雅思小作文笔记
雅思写作笔记整理
☐IELTS WRITINGTask 1☐“分类意识”图表题正文段分段原则☐单图: 先分类后分段☐双/三图: 每个图表一段☐四图: 先分类后分段（分类提取）☐如何写好小作文的3大段落☐ 1. 开头段的写法：改写原题，写1-2句。
剑桥考官提供的范文亦是如此: c7t1: The pie charts show units of electricity by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.考官满分范文开头段就简单改写为：The pie compares the sources of electricity in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.☐同义词替换The UK/ Britain/ the United KingdomProportion/percentageInformation/dataMales/men females/womenFrom… to (年代）／between …and , over a period of …. yearsThe number of /the figure for(可数不可数都可以）Family/ household☐介绍图表常用动词☐ 1. show 表明☐ 2.describe 描述，描写☐ 3.illustrate 阐明☐ 4.represent 展示☐ 5.display 呈现☐ 6. reveal 揭示☐7. demonstrate 显示☐8.indicate 暗示☐9.unfold 显露☐10. convey 表达☐11.reflect 反映☐开头段万能句☐Writing about data☐ 1. number☐ 2. figure（for）数字☐ 4. statistic （一项）数据☐ 5. percent／percentage☐ 6.proportion 比率／rate／ratio（比例）☐7.amount of（uncon连用）☐数据的表达方式1.From 数据in 年份to 数据in 年份2.Peak at 数据bottom at 数据3.用括号引出4.Decrease to 数据/ increase up to ／about 数据5.表达幅度用by：百分比（上升下降了）6.which was about 数据7.趋势with 数据☐主体段的写法☐主体段的首句写法c8t1☐描述趋势的几种句型1.以对象为主语（Band 6)1.1对象＋趋势v1.2对象＋经历＋趋势n2.以there be为主语(Band 5)there be +趋势＋in 对象3.以趋势做主语3.1趋势＋被看到＋in对象（Band 7)3.2 趋势＋发生＋in 对象（Band 7)4.以时间为主的主语☐时间＋witness ＋趋势＋in 对象（Band 7）☐主题段x句写法：分项描写信息步骤1:确定静态图/动态图步骤2:确定有3个比较说明对象（工业、农业和家庭用水）步骤3:类似的数据归类（如工业用水中的美国和日本的数据）步骤4:从三个对象的最高值（英国的工业用水／英国的家庭用水／中国的农业用水）开始分析☐结尾段的写法1. 重述总体特征；In conclusion, more teachers were in Chinese regular schools in the 1990s than 30 years before.☐时间先后关系then/afterwards/ after that/after which/before/follow by☐总分关系more/specifically/to be more specific说明趋势：trend, momentum.波动:fluctuate（between…. and),/fluctuation／rises and falls/ vary from….. to ☐小作文7分词汇☐Noteworthy/ remarkable 显著的☐Not surprisingly 意料之中地☐Per annum 每年☐By far 目前为止☐Discernable 可识别的☐Shift (from.. towards)☐Accompanying 伴随的☐Evenly 平均地throughout（the world) 贯穿遍布follow closely behind 紧跟着related to 相关as might be expected 正如所料☐starting/ initial/beginning/original /preliminary☐小作文7分词汇3.插入语(1)Europe, with the greatest consumption per head of cigarettes, was………(2)The greatest proportion of electricity, namely 59%, was generated by oil.☐地图题Map1.选址比较题：要求考生对建筑物不同地址的利弊进行比较，而且多数选址在两个场地上进行。
雅思写作笔记1
写作主要授课内容笔记1（20190706）：By Gump Duan雅思小作文数据写作常用写法form……to……by 增加量of 增加量at 在某一点①The number of divorce increased from 100 million to 600million.②The number of divorce increased by 500 thousand in 1980 from 1 million in 1980.③The number of divorces experienced an increase of 500 thousand in 1980.④The number of marriages level off（趋向平稳）at 2.5 million during first decade。
⑤The minutes of local fixed line calls reched the peak at around 90 billion in1990。
Between a and bElectricity production from nuclear power fluctuated wildly during the last few of the 20th century, ranging between 20 units and 50 units.非限定性定语从句England is where the most books are bought, with 81% of market，Wales contents next with 10% closely followed by Scotland with 8% ,Northern Ireland lies with only 1% of market.Sustainable 可忍受的、可持续的、养得起的Sustainable developmentRenewable 可更新的、可再生的Renewable energy source分词作状语The temperature from May onwards saw a steady increase, rising from 20 to 35.表述数值图表文章一个例子The most popular means/modes of transport in France is sky-train ,with 30% of residents choosing to use it on a daily basis.Citizen in France are more likely to travel by sky-train, accounting for 30% of total travelers.The proportion of people choosing sky-train is the largest ,at 30%.Over the 5 years after 1989,the cost of average homes in Tokyo and London dropped by around 7%,while New york house price went down by 5%.by contrast ,price rose by approximately 2% in both Madrid and Frankfurt. Between 1996 and 2002. London house price jumped to around 12% above the 1989 average.主语多样性可使得语句多样性对比句复习In 2007，only 11% of Indian household had air-conditioning, compared to 86% in USA.Teacher ‘salary was largest cost of school, while/whereas the amount of money spent on books was the smallest.The cost of food accounted for largest proportion of family expenses （40%），following by the cost of gasoline（25%）and the money spent on education and training(15%).标准对比句The proportion of people choosing rock music was considerable/slightly larger than that of people who were in favor of classical music.at respectively 60% and 17%.Singapore has a population of about 4 million people, with Chinese accounting for 3 quarts.The total sales of Coke reached 17.1 billion dollars in 2000,with north America having the largest proportion which was 34%,compared with only 7% in Africa and Middle East.。
雅思英语写作科技类笔记及作业
科技类一、原因状语从句1. Since computer science has been developing so fast in the modern society, numerous students choose this major as their inclination when they attend universities.2. People need not have frequent face-to-face contact with each other in business as they do in the past, fo r computers can handle and convey majority of information which once must be dealt with at a meeting.3. Computers are widely accepted by people in the information age, as they, to some extent, make many things which are considered as unaccomplished tasks in the past become available and true in the present.4. Majority of people impute/attribute the great social transformation to the development and revolution of science and technology which is closely related to their daily life.二、条件状语从句1. If robots can be manipulated much more precisely and flexibly by computers to accomplish some sorts of tasks which may be dangerous or complex to the human being, our work will be more secure and simple with highproductivity as well.2. Provided/suppose that the usage of multi-media technology is widely adopted by schools during teaching and learning, the teaching level will be enormously heightened in the long run.3. The computer software industry will develop much more healthily in the future in China on condition that the authorities concerned strengthen the protection of the copy right.三、核心词汇e-commerce电子商务cyber safety网络安全online transaction在线交易net/cyber/internet网络e-learning在线学习distance learning 远程教育，远程学习discussion room讨论室computer-assisted learning计算机辅助学习mobile phone手机、移动电话bluetooth蓝牙ring tone电话铃音electromagnetic field电磁场MP3 playback Mp3播放Invade privacy侵犯隐私Wireless technology无线技术SMS: short message service手机短信、短信服务Motivation动机Laptop笔记本电脑、便携式电脑Hacker黑客Online shopping网络购物Security issue安全问题Distance education远程教育Online course在线课程，网络课程Online forum网络论坛Internet infrastructure网络基础设施Cellular telephone移动电话、手机Radiation辐射Built-in camera内置摄像头Internet browsing网页浏览Memo备忘录Microwave emission放射微波Wireless fidelity: Wi-Fi无线保真Surf on the net上网Hi-tech features高科技功能Website网站Convenient方便的Productivity生产力Geographical barrier地理障碍Digital数字、数码Electronic电子的Virtual world虚拟世界Infringe the privacy侵犯隐私Pirate['paiərit]剽窃Security安全With the click of a mouse/ present鼠标轻点In a virtual world在一个虚拟的世界An information age信息时代Be lost in迷失于、沉湎于Stay in touch with保持联系Cause damage to one’s healt h损害某人的健康Log on the Internet登陆互联网Have/gain access to any information or knowledge获得任何信息/知识Cutting-edge technology尖端科技Information explosion信息爆炸Due to the proliferation of the Internet由于互联网的普及With an increasing popularity of mobile phones随着手机的不断流行Innovation创新Labor-saving machinery劳力节省机械Biotechnology生物技术Telecommunication电信、远程通讯Space exploration太空探索Hacker黑客Conventional method常规方法Online retailer网络零售商Netizen ['netizən]网民Cost-effective划算的、成本节约型Blog博客Cybercrime网络犯罪Offensive攻击的、无礼的Pornography [pɔ:'nɔɡrəfi]色情Violence暴利Illegal gambling非法赌博Questionable contents可以内容、有问题的内容四、万能思路Positive impacts:1. improve work efficiency2. convenience, with the click of a mouse, cost-effective3. promote and facilitate communication4. obtain information in vari ous ways, enrich one’s knowledgeNegative impacts:1. invade one’s privacy2. less quality family time, increasing work pressure3. security issue, cyber crimes4. questionable contents, pornography, violence5. physical problem, radiation, weaken eyesight, less outdoor exercise6. psychological problem, indulge in virtual world, become solitary, be isolated from the real world, weaken the relationships with family members and friendsEg. 1The range of technology is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. To what extent do you agree?Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.提纲：观点：不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的。
雅思小作文笔记
雅思A类小作文（TASK1）笔记Part One Flow Chart流程图注：***表示数字省略! 开始段描述物体的组成<可选>The diagram (illustration) has be made up (mainly consists of ) *** partsThe following diagraph shows the structure of ***The whole procedure (程序) can be divided into *** stagesThe picture illustrates…….It works as follows.结As can be seen from the description, this……is……! 描述过程首先In the first stage / the first stage is to / the first stage involves / to begin with其次After this / in the following stage / at the same time步骤序号 stage *** of the process is / to the ***th stage最后结果 eventually / in the last stage过程细话 at this stage(point) / during / before(after) this / in the course of表示目的 in order (not) to / so as to其它短语 alternative 作为选择的/ otherwise / in addition / at the same timeconcurrent 同时的! 写作方法流程文章：说明做什么工作的过程和目的——准备工作——按时间过程描述——结果——总结<可选>物体器具：实物是什么（用）——结构——工作过程——总结! 必要事项时态一般为现在时被动语态较多尽量描述图中所有信息要用自己的话改写原图中的词语Part Two Writing ways 写作方法! 差额法! 倍数法! 百分法! （同类）比较法Part Three line graph折线, bar chart柱状, pie chart饼图, table表格! 概括图表注：简单描述图表所显示，但不可抄题，必定用现在时***为图表略写According to the *** / From the *** , it can be seen that ……*** indicate / illustrate / outline / describe / unfold / reveal /showcase/ display /reflect显现As an overall trend, it is clear (clear-cut) that......It is clearly (explicitly) shown in the bar chart that ……参考首段结尾句：But what is most surprising is the amount of changeThis , however ,doesn’t appear to have been the case.然而事实并非如此两个对象比较(同图内或多图）The graph compares the.....and....between ...(year) and...(year)the............with..........! 主体段落注：根据内容分层写，一般为2-3段# 结构句式段首：According to the data(figures), ……Since + 年份，……….By + 年份+ In some case, ……事实上过程简写：…….increase…趋势…, through…状态…, finally…趋势…结尾：Overall / In summary / In short / In a word ( nutshell), the chart (data) indicate…… we can see that in....(时间数量)...from ... to...there have been huge positive developments to the......（对象）表达数据从过去到现在的变化大There is a significant trend towards…….. 对于.......而言有个显著的趋势The major conclusion that I’ve drawn using the graph, is that……# 基本词汇1. 表达一般上升（v.—n.）：increase—increase / rise (rose risen)—rise / grow—growth / go up / ascend mount / level up表示缓慢上升：climb表示急剧上升：jump / leap / surge / shoot up / soar / boom- a boom2．表达一般下降：decrease / fall (fell fallen) / drop / go down / decline / descend / be reduce—reduction / level down表示小幅下降：shrink萎缩 / sink (sank sank) 下沉 / dip (dipped)略微下降表示大幅（快速）下降：slump / plunge / dive / plummet3．表达波动fluctuate—fluctuation / go up and down—ups and downs / unstablebetween A and B around C4. 表达变化幅度的adj—advdramatic戏剧性—dramatically sharp—sharply steep过高的—steeply rapid (swift)快速的—rapidly(swiftly) sudden—suddenly steady平稳的—steady slight—slightly significant重要的—significantly gradual逐渐的—gradually immense/ huge/ enormous巨大的—enormously substantial重大的—substantially marked显著的—markedly moderate适度的—moderately minimal最小的—minimally 5. 表达平稳/ 不变（stay / remain）the same / unchanged at ——保持不变（stay / remain）stable (steady) at… / level off / be similar to 保持平稳level out (at) ….——a leveling outmaintain / keep the same level = remain fairly constant 保持相同基本不变maintain sth around…… 保持在….（数值）…附近# 相关句式(不要忘记年份)The …(程度)…number (figure) of n. + v.(单) + adv.The …(程度)…proportion比例 of n. + v.表示两个对象属于同类： A and B follows a similar pattern between …and …(地点) There be a + adj. + n. + in + 主体变化（the number of ——）最高级/比较级主体1 + be +(程度) + as + adj.—common / popular / prevalent… as + 主体2# 语言1．最高/最低值amount to/ reach the highest point / level / degree at ……amount to/ reach the peak / top / zenith / summit / maximum at……reach the lowest point / level / degree at ……reach the bottom at ……2. 排序——be the leading ethnicity / level , followed by ——3. 百分比percentageThe rate (percentage) of 主体 + v.……——occupy + Num + quarter ….占到四分之NumA占B的X% A account for / make(take) up / occupy / consist of X% of B 4. 倍数A是B的N倍 A is N times as much as that in BThe number of n.(复数) in A is N times as much as that in Bn.(复数) in A are N times as many as those in B5. 介词—— increase by + 程度（over 50%）+ from + 数量 + to + 数量A随B上升/下降 A increase / decrease with B# 其他相关词汇短语趋势：trend / tendency / indinationdownward 向下的 upward向上的reach a plateau 经过变化再平稳in the same period 在同一时段compare with 与……相比In / by contrast / on the contrary 恰恰相反Likewise 照样的Meanwhile 同时by + 程度（上升/下降）stand at / reach / represent +数据（不用被动）relatively 相对地respectively分别地following = ensuringtrillion万亿around the level of…… 大概在……水的平reach a conclusion = conclude (v.)expending = costitems = thingsduring the same period = during the perion givenreference (n.) = refer to提到，提及complement for each other互补assist to = help torequirement 要求 n.and *** also witness the same situation ***同样也是这样的情况vice- versa反过来也是如此counterpart同等级别相对应的人或物(代替使用)from the beginning to the end 从开始到结束comprise = includeThat is = I.E（略写）作者： 3G雅思写作版主 zxd2010欢迎您提出建议email: zxd2010@。
环球雅思写作笔记
写作笔记评分标准：一、审题二、描述（主要指小作文，小作文不可以添加任何评论性言语）三、论点、论证能力（大作文的论点控制在2-3个左右）四、清晰的表达能力大作文结构:开头段落（50个字左右）：背景信息（2-3句话）个人观点（个人观点控制在一句话左右，务必简单明确）个人观点分为三种：同意反对中立（完全中立和偏向性中立）主体段落（150个字左右）：2-3个自然段每个自然段：开头第一句话为主题句第二句话至末尾为论述句结尾段落（50个字左右）：suggestion or restatement 建议或者重述(3-4句话) 主流题型：PROBLEM/SOLUTION1、Beginning: Background InformationYour Opinion(概括)Body:问题以及解决方法分别陈列P1 P2 P3 …S1 S2 S3Conclusion: Restatement(重申时不要引出新话题)2、Beginning:同上Body:每个问题各写一段进行详细陈述P1 P2 P3Conclusion:总写解决方案S1 S2 S3例子：课本24页Nowadays, more and more children are becoming obese. Give possible reasons and suggestions.AGREE OR DISAGREE/ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGEBeginning: Background InformationYour Opinion(中立具有偏向性)Body: 三分之一篇幅写与自己相反的观点三分之二篇幅写与自己相同的观点先写反，后写正，中间一行过渡段。
Conclusion: Suggestion例子：课本37页Some people think stricter punishment for driving offenders is the only effective way to improve safety on the roads. To what extent do you agree or disagree?主流话题：年轻人（30102，P6）It is right that university graduates should earn higher salary than less well-educated members. But they should pay all the full cost. To what extent you agree or disagree?女性话题（90 P3）A recent research indicated that the rate of crimes committed by young females has been on the rise all over the world. Please give some possible reasons for this sudden increase in crime rate. Also, make some suggestions on how to deal with this social phenomenon.公众类话题（08奥运，体育91 P3）Last year many famous sports professionals earned millions of dollars each. On the other hand, most people in some “ordinary” professions like nurses, doctors and teachers earn only a small fraction of the incomes of these “start”. What do you think about sports stars receiving very high salaries? Is it fair that people with jobs that directly help people are paid much less?科技类话题（98 P4）传统科技模式与现代科技模式的冲突Some people say that the age of book is over and all information will be presented by video, computer, television, film, etc. However, others think that books and the written words will still be necessary for spreading information and completing education. What is your opinion about this issue?环境类话题（79 P3）Waste disposal presents increasing problems, especially in the urban areas of most big cities. Do you think it is true? Give some suggestions for the government and individuals on how to reduce the amount of rubbish.教育类话题（119 P5）In most universities there are a very small number of male students in certain majors like tourism while females students in many science subjects are hard to be found. Therefore, some people think that universities should enroll equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Give your reasons.媒体类话题（30109 P6）The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue?国家类话题（100 P4）(110 P5)Many people think that countries in the world have a moral obligation to help each other, while others argue that financial aid to poor countries is often misspent by the governments that receive it. Discuss both viewpoints and give your opinion.(30106 旅游重点)Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people form different cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree?当一个考题涉及一个事物的两个侧面，写作原则必须是中立带有偏向性的观点。
剑桥雅思6-test1-小作文-折线图学习笔记
剑桥雅思6-test1-小作文题目：The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.我写的The line graph compares the proportion of population in three different countries which is 65 and older over a 100year periodover a period of 100 years.It is easy to see in the graph the figures people aged 65 and over in three different countries tend to increase from 1940 to 2040（整个句子：It is easy to see in the graph the figures people aged 65 and over in three different countries tend to increase from 1940 to 2040）, While Japan is expected to show the most drastic fluctuation.（未来的数字，用预测的被动）In 1940, Japan had the lowest rates of population aged 65 and over at 5%, while the figure for the USA was twice as Japan. And in Sweden, the number was around 7%. Until 2030, the number of Japanese elderly people is expected to stand at 10%. However, in contrast to the figures for the other countries（与其他国家的数字相比）, the number of Japan will have a considerable rise for the next 10 years.In 2040, the figure for the proportion of population aged 65 and over will be expected to go beyond 23% in all countries mentioned in the graph. Old people in Japan stand at about 28%, which is the highest rate compared to the USA and Sweden.新东方-高分范文：The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japan, Sweden and the USA. It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the US. However, while the figures for the Western countries grew tobefore rising to almost 5% again at the present time.In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages, the proportion of older people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries.Simon版本范文：The line graph compares the percentage of people（proportion of the population的同义替换）aged 65 or more（over同义替换）in three countries over a period of 100 years（小作文中描述图表涉及的年段就用这个表述，背诵）It is clear that（小作文概览段句型）the proportion of elderly people increases in each country between 1940 and 2040. Japan is expected to see the most dramatic changes in its elderly population.In 1940, around 9% of Americans（知道具体国家人的称呼的时候可以替换国家名词）were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden rose gradually over the next 50 years, reaching just under 15%（表示仅仅少一点）in 1990. By contrast, the figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early 2000s.Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040（日本的老年人口比例被预测突然增加突然增加，从2030年到2040年的短短10年时间里，比例将增长15%以上）. By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be slightly lower, at about 25% and 23% respectively（而瑞典和美国的数字则略低，分别约为25%和23%）.积累：第一段（改写）：小作文中描述图表涉及的一段时间：over a period of 100 years第二段：第一句句型：It is clear that图表中超过三类：in each country，in three countries表示整体趋势是剧烈的增长：see the most dramatic changes数据段：直接描述数据，句子太短则用compare对比其他类别的数据：around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over，compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of Japanese people.表述剧烈的百分比增长：a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan在一段时间内持续缓慢增长，然后在某一年到达了一个数字：rose gradually over the next 50 years，reaching just under 15% in 1990直到某个时候一直低于某一数字：the figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early 2000sabout 25% and 23% respectively.表示（未来）一段时间内的突然增加（从什么年代到什么年代），从什么数字到什么数字，：a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040水字数必备短语：与其他国家的数字相比：in contrast to the figures for the other countries图表中有未来的年代，描述未来的第一句：Looking into the future具体数字前面的形容词：不太确定，大概数字：around，approximately，almost，about，nearly表示只有：just over，only多：over，further，少：under，below其他：比例的同义替换：percentage of people，proportion of the population老人的同义替换：elderly people，elderly population进行比较的连接词：while，by contrast，表示未来的数据：it is thought that，is predicted for Japan ，is expected to see the most dramatic changes折线图：关于结构：第一段：第二段：概述段用一般现在时图表中如果有未来的数据，则用“预测”的被动。
雅思小作文必背
小作文课程课堂笔记（须背诵）Task1 : 20 150+30 说明文图表TA: task achievement:对于任务的完成情况1.Summarise the information.总体描写2.Select and report the main features.具体描写3.Make comparisons where relevant.分析对比总分（总）6图表数据图：4：实质：描写数据总：总体描写一句话三要素：题目找1.描写对象：full-time teachers2.数据形式：number3.时间：1960-1990Graph: chart, diagramShow: illustrate, describe, demonstrate数据形式:1.量：the number/ amount of 对象（单位）2.百分比：the proportion/ percentage of 对象This line chart demonstrates the number of full-time teachers (in millions) in China’s regular schools over a period of 30 years from 1960 to 1990.This line chart illustrates the proportion of population aged 65 and over in three different countries, namely Japan, Sweden and the USA over a period of 100 years from 1940 to 2040.首段第二句：overview1.图形中出现了total/all这类的项目：C7T4t12.一条线或者多线同趋势：总趋势3.可作对比的两饼：总体分组情况的说明This line chart demonstrates the number of full-time teachers (in millions) in China’s regular schools over a period of 30 years from 1960 to 1990. In total, it can be obviously seen that the quantity of these educators increased throughout the whole period.It is obvious/clear/apparent thatFluctuate v.Fluctuation n.波动！中间段写作基本方法：1.跟时间推移有关换曲线：2.跟时间推移无关换饼状：按照曲线的变化趋势（升降平）划分具体区间。
雅思作文笔记
张驰新IDP testee R&D –Version/zhangchixin雅思写作互动及欣赏区雅友大联盟（班号）Full…archive 显示所有文章必下载文件：小新雅思课堂笔记version 8.0雅思回家复习计划—置顶的最后一个贴Routine Rubric 常项题型Seldom Rubric 偷袭题型Compare—summarize 共性Contrast—analyze 个性rocket plummetsoar slumpsurge subsideboom ebbcreep up creep downaccrue abateleap diprally retrievedormant整数单位10，100，1000程度副词每栏掌握两个Task 1的3种基本句型实义副词surge= rise moderatelysoar=rise sharplyboom=rise gently绝对描述系统verb.相对描述系统junk verb +adverbA: rise maximallyB: rise comparatively gentlyD: rise minimallyC: rise comparatively sharplyB2: rise sharplyA2: rise comparatively sharplyaccrue=rise gradually and gentlyleap=rise smoothly and sharply起落同幅PIE CHART60%= three-fifths// three out of five= a/the majority of= a large portion/part/share/proportion/percentage/margin of>80% （93%）= a lion’s share5%= a minority of, a tiny portion37.8%= maximum/comparatively a majority of （<50%的最大值）comparatively a minority of X7.3%87%/76%/53%饼图的三句万能句型：1）数据+抄题+导入宾语Band 52）主语+“占据”（先特征，后数据）Band 63）剩余数据Band 7(Combo)constitute, make up, be the instrument of 致成物in the charge of -- sbdue to//owing to//attributed to//for--sthPie Chart的审题过程：1.看文字信息2.审题标1\2\32>1>32:极端数据及其周围数据1:一般数据3:落单数据破纸P1:Food and drink, Other items cover ed comparatively a majority of the average weekly expenditure, with 26% and 24% respectively. On the other hand, Recreation and education, Clothing accounted for a small portion of the expenditure, with 17% altogether.“累加”的写法：totaling 17%//amounting to 17%//adding up to 17%//with a total of 17%19% of the expenditure was shared by Housing and power. Furthermore, the remaining 14% was due to Transport and communication.Coal occupied the maximum portion of the sources of energy, with 47% while Nuclear accounted for a tiny share, with only 1%. Furthermore, 12% and 16% of the energy were shared by Oil and Hydro respectively.The remaining 24% was due to Natural Gas.1）In 1980, the percentage of Coal increased/crept up by 4%//to 51%.2）There was an increase/creeping-up of 4% in the percentage of Coal.3）We can witness…4）The year of 1980 witness ed…5） A outnumber/ outpercentage B by…A: Coal in/of 1980B: that in 1970=its counterpart对等物while Nuclear rocketed by 10 times.参考红书P58-60There was an increase of 10 times in Nuclear.We can witness…The year of 1980 witnessed…Coal in 1980 outpercentaged its counterpart by 10 timesOil almost remained stable.There was a decrease of 4% in the percentage of Hydro. In addition, the year of 1980 witnessed a slump of 9% in Natural Gas. What is worth mentioning is Oil was almost morose during the decade.Through the charts, we can easily draw the conclusion that the new source of energy, particularly Nuclear was given full play while the traditional ones, though still dominant, reached their bottleneck/ceiling to some extent.●两个图的写作原则：3+53句万能句型2涨+2跌+（1平）破纸P2Social…, ad, edu, sci cover comparatively a majority of… while 2.24%, 1.84% and 2.10% are shared by... The remaining percentages are in moderation, with 5.53% for , 7.4% and 9.35% respectively.increase max:min Social Science●三个以上图的写作原则直接联动line chart连词、副词连接顺接：furthermore, moreover, in addition, additionally, next, in the following, what is worth mentioning（值得一提的是）, what is interesting, what should not be neglected(不能忽略的是), last, on the other hand转折：while, on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, what is so different isLine Chart●形态划分法——最简单的图●点位划分法——较复杂的图●水平划分法——极其复杂的图●比较划分法——两根曲线Para 2:总分句All trends(动态)/statistics（静态）/charts（多图）can be categorized/classified into ____ stages（时间）2）predominance/prevalence of3）preference toAll statistics can be categorized into 2 stages with the popularity of listening to radio from about 6 am to 1 pm and the popularity of watching TV during the rest of the day.单线描写（天龙八部）As to the radio audience, it soared from about 6 am to 8am, reaching the peak at about 25% at 8 am, followed by ebbing till the end of a day. We can witness the nadir occurred at around 4 in the morning.Back to the people watching TV, most of them watched TV from 5 pm to 12 am. The trend almost rose and fell evenly with sharp rise and fall. 8 in the evening was the peak hour for people to watch TV. Furthermore, after 3 am, less than 5% of people would listen to radio or watch TV.单线描写红书P71All statistics can be categorized into 2 stages with the popularity of cinema from 1957 to 1960 and the popularity of TV from 1960 to 1974.As to/As for/In terms of/In respect of/In regard to/Concerning the curve of cinema admissions, it dipped from 1957 to 1960, followed by subsiding in the following/next 6 years. We can witness a trend of ebbing till 1972. In the end, there was an abating to its bottom at about 90 in 1974.P72All statistics can be categorized into 3 stages with the equilibrium均势of/in the birth and death rates in the first decade of the 20th century, the predominance of birth rate in the following two decades, and the predominance of death rate from 1930 to 1970.Version 1:As to the birth rate, stabilization in the first ten years was followed by leaping to its zenith at 60 per thousand in 1920. We can witness a clear slump to almost one-third of the zenith in 1940. The next 20 years reflected an even rise and fall. Finally it abated to the trough in 1970.Contrary to the birth rate, the death one continued to creep down after the overlapping period till 1930, when a rally was shown between 1930 and 1940. Fortunately, fewer people died in the rest years, with ebbing to the nadir in 1970. What is worth mentioning is that both birth and death rates reached the bottom level in 1970.Version 2:As to death rate, it abated from 1900 to 1930, followed by soaring to its peak at 50% in 1940. We can see an ebbing till 1970.In the respect of birth rate, the first decade witnessed stabilization, followed by leaping to its peak/zenith at nearly 60% in 1920. It slumped to 20% in 1940 and rose and fell evenly in the next two decades. Finally it had the similar trend with its counterpart, death rate.Sample Topic 13All charts can be categorized into 2 types with absoluteness type for Full-time males and Part-time femalesand alternation type for Full-time females and Part-time males.TABLE表格的描述顺序是以时间作为主线，非时间作为辅线basically soar except in 1995All trends can be categorized into 2 groups with fluctuating in Holiday, Visits to friends and relatives, Other reasons, TOTAL and rising in Business.23, 37, 41, 57, 6347, 53, 42, 46, 5813, 24, 27, 35, 4347, 56, 42, 49, 574，7，11，16，2345，56，60，76，86Holiday: basically soar ExtremeBusiness: boom RangeOther reasons: rise and fall evenly AverageTOTAL: Similarity举例方法评价：Omnipotent 万能法①/②Rare ③Frequent④/⑤类比的四种句型：This is the similar case with…This is true of …So does…This can be paralleled with …反比的三种句型：This is the opposite with…This is converse with …This is contrary to …无序（无规律）数据用1/2表格题的风格：Technical Table（随意选取栏目）Strategic Table (Screening甄别；筛选)红书P73●一定要写的项目：√●说明公司：Despite the increasing net sales of ABC Company, the rate of increase is deteriorating. Furthermore, theCosts and expenses were not controlled properly, leading to the plain increase of Net income with a decline after 1998.表格题审题顺序：1）确定写作顺序（横？纵？）10 sec2）表格审题编号——先趋势，后数据✧在表格左边空白区域标上trend编号30 sec✧写出all trends那句话（总分句）2 min✧在表格右边空白区域进行数据方法的编号2-3 min✧进行数据的描写10 min纵向比较结果：Food played a major part//accounted for comparatively a majority in the average family expenditure in Britain.Sample Topic 6:All trends can be categorized into 4 groups with falling in items such as Food, rising in items including Housing, fluctuating in Household goods and services, and stabilizing in Other items.Transport and communications soared, reaching an apex at 16% in 1996 and hitting a trough at 9% in 1967. Household goods and services was volatile dramatically with the vertex in 1996 and the nadir in 1977. Furthermore, there was a subsiding in Other goods and services, ranging from 8 to 14. Alcoholic drink reached a plateau at 7 from 1967 to 1977 and subsided to 4 in 1996, this was paralleled with the trend of Fuel, light and power. Food abated, averaging out at nearly 20. Similarly, the trend of Housing accrued from 1967 to 1996 with an average of 14 in 1977. This was almost the similar case with the trend of Recreation, entertainment and education, which was the opposite with that of Tobacco.To vary within specified limits:在…范围内变动：在某一特定的范围内变化：What is worth mentioning is that Other items, not making its debut until 1977, remained constant from 1977 to 1996.Sample Topic 11:趋势编号：1，2，2，23，1，1，2All trends can be categorized into 3 groups with rising in Agriculture of Britain, Computer Industry and Finance of China, fluctuating in Computer Industry, Finance, Manual Labour of Britain and Manual Labour表格题的类型：Dynamic Table（有趋势）Static Table（无趋势）BAR CHART柱状图的本质——其它三种题型用柱子来表示。
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Peak at/ reach the highest point of
最低点
Reach the bottom of/ the lowest point of / bottom out at
达到
Reach/ arrive at/ amount to/ hit/ stand at/ register
例：The graphs below show the enrolments of overseas students and local students in Britain’s universities.
The graphs provide information about the proportions of overseas students and local students enrolled in Britain’s Universities from 1989 to 1999.
In general, the UK house prices has kept rising since 1970 and will continue to rise in the coming five years. At the first five years between 1970 and 1975, the house price in UK remains constant at 100 thousand and in the following decade, rose only slightly to 120 by 1985. Then there is a gentle decrease to around 115 in 1990. The number began to climb again since 1990, but still steadily.However, since 2000, the number jumped to a peak of 190 by 2005 and then began to decline.
分别
Respectively/ separately
关于
as for/ in terms of/ concerning/ regarding
常用时间过渡词
Then/ from this time onwards / from then on
After / before ( prior to)
其他关联词
This was followed by a dramatic climb to one hundred dollars in 2009, and after that, the datacontinue to rise but slightly, finally reaching thehighest pointof 130 by 2015.
3.并列结构and +until定语从句when
The number dropped again from almost six million in 1964 to five million in 1966 and then went up gradually until 1976 when there was a leveling-off at eight million for the next ten years.
例:
The information in the graph below contains information about the cost of a house in Britain over 40 years, with projections into the future.
The line graph presents us the UK house prices changes in pounds sterling of 45 years from 1970 to 2015.
2.Before+ V-ing
From 1960 to 1962, the number of full-time teachers went down from 5 million to the bottom of 3 million before rising to 5 million in the following two years.
Shows: indicates/ unfolds/ displays/ reveals/ reflects/ relates/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ describes/ depicts/ portray/ outlines/ provide an overview of…
急剧下降：plummet / plunge
速度快
Sharp/ dramatic/ drastic/ rapid/ steep
缓慢
Gradual/ steady/ gentle/ slow
波动
Fluctuate around/ a fluctuation in
稳定在
Level off at/ level out at/ stabilize at/ remain constant/ remain steady at
主体段常用词汇：
第1句话
a) The overall trend/ general trend indicate that …
b) There is an overall +某种趋势的名词
第2句话之前
To be more exact = more exactly
To be more precise= more precisely
1. There be+定语从句which
（There was a rise from …, which was followed by an increase/ decrease …// which led to// which preceded..）
According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five million in 1960 to three million in 1962, which was followed by a rapid increase over the next two years.
To be more specific = more specifically
上升
动词：rise to/ increase to/ go up to/ climb to
名词：a rise in/ an increase in/a growth in/ an upward trend in/ a boom in
（2）纵坐标作主语
The number (percentage) of … went up / down
（3）横坐标作主语（一般是时间）
表示经历：see/ witness/ experience
结尾段:paraphrase趋势句,总结最有特征的点.
In summary, it ispredictedthat oil prices tends to increase. Besides, the price in 2015 isprojectedto be more than six times that in 1995.
In conclusion, the UK house prices are supposed to decline in the five coming years but above 180 thousand pounds sterling.
高分语言示范:
Number of full-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in China (1960-1990)
分步描述（起点+极值+终点）：
Pricesstarted attwenty US dollars a barrel during 1995, and then rose slightly to approximately twenty-four dollars in 1998.
The cost of a barrel then dropped for two years, to thelowest pointof about eighteen dollars during 2000. After that, there was a steady price rise, reaching about fifty dollars a barrel in 2006.
占多少
Account for / represent/ constitute/ make up/ occupy
预测
It is suggested/ predicted/ expected/ projected
大约
Approximately/ roughly/ just over/ under/ around
线图：
例：Direction: You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task.
The graph contains information about the price in US dollars of a barrel of oil from 1995 with predictions to 2015.
Summarize the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
开头段：转述原题+时态永远是一般现在时