64)______,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source,from those who make it to those who want to(65)______it.Radio,television,and(66)______inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication(67)______,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(68)______and thus the efficiency of their own operations.Today more newspapers are(69)______and read than ever petition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers(70)______of the latest news, today's newspapers(71)______and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(72)______advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(73)______,Newspapers are sold at a price that(74)______even a small fraction of the cost of production.The main(75)______of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The(76)___in selling advertising depends on newspaper's value to advertisers.This(77)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(78)______on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(79)______in a newspaper's pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(80)______the community,city,county,nation and world----and even outer space.61.A.Just when B.While C.Soon after D.Before62.A.to give B.giving C.given D.being given63.A.gather B.spread C.carry D.bring64.A.reason B.cause C.problem D.purpose65.A.make B.publish C.know D.write66.A.another B.other C.one another D.the other67.A.However B.And C.Therefore D.So68.A.value B.ratio C.rate D.speed69.A.spread B.passed C.printed pletedrm B.be informed C.to be informed rmed71.A.entertain B.encourage cate D.edit72.A.on B.through C.with D.of73.A.forms B.existence C.contents D.purpose74.A.tries to cover B.manages to cover C.fails to cover D.succeeds in75.A.source B.origin C.course D.finance76.A.way B.means C.chance D.success77.A.measures B.measured C.is measured D.was measured78.A.somewhat B.little C.much D.something79.A.offering B.offered C.which offered D.to be offered80.A.by B.with C.at D.aboutPart V Translation(15points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese.Writing the translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are tow computer-related technologies that may cast largeshadow on education.Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents;and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality.One can ask:what is the truth value of the materials prepared entirely by non-human entities?In a turnabout from previous trends,the acquisition of credentials may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves(largely if not wholly)and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated setting.Why pay$120,000to go to law school,if one can"read law"as in early times and then demonstrate one'slegal skills via computer simulation?Or learn to fly a plane by similar means,for that matter?Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate.Now it's time for education to catch up to change.Part VI Writing(15points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than200words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Space Research2006年参考答案21-25DACCC26-30BBACA31-35DBACB36-40CCBCB41-45BDCBD46-50DCCDB51-55BCDDB56-60AACBC61-65CBADC66-70BADCD71-75CBBCA76-80DCABDPart V Translation人工智能和虚拟现实是两种与电脑有关的技术，他们可能对教育产生重大影响。