保罗克鲁格曼版 国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第6章.
第六章：规模经济，不完全竞争和国际贸易1.当每单位成本怎样时外部规模经济增加A．随行业扩大而增加B．随行业扩大和平均每家公司的扩大而降低C．随平均每家公司扩大而降低D．保存不变E．以上都不是答案：B2.当每单位成本怎么样时内部规模经济增加A．随行业扩大而增加B．随行业扩大而降低C．随每家公司扩大而增加D．随每家公司扩大而降低E．以上都不是答案：D3.外部规模经济A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系B．不和完全竞争行业相联系C．将导致一个大的垄断D．将导致每个厂家都得到利润E．以上都不是答案：A4.内部规模经济A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系B．不和完全竞争行业相联系C．只和尖端的产品相联系，例如飞机D．不能来自国际贸易E，以上都不是答案：B5.一个垄断者A．可以在市场上按照他决定的价格出售产品B．不能决定价格，价格由消费者需求决定C．当产品供应量很大，五需求弹性时，不可能出售产品D．不可能出售额外的量除非提高每一单位的价格E以上都不是答案:C6.垄断竞争和什么联系A．激烈的价格竞争B．产品差异化C．明确考虑其他企业的价格决策对本企业的反馈影响D．高利润边际E．以上都不是答案：B7．在存在规模经济，一个国家生产规模可能被什么限制A．国家的规模大小B．交易对象国的规模大小C．国内市场的规模大小D．国内和国外市场的大小E．以上都不是答案:D8.在存在规模经济，市场规模的增大将会A．增加厂家的数量和单位产品的价格B．减少厂家的数量和增加单位产品的价格C．增加厂家的数量和降低单位产品的价格D．降低厂家的数量和降低单位产品价格E．以上都不是答案：C9.美国同时进口和出口一种产品是一下那个例子A．增加规模报酬B．不完全竞争C．内部交易D．相互交易E．以上都不是答案：C10.当投入增加一倍时如果产量要增加超过一倍，这种生产在什么条件下发生A．规模报酬递增B．不完全竞争C．内部交易D．相互交易E．以上都不是答案A11内部交易可以被部分解释为A国家之间没有运输费用的交易B．数据集合和范畴的问题C．规模报酬递增D．以上都是E．以上都不是答案：C12.如果在一个国家的一些行业内部规模递增，我们不应该期望看到A．国家间的内部交易B．在这些行业的完全竞争C．国家间的相互交易D．这两个国家的高度专业化水平E．以上都不是答案E13行业内部交易在什么样的交易伙伴间最常见A．亚洲和非洲的发展中国家B．西欧的工业化国家C．所以的国家D．南北交易E．以上都不是答案;B14．基于规模经济的国际贸易可能和什么相联系A．李嘉图比较优势原理B．俄林大小因子相联系的相对优势C．基于质量和服务的相对优势D．基于收益递减的相对优势E．以上都不是答案：E15基于两个国家外部规模经济的国际交易可能被什么执行A．相对大量的价格竞争公司B．相对小量的价格竞争公司C．相对小量的竞争市场供应者D．在每个国家和行业的垄断公司E．以上都不是答案：A16.一个垄断公司从事于国际贸易将A．使平均和本地成本相等B．使边际成本和外部边际收益相等C．使边际成本和市场能承受的最高价相等D．使在国内和国外市场的边际成本和边际受益相等E．以上都不是答案：D17.一个垄断公司通过什么使利润最大化A．在国内国外市场制定同样的价格B．在国外市场产生更高的边际受益C．在国内市场产生更高的边际受益D．在国内国内市场产生相同的边际受益E．以上都不是答案：D18.一个公司在垄断竞争中A．获得正的垄断利润因为出售差异化产品B．获得正的寡头垄断利润因为每个公司出售不同的产品C．没有正的经济利润因为是完全竞争D．没有正的经济利润以为可以自由进出E．以上都不是答案：D19.在垄断竞争情况下厂家数量越多则A．国家的出口越多B．价格越高C．出售的种类越少D．价格越低E．以上都不是答案D20在垄断竞争模型中有A．垄断者B．完全竞争C．规模经济D．政府干预市场E．以上都不是答案C21.有规模经济的行业，国家生产的各种产品受什么约束A．劳动力规模B．反垄断立法C．市场规模D．成本制约E．以上都不是答案:C22．一个规模经济的行业存在两个国家中，这两个国家从事贸易以至于整个市场由一个国家的行业提供，然后A．在两个国家的消费者将要求更高的价格和得到更少的品种B．在进口国的消费者将要求更高的价格和更少的品种C．在出口国的消费者将要求更高的价格和更少的品种D．在两个国家的消费者将要求更低的价格但是更少的品种E．以上都不是答案：E23.一个规模经济的行业在两个国家。
为了使产品的消费者能享受低价和更多的产品选择A．每个国家的边际成本必须和其他的国家相同B．行业的边际成本和和另一个的边际受益相等C．垄断者必须为了卖出更多必须降低价格D．两个国家必须相互从事国际贸易E．以上都不是答案；C24．在规模经济的垄断竞争生产的产品。
如果这个行业存在于两个国家中，而且这两个国家相互从事国际贸易，我们会期望A．产品价格低的国家会出口其产品B．在产品生产上有相对丰富的生产因子的国家会出口其产品C．每个国家会出口不同种类的产品到其他国家D．由于没有相对优势，任何国家都不会出售这种产品E．以上都不是答案；C25．一个国家可能出售正规模效应的产品的原因是A．劳动生产力将较高B．在产品生产中相对丰富的因子C．基于产品偏好的需求D．基于产品排斥的需求E．以上都不是答案:E26.两个国家从事没有规模经济的产品的交易，在完全竞争条件下生产，则可能从事于A．价格竞争B．相互交易C．内部交易D．俄林交易E．以上都不是答案：B27.两个国家从事规模经济的产品交易，在垄断竞争条件下生产，可能从事于A．价格竞争B．相互交易C．内部交易D．俄林交易E．以上都不是答案：C28.历史和事件决定交易的细节A．李嘉图和古典比较优势理论B．俄林模型C．感觉翻转D．规模经济E．以上都不是答案：D29.当下面那个存在时内部交易决定交易现金流量A．相关国家有效因子的显著不同B．相关国家有效因子的微小不同C．不能分行的同种产品D．固定成本行业E．以上都不是答案；B30.在国际贸易中最常见的价格歧视形势是A．非关税障碍B．自由出口抑制C．倾销C．特惠贸易准备E．以上都不是答案；C短问题1.为什么一个行业在国内规模经济的条件下运行，然后其合成平衡不能和竞争模型相一致答案：以为一旦一个公司变的比另一个大，或者一个公司先开始进入这个行业，没有其他公司能低于他的成本，以致于他们都被迫推出这个行业2.有没有可能在一个行业中正的规模经济，他的平衡和完全竞争条件吻合?解释怎么发生的答案：是的。
如果规模经济对一家公司来说是外部的，那么没理由为什么公司在完全竞争中不可能3.如果一个规模经济是由技术因数占主导和确立比较优势，这些因数解释了为什么一个特定的国家在一些产品通过交换占领世界市场，或者是历史事件。
解释和比较俄林相对优势模型答案：这种情况是真的，因为出售者是垄断者，他可能在这个国家第一次生产这种产品。
他可能没有和任何供应商或者消费者建立联系。
或者和任何自然的或者认为的将来联系。
这完全和俄林解释相对优势理论的模型相反4.可能基于外部规模经济的贸易别没有贸易导致一个国家更糟。
介绍这是怎么发生的答案：一个答案是进出口货物之间的比例效应可能会支配任何生产要数5.如果规模经济不仅对公司有外部效应，同时对个别国家也有外部效应。
这就是说，世界范围内行业越大，产品的单位成本越低，描述在这种情况下贸易会怎么样答案：大概每个国家在最终产品的某些部分会更专业。
这将导致很多内部交易定量和图表问题1.上面的图形表示巴西钢铁垄断生产者的需求和成本。
如果不能出口，并且国内市场是有限的，那将怎样制定价格和数量答案：他将以每吨8美元出售5百万吨2.现在垄断者发现他可以以每吨5美元的价格出口钢材。
他会扩大出口产品到边际成本为5美元的点。
垄断者会销售多少钢材，以及在什么价格答案：他会以每吨5美元销售一千万吨3.有机会以世界价格销售，在国内销售一顿的边际成本是多少答案：每吨5美元4.当出口将通过使边际成本和边际受益都是5美元时使国内销售最大化，在国内将以什么价格出售多少数量钢材答案：以每吨10美元出售400万吨5.巴西公司对国外消费者的售价是国内消费者的一半时，这对于美国的真实收入和经济福利是好还是坏的？巴西公司是否从事倾销？这对部分巴西钢铁公司是否是掠夺的行为？答案：好的。
如果定义以比国内更低的价格出售产品的话这是倾销。
如果定义低于边际成本出售产品的话这不是倾销。
不是，这不是为了获得市场份额，这是使利润最大化的行为，这是任何垄断者应该做的。
（英文版）保罗。克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库5
（英⽂版）保罗。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库5练习题五：A E C A D C D D E D A D1．Which of the following statements is the most accurate? The law of one price states:A) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.B) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in the same country must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.C) in competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price.D) identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.E) None of the above.2. In order for the condition E$/HK$ = Pus/PHK to hold, what assumptions does the principle of purchasing power parity make?A) No transportation costs and restrictions on trade; commodity baskets that are a reliable indication of price level.B) Markets are perfectly competitive, i.e., P = MC.C) The factors of production are identical between countries.D) No arbitrage exists.E) A and B.3. Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PiUS/PiE.B) E$/E = PiE/PiUS.C) E$/E = PUS/PE.D) E$/E = PE/PES.E) None of the above.4. In the short run,A) the interest rate can rise when the domestic money supply falls.B) the interest rate can decrease when the domestic money supply falls.C) the interest rate stays constant when the domestic money supply falls.D) the interest rate rises in the same proportion as the domestic money supply falls.E) None of the above.5. The PPP theory fails in reality becauseA) transport costs and restrictions on trade.B) monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.C) the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different commodity baskets.D) A, B, and C.E) A and B only.6. The PPP theory fails in reality becauseA) transport costs and restrictions on trade.B) monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.C) the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different commodity baskets.D) A, B, and C.E) A and B only.7. A country?s domestic currency?s real exchange rate, q, is defined asA) E.B) E times P.C) E times P .D) (E times P )/P.E) P/(E times P ).8. In the short-run, any fall in EP /P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact9. In the short-run, a temporary increase in money supplyA) shifts the DD curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.10. Temporary tax cuts would cause:A) the AA-curve to shift left.B) the AA-curve to shift right.C) the DD-curve to shift left.D) the DD-curve to shift right.E) a shift in the AA-curve, although the direction is ambiguous.11. In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.12. Assume the asset market is always in equilibrium. Therefore a fall in Y would result in:A) higher inflation abroad.B) a decreased demand for domestic products.C) a contraction of the money supply.D) a depreciation of the home currency.E) an appreciation of the home currency.13. What can explain the failure of relative PPP to hold in reality?Government measures of the price level differ from country to country. One reason for these differences is that people living in different countries spend their income in different ways. Because of this inherent difference among countries, certain baskets will be affected more by price changes given their consumptions basket. For example, consumers in country, X, eats more fish relative to another country. More than likely, the government, upon determining a commodity basket to reflect preference, will have an overwhelming representation of fish in their basket. Any price level change in the fish market will be felt particularly by country X, and their overall price level will reflect this. Thus, changes in the relative prices of basket components can cause relative PPP to become distorted.14. Using a figure show that under full employment, a temporary fiscal expansion would increase output (overemployment) but cannot increase output in the long run.A temporarily fiscal expansion will move the economy from DD1 to DD2, and output increases. A permanent fiscal expansion will also shift the AA curve to the left and down. The nominal exchange rate appreciates, i.e. E decreases.15. Using the DD model, explain what happens to out put when Government demands increase. Use a figure to explain when it is taking place.T he figure below shows the G1 to G2 raises output at every level of the exchange rate. The change shifts the DD to the right. Which in turns increases output to Y2.。
克鲁格曼国际经济学理论与政策中文版课件第6章
AC = F/Q + c = n x F/S + c
–行业内厂商数量越多，平均成本越高
(6-6)
不完全竞争理论
图6-3: 垄断竞争市场的均衡
成本 C, and 价格, P
CC
AC3
P1
E
P2, AC2
AC1
P3 PP
n1 n2
n3 厂商数量, n
不完全竞争理论
• 厂商数量和价格
– 特定厂商制定的价格是由行业内厂商数量决定的。
不完全竞争理论
– 假设厂商面临的需求曲线是一条直线： Q=A–BxP
– 那么厂商面临的边际收益曲线为:
(6-1)
MR = P – Q/B
(6-2)
• 平均成本和边际成本
– 平均成本(AC)是总成本除以产量
– 边际成本 (MC) 是指厂商在现有产量下再生产一单位 产出所需要的支出。
不完全竞争理论
– 当平均成本随着产量的增加而减少时，边际成本通 常会低于平均成本。
▪ 基于比较优势的贸易模型（如李嘉图模型）都包含
规模报酬不变和完全竞争的假设条件:
• 增加生产某商品所需的所有要素的投入会使该产品的
产量同比例增加。
▪ 在现实中，很多产业都有规模经济的特征（也称为
规模报酬递增）。
• 规模越大，生产效率越高。
规模经济和国际贸易：概述
▪ 在规模经济报酬递增的条件下：
• 产出的增长比例比要素投入增加的比例高 • 随着市场规模的扩张，平均成本（单位成本）
不完全竞争理论
图 6-1: 垄断定价和生产决策
成本, C and 价格, P
垄断利润
PM AC
AC
MC MR
国际贸易习题克鲁格曼
国际经济学—国际贸易部分习题一、单项选择1.开放贸易给进口商品的消费者带来的收益的绝对值：( A )A．大于该种商品的国内生产者的损失 B．小于该种商品的国内生产者的损失C．正好等于该种商品的国内生产者的损失 D．不可度量2．以下各项中哪一项不会促进国家间木材的贸易？( A )A．贸易前各国木材价格相等 B．追求利润的木材价格套利C．国家间存在木材供给的差别 D．国家间存在木材需求的差别3.“为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值”指的是: ( A )A. 机会成本B. 沉没成本C. 制造成本D. 管理费用4．在进行贸易后，一国的收入分配会发生如下变化：( A )A．受到进口品竞争压力的国内生产者受到损失，而出口商品的生产者则会受益B．作为整体的国家会受益，而个人则会受到损失C．消费者受损，生产者受益D．收入由消费者转向生产者5．如果出口供给比进口需求的价格弹性小，那么：( C )A．进口国将不愿进行贸易 B．出口国将不愿进行贸易。
C．出口国将得到大部分的贸易收益 D．进口国将得到大部分的贸易收益6．H—O理论说明：( D )A.相对于其他资源，劳动力比较丰裕的国家并不具有比较优势B.一个劳动力资源对非劳动力资源比率较高的国家，应当减少对国际贸易的参与C.一个非劳动力资源相对丰富的国家将不会从国际贸易中受益D.各国专业化生产和出口大量使用其相对丰富要素的商品7．如果A国可用1个工时生产3单位的X产品或3单位的Y产品，B国可用1个工时生产1单位的X产品或1单位的Y产品，若劳动是唯一的投入，那么：( A ) A．A国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对优势B．B国在两种商品的生产上均具有绝对优势C．A国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势D．B国在两种商品的生产上均具有比较优势8．对于H—O理论来说，导致不同国家间相对商品价格差异最主要的原因是：( A ) A．要素禀赋 B．国民收入 C．技术 D．消费偏好9．在没有贸易的情况下，一国的消费点：( B )A．在生产可能性曲线上方 B．在生产可能性之上或之内C．在生产可能性曲线上 D．位置不可判定10．墨西哥拥有丰裕的非技术工人，而美国拥有丰裕的技术工人。
保罗克鲁格曼版 国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第9章.
B．伊拉克消费计划的更大弹性
C．伊拉克对国外产品的更大依赖
D．伊拉克供应计划的无弹性
E．以上都不是
答案：B
30．世界贸易组织提供以下所以的除了
A．最惠国条款的用法
B．帮助解决贸易争端
C．降低双边关税
D．降低多变关税
E．以上都不是
答案；C
31.那个组织决定国际贸易争端的解决过程
A．作为和美国的双边贸易现金流量的净进口国
B．小麦的净井口国
C．在小麦上有比较优势
D．在小麦生产是哟绝对优势
E．以上的不是
答案：B
23.反倾销关税是中和任何外国出口者获得的不平等相对优势，因为
A．关税
B．补助金
C．配额
D．地方立法
E．以上都不是
答案：B
25在1980年美国宣布对苏联谷物出口实行禁运以回应苏联入侵阿富汗。禁运主要靠什么抵制
A．进口限制雇佣的国内工人
B．出口限制雇佣的国内工人
C．自由贸易雇佣的国内工人
D．出口限制雇佣的国内消费者
E．进口限制雇佣的国内消费者
答案：A
28.在美国进口关税的平均协定费率近似等于
A．进口价值的5%
B．进口价值的15%
C．进口价值的20%
D．进口价值的25%
E．超过进口价值的25%
答案：A
29.在1990年美国实行对伊拉克国际贸易禁运。怎样才能使伊拉克消费者招致更小的消费者剩余损失
第九章：国际贸易的政治经济学
多项选择题
1自由以国家经济福利会降低
B政府税收会下降，所以国家经济福利会提高
C生产者和消费者的损失会降低，所以国家经济福利会提高
D生产者和消费者的损失会降低，所以国家经济福利会降低
克鲁格曼国贸理论第十版课后习题答案 CH06
Chapter 6The Standard Trade Model⏹Chapter OrganizationA Standard Model of a Trading EconomyProduction Possibilities and Relative SupplyRelative Prices and DemandThe Welfare Effect of Changes in the Terms of TradeDetermining Relative PricesEconomic Growth: A Shift of the RS CurveGrowth and the Production Possibility FrontierWorld Relative Supply and the Terms of TradeInternational Effects of GrowthCase Study: Has the Growth of Newly Industrializing Countries Hurt Advanced Nations?Tariffs and Export Subsidies: Simultaneous Shifts in RS and RDRelative Demand and Supply Effects of a TariffEffects of an Export SubsidyImplications of Terms of Trade Effects: Who Gains and Who Loses?International Borrowing and LendingIntertemporal Production Possibilities and TradeThe Real Interest RateIntertemporal Comparative AdvantageSummaryAPPENDIX TO CHAPTER 6: More on Intertemporal Trade⏹Chapter OverviewPrevious chapters have highlighted specific sources of comparative advantage that give rise to international trade. This chapter presents a general model that admits previous models as special cases. This “standard trade model” is the workhorse of international trade theory and can be used to address a wide range of issues. Some of these issues, such as the welfare and distributional effects of economic growth, transfers between nations, and tariffs and subsidies on traded goods, are considered in this chapter.28 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth EditionThe standard trade model is based upon four relationships. First, an economy will produce at the point where the production possibilities curve is tangent to the relative price line (called the isovalue line). Second, indifference curves describe the tastes of an economy, and the consumption point for that economy is found at the tangency of the budget line and the highest indifference curve. These two relationships yield the familiar general equilibrium trade diagram for a small economy (one that takes as given the terms of trade), where the consumption point and production point are the tangencies of the isovalue line with the highest indifference curve and the production possibilities frontier, respectively.You may want to work with this standard diagram to demonstrate a number of basic points. First, an autarkic economy must produce what it consumes, which determines the equilibrium price ratio; and second, opening an economy to trade shifts the price ratio line and unambiguously increases welfare. Third, an improvement in the terms of trade (ratio of export prices to import prices) increases welfare in the economy. Fourth, it is straightforward to move from a small country analysis to a two-country analysis by introducing a structure of world relative demand and supply curves, which determine relative prices.These relationships can be used in conjunction with the Rybczynski and the Stolper-Samuelson theorems from the previous chapter to address a range of issues. For example, you can consider whether the dramatic economic growth of China has helped or hurt the United States as a whole and also identify the classes of individuals within the United States who have been hurt by China’s particular growth biases. In teaching these points, it might be interesting and useful to relate them to current events. For example, you can lead a class discussion on the implications for the United States of the provision of forms of technical and economic assistance to the emerging economies around the world or the ways in which a world recession can lead to a fall in demand for U.S. exports.The example provided in the text considers the popular arguments in the media that growth in China hurts the United States. The analysis presented in this chapter demonstrates that the bias of growth is important in determining welfare effects rather than the country in which growth occurs. The existence of biased growth and the possibility of immiserizing growth are discussed. The Relative Supply (RS) and Relative Demand (RD) curves illustrate the effect of biased growth on the terms of trade. The new termsof trade line can be used with the general equilibrium analysis to find the welfare effects of growth. A general principle that emerges is that a country that experiences export-biased growth will have a deterioration in its terms of trade, while a country that experiences import-biased growth has an improvement in its terms of trade. A case study argues that this is really an empirical question, and the evidence suggests that the rapid growth of countries like China has not led to a significant deterioration of the U.S. terms of trade nor has it drastically improved China’s terms of trade.The second area to which the standard trade model is applied is the effects of tariffs and export subsidies on welfare and terms of trade. The analysis proceeds by recognizing that tariffs or subsidies shift both the relative supply and relative demand curves. A tariff on imports improves the terms of trade, expressed in external prices, while a subsidy on exports worsens terms of trade. The size of the effect depends upon the size of the country in the world. Tariffs and subsidies also impose distortionary costs upon the economy. Thus, if a country is large enough, there may be an optimum, nonzero tariff. Export subsidies, however, only impose costs upon an economy. Internationally, tariffs aid import-competing sectors and hurt export sectors, while subsidies have the opposite effect.The chapter then closes with a discussion of international borrowing and lending. The standard trade model is adapted to trade in consumption across time. The relative price of future consumption is defined as 1/(1 r), where r is the real interest rate. Countries with relatively high real interest rates (newly industrializing countries with high investment returns for example) will be biased toward future consumption and will effectively “export” future consumption by borrowing from established developed countries with relatively lower real interest rates.Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 29Answers to Textbook Problems1.If the relative price of palm oil increases in relation to the price of lubricants, this would increase theproduction of palm oil, because Indonesia exports palm oil. Similarly, an increase in relative price of lubricants leads to a shift along the indifference curve, towards lubricants and away from palm oil for Indonesia. This is because Palm oil is relatively expensive, hence reducing palm oil consumption in Indonesia.Expensive palm oil increases the relative income of Indonesia. The income effect would induce more for the consumption of palm oil whereas the substitution effect acts to make the economy consume less of palm oil and more of lubricants. However, if the income effect outweighs the substitution effect, then the consumption of palm oil would increase in Indonesia.2.In panel a, the re duction of Norway’s production possibilities away from fish cause the production of fish relative to automobiles to fall. Thus, despite the higher relative price of fish exports, Norway moves down to a lower indifference curve representing a drop in welfare.In panel b, the increase in the relative price of fish shifts causes Norway’s relative production of fish to rise (despite the reduction in fish productivity). Thus, the increase in the relative price of fish exports allows Norway to move to a higher indifference curve and higher welfare.3. The terms of trade of the home country would worsen. This is because a strong biased productiontowards cloth would increase the home country’s supply of cloth and shifts the supply curve to the right. At the same time, the production of wheat would decline relative to the production of cloth. An increased supply of cloth would reduce the price at the domestic and at the international market. The reduction in international price of cloth would worsen the terms of trade of the home country as the home country exports. On the other hand, if the home country’s production grows in favor of wheat, the terms of trade would improve in favor of the home country. This is because wheat is imported by the home country.30 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth Edition4. The difference from the standard diagram is that the indifference curves are right angles rather thansmooth curves. Here, a terms of trade increase enables an economy to move to a higher indifference curve. The income expansion path for this economy is a ray from the origin. A terms of tradeimprovement moves the consumption point further out along the ray.5. The terms of trade for Japan, a manufactures (M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer, is the worldrelative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (p M/p R). The terms of trade change can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers, world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large, such that changes affect the worldrelative price.a. An oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, whichincreases the world relative supply of manufactures to raw materials. The world relative supplycurve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deterioratingJapan’s terms of trade.b. Korea’s increased automobile production increases the supply of manufactures, which in creasesthe world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price ofmanufactured goods and deteriorating Japan’s terms of trade.c. U.S. development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. Thisincreases world RD, and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving Japan’s terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in Japan because world demand for raw materials falls.d. A harvest failure in Russia decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS.The world relative supply curve shifts out. Also, Russia’s demand for manufactures decreases,which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forcesdecrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate Japan’s terms of trade.e. A reduction in Japan’s tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures(p M/p R). This price change will increase Japan’s RS and decrease Japan’s RD, which increases the world RS and decreases the world RD (i.e., world RS shifts out and world RD shifts in). The worldrelative price of manufactures declines, and Japan’s terms of tr ade deteriorate.6. The declining price of services relative to manufactured goods shifts the isovalue line clockwise sothat relatively fewer services and more manufactured goods are produced in the United States, thus reducing U.S. welfare.Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 31 7. These results acknowledge the biased growth that occurs when there is an increase in one factor ofproduction. An increase in the capital stock of either country favors production of good X, while an increase in the labor supply favors production of good Y. Also, recognize the Heckscher-Ohlin result that an economy will export that good that uses intensively the factor which that economy has in relative abundance. Country A exports good X to country B and imports good Y from country B. The possibility of immiserizing growth makes the welfare effects of the terms of trade improvement due to export-biased growth ambiguous. Import-biased growth unambiguously improves welfare for the growing country.a. The relative price of good X falls, causing country A’s terms of trade to worsen. A’s welfare mayincrease or, less likely, decrease, and B’s welfare increases.b. The relative price of good Y rises, causing A’s terms of trade to improve. A’s welfare increases,and B’s welfare decreases.c. The relative price of good X falls, causing country B’s terms of trade to improve. B’s welfareincreases, and A’s welfare decreases (they earn less for the same quantity of exports).d. The relative price of good X rises, causing country B’s terms of trade to worsen. B’s welfare mayi ncrease or, less likely, decrease, and A’s welfare increases.8. Immiserizing growth occurs when the welfare deteriorating effects of a worsening in an economy’sterms of trade swamp the welfare improving effects of growth. For this to occur, an economy must undergo very biased growth, and the economy must be a large enough actor in the world economy such that its actions spill over to adversely alter the terms of trade to a large degree. This combination of events is unlikely to occur in practice.9. India opening its markets to world trade should be good for the United States if the change reducesthe relative price of goods that China sends to the United States and hence increases the relative price of goods that the United States exports. Obviously, any sector in the United States hurt by trade with China would be hurt again by India, but on net, the United States wins. Note that here we are making different assumptions about what India produces and what is tradable than we are in Question 6. Here we are assuming India exports products that the United States currently imports and China currently exports. China will lose by having the relative price of its export good driven down by the increased production in India.10. An import tariff makes the imported goods more expensive in the domestic market as compared tothe world market. In a two commodity system e.g. food and cloth, an imposition of import tariff on cloth makes the cloth more expensive for people in the domestic market. Eventually, the internal price of food is cheaper than the relative price in the external market. This pushes the domesticproducers to produce cloth as the relative price is higher. The home consumers shift theirconsumption from cloth to food. Hence, the relative supply of food will fall and the relative demand will increase. With an increase in the world’s relative price for food the homes terms of trade also increases.Similarly, an export subsidy on food makes the opposite effect on the relative supply and demand than the import tariff on cloth. The effect is that the relative supply of food rises while the relative demand for the world declines. Hence, this reduces the home’s terms of trade as the relative price of food falls in the world market.32 Krugman/Obstfeld/Melitz •International Economics: Theory & Policy, Tenth EditionThe parties emphasize on the reduction of tariff to increase its trade with the partner country under the free trade agreements. When a tariff is reduced by both the partner countries, it increases the trade volume between the two countries. The reduction of tariff and free flow of commodities between the partner countries reduces the market price of the commodity and increases the purchasing power of the consumers in both countries. The agreement on the reduction of tariff is bilateral, meaning both countries agree to reduce the tariff, which ultimately increases the terms of trade for both.11. When a country borrows for the present consumption, it is liable to make the payment in future bysacrificing its future consumption. This means, in future the country has to return the principalborrowing amount with some interest rate. If a country borrows 1 unit at present, it has to return (1+ r) times in future, where r is the real interest rate. Hence, the relative price of future consumption is1/(1+r). This shows there is an inverse relation between the interest rate and the relative price offuture consumption. Higher the real interest rate, lower will be the relative price of futureconsumption and vice-versa.12. Comparative advantage in international borrowing and lending is driven by the relative price of futureconsumption and, more specifically, the real interest rate. As the real interest rate rises, the relative price of future consumption 1/(1 r) falls. Effectively, a country with a high real interest rate is one that has high returns on investment. Such a country will prefer to borrow today and take advantage of the high return on investment and enjoy the fruits of current investment with high returns in the future.a. Countries like Argentina and Canada should have high real interest rates as there are largeinvestment opportunities that have yet to be exploited. These countries will have a low price offuture consumption and will be biased toward exporting future consumption, preferring toborrow today.b. Countries like the United Kingdom in the 19th century or the United States today will haverelatively lower real interest rates as they already have a high level of capital and limited returnson new investments. As a result, the relative price of future consumption is high, and they will be biased toward exporting present consumption, preferring to lend today.c. The discovery of large oil reserves that do not require a significant investment to extract will causereal interest rates in Saudi Arabia to fall (large increase in wealth). This will cause the relativeprice of future consumption to rise, making it more likely that Saudi Arabia will have a PPFbiased toward exporting present consumption. Saudi Arabia will increase their current lending as a result of these oil discoveries.d. Oil discovered in Norway that requires a significant investment to extract will have the oppositeeffect as in answer c. This oil cannot turn into wealth until a significant investment is made, soreal interest rates in Norway will rise with this increased demand for investment funds. Higher real interest rates drive the relative price of future consumption down. As a result, Norway will bemore likely to export future consumption, borrowing today.e. High levels of productivity in South Korea imply that South Korean real interest rates are highgiven the lucrative investment opportunities in the country. As in answer d, higher real interestrates should drive the relative price of future consumption down and bias South Korea’sintertemporal PPF toward exporting future consumption.。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解(规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易)【圣才出品】
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第8版笔记和课后习题详解第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易6.1复习笔记1．规模经济（1）规模经济和国际贸易①规模经济的表现规模经济表现为生产规模越大，生产效率越高，产出的增长大于投入的增长。
表6-1列出了某一行业的投入产出关系，且该产品的生产只需要劳动这一种投入。
从表中可以看出，生产10件产品需要15小时的劳动，而生产25件产品只需要30个小时的劳动。
规模经济表现为：劳动投入增加1倍（从15小时增加到30小时），产出却增加了1.5倍（从10件增加到25件）。
表6-1某一假定行业的投入产出关系②规模经济是国际贸易的动因之一假定世界上只有A和B两个国家，二者都具有生产这种产品的同样技术，最初都生产10个单位。
根据表6-1，该产量在每个国家均要15小时的劳动投入，即全世界用30个小时来生产20单位产品。
但是，现在假定该新产品的生产集中到一个国家，比如说A国，且A国在这一行业也投入30个小时的劳动。
然而，在一个国家内投入30个小时的劳动，却能生产出25件产品。
显然，生产集中到A国可以使得世界以同样的劳动投入多产出25%的产品。
可见，各国可以用比以往更有效的规模专业化地生产有限类别的产品；同时，它们之间的相互贸易又使得消费所有产品成为可能。
（2）规模经济和市场结构①规模经济的分类a．外部规模经济，指单位产品成本取决于整个行业规模而非单个厂商规模的规模经济类型。
b．内部规模经济，指单位产品成本取决于单个厂商的规模而不是其所在的行业规模的规模经济类型。
②规模经济对市场结构的影响外部的和内部的规模经济对市场结构具有不同的影响。
一个只存在外部规模经济的行业（即大厂商没有优势）一般由许多相对较小的厂商构成，且处于完全竞争的状态；相反，存在内部规模经济的行业中，大厂商比小厂商更具有成本优势，就形成了不完全竞争的市场结构。
外部规模经济和内部规模经济都是国际贸易的重要原因。
但是，由于它们对市场结构的影响不同，下面将对它们进行分别讨论。
保罗克鲁格曼版 国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第3章
第3章：特定要素和收入分配选择题1 。
国际贸易对收入分配具有很强的影响力。
因此，国际贸易A、对每个贸易国的每个人都有利。
B、将会损害其中一个贸易国。
C、将会损害两个贸易国的每个人。
D、将有利于这两个国家里所有从事国际贸易的人。
答：C2 。
对某些用途和产品而言要素往往是特定的A、在国家缺乏比较优势时。
B、在短期内。
c、在资本密集型产业。
D、在劳动密集型产业。
E、在国家缺乏公平的劳动法时。
答：C3 。
在特定因素模型所描述的经济中，生产可能性边界将是A、线性的。
B、凹向原点。
C、凸向原点。
D、向原点的抛物线。
E、向一点渐进。
答：B4 。
在生产点上，生产可能性边界将相切于A、原点。
B、两个商品的相对质量为斜率的曲线。
c、两个商品的相对质量为斜率的曲线。
D、两个商品的相对价格为斜率的曲线。
E、以上都不是。
答：D5 。
如果资本密集型产品的价格比土地密集型产品的价格涨的多，那么A、资本密集型产品的需求将减少，其产量将减少。
B. 资本密集型产品的需求将减少，其产量相对土地密集型的产品的产量将减少。
C、资本密集型产品的产量确实将减少，但并不是A或B中提到的原因。
D、该国的资本密集型商品的出口将失去其比较优势。
E、以上都不是。
答案：E6 。
如果资本密集型产品的价格上涨，工资将A、上升，但低于资本密集型产品价格上涨的幅度。
B、上升且超过资本密集型产品价格上涨的幅度。
C、与资本密集型产品价格上涨的幅度相等。
D、下降，因为较高的价格导致需求减少。
E、以上都不是。
答： A7 。
如果在澳大利亚每个工人有相对更多的土地，在比利时每个工人有相对更多的资本，那么，如果两国间的贸易开放，A、澳大利亚资本密集型的产品相对价格将上涨。
B. 土地密集型产品的世界价格将高于比利时的土地密集型产品的价格。
C、土地密集型产品的世界价格将高于澳大利亚的土地密集型产品的价格。
D、比利时土地密集型产品的相对价格将上涨。
E、以上都不是。
答： C8 。
如果在澳大利亚每个工人有更多的土地，在比利时每个工人有更多的资本，那么，如果两国间的贸易开放，A、澳大利亚将出口土地密集型产品。
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第6章
保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第6章第六章：规模经济，不完全竞争和国际贸易1.当每单位成本怎样时外部规模经济增加A．随⾏业扩⼤⽽增加B．随⾏业扩⼤和平均每家公司的扩⼤⽽降低C．随平均每家公司扩⼤⽽降低D．保存不变E．以上都不是答案：B2.当每单位成本怎么样时内部规模经济增加A．随⾏业扩⼤⽽增加B．随⾏业扩⼤⽽降低C．随每家公司扩⼤⽽增加D．随每家公司扩⼤⽽降低E．以上都不是答案：D3.外部规模经济A可能和⼀个完全竞争⾏业相联系B．不和完全竞争⾏业相联系C．将导致⼀个⼤的垄断D．将导致每个⼚家都得到利润E．以上都不是答案：A4.内部规模经济A可能和⼀个完全竞争⾏业相联系B．不和完全竞争⾏业相联系C．只和尖端的产品相联系，例如飞机D．不能来⾃国际贸易E，以上都不是答案：B5.⼀个垄断者A．可以在市场上按照他决定的价格出售产品C．当产品供应量很⼤，五需求弹性时，不可能出售产品D．不可能出售额外的量除⾮提⾼每⼀单位的价格E以上都不是答案:C6.垄断竞争和什么联系A．激烈的价格竞争B．产品差异化C．明确考虑其他企业的价格决策对本企业的反馈影响D．⾼利润边际E．以上都不是答案：B7．在存在规模经济，⼀个国家⽣产规模可能被什么限制A．国家的规模⼤⼩B．交易对象国的规模⼤⼩C．国内市场的规模⼤⼩D．国内和国外市场的⼤⼩E．以上都不是答案:D8.在存在规模经济，市场规模的增⼤将会A．增加⼚家的数量和单位产品的价格B．减少⼚家的数量和增加单位产品的价格C．增加⼚家的数量和降低单位产品的价格D．降低⼚家的数量和降低单位产品价格E．以上都不是答案：C9.美国同时进⼝和出⼝⼀种产品是⼀下那个例⼦A．增加规模报酬B．不完全竞争C．内部交易D．相互交易E．以上都不是答案：C10.当投⼊增加⼀倍时如果产量要增加超过⼀倍，这种⽣产在什么条件下发⽣A．规模报酬递增B．不完全竞争C．内部交易E．以上都不是答案A11内部交易可以被部分解释为A国家之间没有运输费⽤的交易B．数据集合和范畴的问题C．规模报酬递增D．以上都是E．以上都不是答案：C12.如果在⼀个国家的⼀些⾏业内部规模递增，我们不应该期望看到A．国家间的内部交易B．在这些⾏业的完全竞争C．国家间的相互交易D．这两个国家的⾼度专业化⽔平E．以上都不是答案E13⾏业内部交易在什么样的交易伙伴间最常见A．亚洲和⾮洲的发展中国家B．西欧的⼯业化国家C．所以的国家D．南北交易E．以上都不是答案;B14．基于规模经济的国际贸易可能和什么相联系A．李嘉图⽐较优势原理B．俄林⼤⼩因⼦相联系的相对优势C．基于质量和服务的相对优势D．基于收益递减的相对优势E．以上都不是答案：E15基于两个国家外部规模经济的国际交易可能被什么执⾏A．相对⼤量的价格竞争公司B．相对⼩量的价格竞争公司C．相对⼩量的竞争市场供应者D．在每个国家和⾏业的垄断公司16.⼀个垄断公司从事于国际贸易将A．使平均和本地成本相等B．使边际成本和外部边际收益相等C．使边际成本和市场能承受的最⾼价相等D．使在国内和国外市场的边际成本和边际受益相等E．以上都不是答案：D17.⼀个垄断公司通过什么使利润最⼤化A．在国内国外市场制定同样的价格B．在国外市场产⽣更⾼的边际受益C．在国内市场产⽣更⾼的边际受益D．在国内国内市场产⽣相同的边际受益E．以上都不是答案：D18.⼀个公司在垄断竞争中A．获得正的垄断利润因为出售差异化产品B．获得正的寡头垄断利润因为每个公司出售不同的产品C．没有正的经济利润因为是完全竞争D．没有正的经济利润以为可以⾃由进出E．以上都不是答案：D19.在垄断竞争情况下⼚家数量越多则A．国家的出⼝越多B．价格越⾼C．出售的种类越少D．价格越低E．以上都不是答案D20在垄断竞争模型中有A．垄断者B．完全竞争C．规模经济D．政府⼲预市场21.有规模经济的⾏业，国家⽣产的各种产品受什么约束A．劳动⼒规模B．反垄断⽴法C．市场规模D．成本制约E．以上都不是答案:C22．⼀个规模经济的⾏业存在两个国家中，这两个国家从事贸易以⾄于整个市场由⼀个国家的⾏业提供，然后A．在两个国家的消费者将要求更⾼的价格和得到更少的品种B．在进⼝国的消费者将要求更⾼的价格和更少的品种C．在出⼝国的消费者将要求更⾼的价格和更少的品种D．在两个国家的消费者将要求更低的价格但是更少的品种E．以上都不是答案：E23.⼀个规模经济的⾏业在两个国家。
(完整word版)保罗克鲁格曼版 国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第2章
第二章：劳动生产率和比较优势——李嘉图模型多线选择题1.国家之间进行贸易是因为他们是——，也是由于——A.不同的，成本B.相似的，规模经济C.不同的，规模经济D.相似的，成本E.以上都不对答案：C2．如果满足下列哪个条件的话，这两个国家都会从贸易中得利。
A.每个国家出口自己有比较优势的产品B.每个国家都有优越的贸易条件C.每个国家对进口产品有更高的需求弹性D.每个国家对出口产品有更高的供给弹性E.C和D都对答案：A3李嘉图的比较优势理论认为，假如符合下列哪项，该国在小饰品产品上具有比较优势呢?A.该国每个小饰品工人的产量更高B.该国的汇率很低C.该国的工资率很高D.该国小饰品工人的生产率和该国其他产品的生产率相比较而言，生产率更高E.B和C都对答案：D4.为了确定一个国家在一个特殊产品上的生产是否具有比较优势，我们至少需要知道几个劳动主体生产要求方面的消息A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个E.五个答案：D5.根据比较优势原理，一个国家进行国际贸易从中得到收益，是以为A.间接生产出口产品比直接生产更有效B.间接生产进口产品比国内生产更有效C.可以用更少的劳动力生产出口产品D.使用更少的劳动力间接生产出口产品E.以上都不对答案：B6.根据下面的信息：单位劳动力需求布料小饰品国内10 20国外60 30A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产方面具有比较优势C.国外在布料生产方面具有比较优势D.国内在饰品生产方面具有比较优势E.国内在这两件产品上都具有比较优势答案：B7.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，而不进口D.不从事任何进口和出口E.上面都对答案：A8.假如国内经济遭受了大萧条，每种产品的单位劳动需求翻了四倍。
那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口或进口E.以上都正确答案：A9.假如国内工资水平翻倍了，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口和进口E.以上都正确答案：A10.根据下面的信息一个单位劳动力生产的数量布料小饰品国内10 20国外60 30A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产上有比较优势C.国外在布料生产上有比较优势D.国外在饰品生产上有比较优势E.国内在两种产品上都有比较优势答案：C11.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，国外生产布料的机会成本是小饰品的生产，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不进口，也不出口E.以上都正确答案：B12.假如国内工资翻倍了，国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不出口也不进口E.以上都对答案：B14.假设只有两个国家进行贸易，这两个国家只生产两种产品，那么国际贸易会使什么增加A.假如两种产品的产量都增加了，消费者福利才会增加B.两种产品的生产量和两个国家的消费者福利都会增加C.两种产品的生产量都增加了，但不是两个国家的消费者福利都增加D.两个国家的消费者福利增加了，但不是两种产品的总生产量都增加了E.以上都不正确答案：B15.根据李嘉图模型，贸易的结果会带来哪个趋于专业化A.16.根据李嘉图模型，参加贸易的国家会发现他的消费束A.在生产边界线内部B.在生产边界线上C.在生产边界线外部D.在他贸易国生产边界线内部E.在他贸易国生产边界线上答案：C17.在李嘉图模型中，假如一个国家的贸易受到限制，下列哪项不会发生？A.有限的专业化和劳动分工B.贸易额和贸易所得都减少C.使国家在生产边界线内部进行生产D.可能导致一个国家生产一些不具有比较优势的产品E.以上都不是答案：C18.根据李嘉图模型，假如一个很小的国家和一个非常大的国家进行贸易，那么A.小国家的经济福利会下降B.大国际的经济福利会下降C.小国家将从贸易中获利D.大国家将从贸易中获利E.以上都不正确答案：C19.假如一个国家的世界进出口交换率在H国和F国的国内生产成本比率之间，那么A.H国将从贸易中获利，而不是F国B. F国将从贸易中获利，而不是H国C.H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D.只有进行出口补贴的国家能从贸易中获利E.以上都不对答案：B20.假如F国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：A21．假如H国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：E22．假如生产可能性曲线凹向原点，那么下列哪种情况会进行生产A．机会成本不变B．机会成本递增C．机会成本递减D．机会成本无限E．以上都不正确答案：B23．假如两个国家有相同的生产可能性曲线，那么在下列哪种情况下他们之间的贸易不可能发生A．他们的供给曲线相同B．他们的成本函数相同C．他们的需求函数不同D．他们的收入相同E．以上都不正确答案：C24．比较优势原理最早是谁提出的？A．大卫。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》（第8版）课后习题详解克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解第1章绪论本章不是考试的重点章节，建议读者对本章内容只作大致了解即可，本章没有相关的课后习题。
第1篇国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易概览一、概念题1>(发展中国家(developing countries)答:发展中国家是与发达国家相对的经济上比较落后的国家，又称“欠发达国家”或“落后国家”。
通常指第三世界国家，包括亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲及其他地区的130多个国家。
衡量一国是否为发展中国家的具体标准有很多种，如经济学家刘易斯和世界银行均提出过界定发展中国家的标准。
一般而言，凡人均收入低于美国人均收入的五分之一的国家就被定义为发展中国家。
比较贫困和落后是发展中国家的共同特点。
2>(服务外包(service outsourcing)答:服务外包是指企业将其非核心的业务外包出去，利用外部最优秀的专业化团队来承接其业务，从而使其专注于核心业务，达到降低成本、提高效率、增强企业核心竞争力和对环境应变能力的一种管理模式。
20世纪90年代以来，随着信息技术的迅速发展，特别是互联网的普遍存在及广泛应用，服务外包得到蓬勃发展。
从美国到英国，从欧洲到亚洲，无论是中小企业还是跨国公司，都把自己有限的资源集中于公司的核心能力上而将其余业务交给外部专业公司，服务外包成为“发达经济中不断成长的现象”。
3>(引力模型(gravity model)答:丁伯根和波伊赫能的引力模型基本表达式为:其中，是国与国的贸易额，为常量，是国的国内生产总值，是国的国内生产总值，是两国的距离。
、、三个参数是用来拟合实际的经济数据。
引力模型方程式表明:其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的贸易规模与两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。
把整个世界贸易看成整体，可利用引力模型来预测任意两国之间的贸易规模。
另外，引力模型也可以用来明确国际贸易中的异常现象。
4>(第三世界(third world)答:第三世界这个名词原本是指法国大革命中的Third Estate(第三阶级)。