生物质能源外文翻译外文文献英文文献中国的生物质能源

China’s Biomass Energy

China leads the world in its energy reservation and is the second largest energy producer and consumer in the world. It is estimated that China has 4000 billion tons of potential primary energy reservation. However, per capita energy resource quantity and consuming quantity is far smaller than the world average level. The main characteristics of China’s energy exploration and utilization are as follows.

1. Coal is the primary energy; exploration and utilization of renewable resources is supplementary. China’s explored reserves of coal resource accounts for over 90% of the primary energy total, such as coal, oil, natural gas, water energy and nuclear energy. Coal is dominant id China’s energy production and consumption.

on.

2. Energy consumption volume is increasing while energy utilization efficiency is comparatively low. As the economic scale expands, China’s energy consumption is on the constant increase. Under the influences of capital, technology, energy price, etc, China’s energy utilization efficiency is far lower than that of the developed countries. Energy comprehensive utilization efficiency is 32% and the overall energy systematic efficiency 9.3%. These numbers are only half of the developed country level.

3. With the sustained increase of energy consumption, the coal-dominant energy structure has caused urban air pollution while with the excessive consumption of bio-mass energy giving rise to ecological destruction, the pressure on ecological environment is more and more severe. According to the World Bank, the economic loss caused by air and water pollution in China, approximately accounts for 3%--8% of GNP.

4. The energy structure is getting more and more pluralized. By the middle of the 1990’s, energy self-sufficiency rate was 98%, while at present China is the second largest crude oil importer only after USA.

The rapid development of China’s economy is based on the sufficient supply of energy, however, the higher-than-normal oil price on the international market together wit h China’s ever-increasing energy demand will be a serious subject faced with

China’s development road.

More than 3200 places of terrestrial heat have been discovered in China, 225 of them could be used for power generation. It is estimated that the exploitable reserve of terrestrial heat in China is equal to the power of 462.65 billion tons of standard coal. In recent years, the use of terrestrial heat in our country has increased by 7%. We have used

China will adopt the sustainable energy development str ategy of an “energy saving prioritized, plural structured, and environment friendly” nature in the coming 20 years. We will adopt the international energy strategy and strive to quadruple GDP with double energy consumption with the help of mechanism innovation and technological advancement. The following specific goals are expected to reach under the sustained energy development strategy: energy consumption of per unit GNP will be reduced by 20% on the level of the end of the 10th five-year plan; primary energy demand will be less than 2.5 billion tons of standard coal by 2020, saving 0.8 billion tons; coal consumption ratio is controlled under 60%, renewable energy utilization reaches 525 million standard coal (power generation by renewable energy stands at 100 million kilowatt); oil importing reliance is controlled under around 60%; the reduction rate of main pollutants is 45%--60%.

The Development of New Energy in China

New energy and renewable energy only started to develop in China. As pointed out in the Annual Report of China’s New Energy Industry released in January, 2007, China will largely increase the rate of new energy such as wind power, solar power, and biomass power in the overall energy consumption. The report says, our first step is; the new energy installed capacity will be 120 million kw by 2020, that is 12% of China’s total installed power capacity. We will have a boost of power generation by using wind, bio-energy and solar energy. The second step is; the percentage of new energy consumption will increased dramatically comparing to other kind of energies. By 2050, the new energy will account for 30%--40% of the total energy demand of China. Now l would like to give you a brief introduction on wind power, biomass energy, solar energy and terrestrial energy in China.

Wind Power

There are abundant wind power within our huge territory and along our long coastline. According to the survey of China meteorological Academy, based on the results of 900 weather stations, there is 253 million kw of wind power reserve 10 m below our earth. There is a great potential of wind power in the coastal area of eastern China 2---15 meters below sea level. Therefor ,we have a promising future in wind power generation there.

Compiled by China Energy Comprehensive Use Association and European Wind Power Society, in a Report named Wind Force 12 in China, it is expected that China will have 40 million kw of wind power capacity in 2020, if is could develop fully. Then, the wind power will go beyond nuclear power and become the third largest power source in China. If that is true, China’s annual wind power generation would go up to 80 billion kwh, it could be enough for 80 million people. Meantime, it would reduce 48 million tons of CO2 emission.

The report also says that China will need over 25 thousand of large wind generators by the year 2020, wind power sale will increase to more

than 300 billion yuan, that will create at least 150 thousand of job opportunities. It indicates that in the past 5 years, the cost of wind power will reduce by 20%, its technology cost is one of the lowest which can be decreased among the renewable energies.

Biomass energy

According to the Outline for Mid-- long Term Development of Renewable Energy in China, the goal of renewable energy development in the next 15 years is; by 2020, the renewable energy will occupy 16% in the energy structure of China. Among them, the production of ethanol is going up to 10 million tons; bio-diesel fuel 2 million tons; and the major part of the biomass energy development target are bio-energy power generation, Firedamp projects biomass liquid fuel and Biomass solid fuel. The biomass project in China has made great progress now, but it is still in an initial stages.

According to the Supporting Policy of Bio-energy and Bio-chemistry

development jointly promulgated by several ministries, China will give favorable treatments to support biomass energy development in the following aspects: setting up risk fund system, providing flexible loss subsidy; subsidies for raw material bases and demonstration projects; tax reduction is included. We can predict that the biomass energy in China will be developed rapidly in years to come.

Terrestrial Energy

12604.6 GWH of terrestrial heat till 2005 with an installed capacity of 3687 MWT, which rank number 1 and number 3 in the world respectively.

We use the high heat to generate power and low middle heat to daily purposes. three thermo-power plants have been build in Tibet now, the total installed capacity in China is 29 mw. Terrestrial heat Floors have seen both economical and environmental benefit in the northern part of China as well as in big or medium cities such as: Beijing, Tianjin, Xi’an and Anshan. It is growing fast in agricultural areas like green house (terrestrial),breed aquatics, irrigation, in health care, recreation and tourism ,too China tops the world in utilization of terrestrial heat, but it is only 0.5% of our total energy. Terrestrial power is only 0.35% of the world total generation. We still have a long way to go in developing and utilizing the terrestrial heat.

Ocean Energy

Experts have pointed out, while we are exploring petroleum, natural gas, coal and petrification energy, China ought to focus on the future, exploring the promising ocean energy. The clean, renewable ocean energy is the key source of solving the global energy problem, exploiting of ocean energy has been aroused much attention in USA, UK and Australia, some of the experiments have entered a phase of trial operation and evaluation. However, China, Japan and other eastern Asian counties have not realized the true meaning of ocean energy exploration.

China’s Energy Strategy

In order to achieve the goal of building a well-off society and face the severe challenge of the long-term energy development, it is of overriding significance for China to adopt the right energy development strategy. Drawing upon the successful experiences of the developed countries and also proceeding from its national

condition, China will establish a long and middle term sustainable energy strategy that is in accordance with increasing energy efficiency and protecting the environment.

中国的生物质能源

中国的能源蕴藏量位居世界前列，同时也是世界第二大能源生产国与消费国。中国远景一次能源资源总储量估计为4万亿吨标准煤。但是，人均能源资源占有量和消费量远低于世界平均水平。中国能源开发利用呈现出以下主要特点。

一是能源以煤炭为主，可再生资源开发利用程度很低。中国探明的煤炭资源占煤炭、石油、天然气、水能和核能等一次能源总量的90%以上，煤炭在中国能源生产与消费中占支配地位。

二是能源消费总量不断增长，能源利用效率较低。随着经济规模的不断扩大，中国的能源消费呈持续上升趋势。受资金、技术、能源价格等因素的影响，中国能源利用效率比发达国家低很多。能源综合利用效率为32%，能源系统总效率为9.3%，只有发达国家的50%左右。

三是随着能源消费量的持续上升，以煤炭为主的能源结构造成城市大气污染，过度消耗生物质能引起生态破坏，生态环境压力越来越大。世界银行认为，中国空气和水污染所造成的经济损失，大体占国内生产总值的3%~8%。

四是能源结构正在向多元化转变，上世纪90年代中期以前还是能源自给率达98%，而目前已经成为仅次于美国的第二大原油进口国。

中国经济的高速发展是建立在能源共给充足的基础上的，但国际市场趋高的原油价格和中国日益增加的能源需求将成为摆在中国发展道路上的严峻课题。

中国的能源战略

为实现全面建设小康社会的目标和应对能源长远发展遇到的严峻挑战，中国采取正确的能源战略具有决定性意义。中国将吸取西方发达国家的成功经验，根据具体国情，建立符合中国特色的能源效率不断提高和环境保护日益加强的中长期可持续发展能源战略。

未来2 0年中国将实行“节能优先、结构多元、环境友好”的可持续能源发展战略。将依靠体制创新和技术进步，实行能源国际化战略，力争实现GDP翻两番，能源消费翻一番的目际。通过实行可持续发展的能源战略，有望达到如下理想目标：单位国内生产总值能源消耗比“十五”期末降低20％左右；到2020年一次能源需求少于25亿吨标准煤，节能达到8亿吨标准煤；煤炭消费比例控制在60％左右，可再生能源利用达到5.25亿标准煤(其中可再生能源发电达到1亿千瓦)；石油进

口依存度控制在60％左右；主要污染物的削减率为45％—60％。

新型能源在中国的发展

新型能源及可再生能源在中国方兴未艾。2007年1月发布的《中国新能源产业年度报告》指出，中国将大幅度提高风能、太阳能、生物质能等新能源在整个能源消费中的比例。报告指出，第一步，在2020年达到新能源发展装机1.2亿千瓦，占全国发电装机总容量的12%，大力推进风力发电、生物质发电、太阳能发电。第二步，大幅提高新能源在整个能源消费中的比例，在2050年实现新能源满足能源需求的30%-40%的战略目标。以下就中国在风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能等领域的发展作简要介绍。

风能

我国幅员辽阔，海岸线长，风能资源比较丰富。中国气象科学研究院根据全国900多个气象站的测量结果计算出中国陆地10m高度层实际可开发的风能储量为2.53亿kw。另外，中国东部沿海地区水深2～15m的海域面积非常巨大，中国海上风电开发前景更加广阔。

由中国资源综合利用协会可再生能源专业委员会与绿色和平、欧洲风能协会共同编写的名为《风力12在中国》的报告指出，如果充分开发，中国有能力在2020年实现4000万千瓦的风电装机容量，风电将超过核电成为中国第三大主力发电电源。如果这一目标能够实现，中国风电年发电量将达到800亿千瓦时，可满足8000万人的用电需求，同时每年减少4800万吨二氧化碳排放量。

报告说，到2020年中国市场将需要超过2.5万台大容量风机，风电业销售额将超过3000亿元，并创造至少15万个就业机会。报告还指出，在过去5年里，风电成本下降约20％，是可再生能源技术中成本降低最快的技术之一。

生物质能

我国在《可再生能源中长期发展规划》中，提出了未来15年可再生能源发展的目标：到2020年可再生能源在能源结构中的比例争取达到16％，其中燃料乙醇的年生产能力达到1000万吨，生物柴油的年生产能力达到200万吨。根据规划，今后15年我国生物质能发展的重点是生物质发电、沼气工程、生物液体燃料和生物质固体成型燃料。目前，我国生物质能开发利用已经取得一定成绩，但从总体上看，大多数生物质能技术尚处于初期发展阶段。我国促进生物质能

替代石油将主要通过发展燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物材料三个方面来实现。

财政部、发展改革委、农业部、税务总局、国家林业局近日联合印发《关于发展生物能源和生物化工财税扶持政策的实施意见》，国家将在四项财税政策上扶持生物质能源的发展。一是建立风险基金制度、实施弹性亏损补贴。二是原料基地补助。三是项目示范补助。四是实行税收优惠。可以预见，中国的生物质能产业在200年以前将走上一条高速发展的快车道。

地热能

我国已发现的地热区有3200多处，其中可用以发电的高温地热有255处。初步估计，我国地热可采储量约相当于4626.5亿吨标准煤。近几年我国地热开采利用量每年以7%的速度增长。截止到2005年，我国直接利用地热资源的热能为12604.6GWH，设备容量3687MWT，分别居世界第一和第三位。

我国利用地热资源的方式主要是高温地热发电和中低温地热直接利用。现在我国西藏已建成3座地热电站，全国总装机容量29MW。在华北、东北、西北地区，北京天津西安鞍山等大中城市的地热采暖已取得良好的经济效益和环境效益。此外地热温室、地热养殖、地热灌溉等农业利用地热资源也在迅速发展。地热资源还普遍应用于医疗保健、娱乐和旅游。

我国地热资源利用虽然占据世界首位，但在我国能源结构中不足0.5%,地热发电也仅占世界地热发电的0.35%。大力开发和有效利用地热资源已成为我国当前能源问题形式下一个新的命题。

海洋能

专家提出，中国在当前努力挖掘石油、天然气、煤炭等化石能源的同时，更应该着眼未来，开发富有潜力的海洋能源。海洋能源是清洁、可再生的能源，是解决全球能源问题的关键，在美国、英国、澳大利亚等海洋国家，海洋能源的开发利用日益受到重视，一些开发概念已投入小规模试用或评估。而中国、日本等东亚国家，目前还没有充分认识到海洋能源开发的重要意义，尤其是中国作为有着漫长海岸线的海洋资源大国，在利用开发海洋能源方面有先天优势，应加快对这一领域的研究步伐。