西方文化导论

西方文化Greek Culture1. A war was fought between Greece and Troy: 1200BC2.Marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th B.C:(1)The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C.(2)The establishment of democracy and(3)The flourishing of science , philosophy, literature , art and historical writing in AthensRoman culture1. 与Greek相同之处：1. The Romans had a lot in common with Greeks (P13)2.Both the ….3.4.52. Architecture : The pantheon, Pont du Gard, The Colosseum1. Patheon is the best preserved Romantemple.2.Pont du Gard is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct (P16-17)3.Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre.The bible and Christianity1.Christianity is the most influential in the West.2.Judaism and Christianity 的关系(P17)（1）It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity（2）Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine3.The old Testament:(1) The old Testament+ the New Testament = The Bible (P18)(2)The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God(3)The New Testament is the doctrine of Jesus ChristThe middle Agesgeneral introduction1.The middle Ages 年份, A.D 476-1453 (P28)2.In A.D. 476 Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control3.Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone4. A great many Germanic kingdoms grow into England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany.5.In 5th and 11th centuries, western Europe was frequent wars and invasions.Why is the MA called “Age of Faith”(p29)1.During the Medieval Times there was no central government to keep order. The onlyorganization was the Christian church2.In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in Western Europe is Christian and a member …3.Christian 掌权政治法律。

It shaped people’s livesThe crusades1.Important effect of The crusades : (P31)(1)Although the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had animportant effect…And they greatly influenced the history of Europe(2)…H elped to break down feudalismwhich ,in turn led to rise of the monarchies.(3)…Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals…(4)Resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention….And the rise of townsand trade in western Europe paved the way for the growth of strong national government.Art and ArchitectureRomanesque(罗马式建筑) (P36)1.“Romanesque”=“In the Roman manner”…Gothic art 与Romanesque art 的区别1.Romanesque art is religious.2.Romanesque sculpture and painting are often imbued with symbolism and allegory.3.…churches are stone ..but the feeling of uncertainty and insecurity was still there.Gothic1.The Gothic style started in France2.…I t was given direction by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a muchRenaissance and Reformation1.Renaissance: 14th and mid 17th century (P37)2.Renaissance means revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture Renaissance in Italy:The Rise of HumanismThe main element of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during Italian Renaissance?1.At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy is the assertion of the greatness of man.2.Related to this is the belief in the promotion of wealth and pleasure and a frank admirationfor the beauty of human body.3.In art and literature during the Italian Renaissance…interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God and the House of God to the beauty of human body in all its…Renaissance ArtHow did Italian Renaissance art break away from medieval tradition? (P39)1.Art broke away from the domination of the church….Artists are commissioned by the churchto paint the design became a separate stratum like writers and poets doing noble …2.Themes of painting changed into …..all aspect of nature and man3.Artists …put many of the principle of ancient civilization into their work.4.Artists introduced in their works scientific theories..The seventeenth century1.in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. P562.This advance began in science…, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.3.The triumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the … and boughtabout modern philosophy..4.The new science and philosophy gave a great push to political struggle ..thebourgeoisie, andother classes. The 17th century saw the intense…,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France…Two merits shared by the great scientists (P61)简答题：科学哲学观如何形成1.They showed boldness in framing hypotheses2.They all had immense patience in observation3.The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientificand philosophical thinking.French Classicism这个属于The seventeenth century里边的，就放在左边了The difference between classicism and French classicism of the 17th century P68-69 1.Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return toworks of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle.2.but French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival.3.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.Three notice characteristics of French classicism or French neoclassicism P691.Man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline2.Rationalism was believed to be able to discovet r the best principles of human conduct and….3.French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.French classicism of the 17th century was a new type of classicism.Baroque Art（巴洛克艺术）1.Baroque art flourished first in Italy. P712.It then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlandsin the north.3.It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis onlight and colour（注重光与色的效果，气势雄伟，有感性吸引力）｛代表人物及其作品：P71-721.Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini （贝尔尼尼）1.2.3. David(大卫), The Ecstasy of St. Theresa(圣特雷萨的沉迷2.Michelangelo Caravagio（卡拉瓦乔）1.2 first painter to 强光黑影突出主角画面The calling of St. Matthew\ Thecardsharps3.Francesco Borromini （普罗密尼） 1.2 对..进行大胆改变4.Peter Paul Rubens （鲁本斯）1.2.3. greatest painter of Flemish school, 对扩散Baroque重大贡献，主要作品Queen of France\ The raising of the cross5.Diego Velasquez （委拉斯开兹）1. The maids of honorArt and Architecture in France P731.France was the richest and the most powerful country in Europe.2.Louis XIV was the greatest patron that history has known....As a result, France surged aheadin architecture.3.The masterpieces of architecture in France are East Front of the Louvre(卢浮宫朝东的一面)and Palace of Versailles Garden Front（凡尔赛宫朝花园的一面）.The Age of Enlightenment p74-751.The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France originating in France.It attracted widespread support…….. of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.2.The Enlightenment is sometimes “the Age of Reason” because it characterizes the efforts bycertain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice.Rococo Art（洛可可）P871.Rococo art appeared during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV in France.2.The name of Rococo has been interpreted as being made up of two French words, rocaille,meaning rock and coquille, meaning shell.3.Rococo style in art is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration.4.Rococo art is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork and foliage and ithas a curving and elastic pattern.5.Rococo art was not a style in fine arts, but a style in such minor arts as furniture, tapestriesclocks and ceiling chandeliers.代表作：Salon de la PrincessesRomanticismWhat is Romanticism? P911.Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed inEurope in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2.Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.Romantic literature:Romantic Literature works, diversified in character and daring in spirit, all depicted man’s eager search for individual freedom, pure sentiments and ideal beauty.Romantic music: P921.Music in the Romantic period echoed ever more closely the new ideas and themes in art andliterature.2.There occurred an onrush of expressive program music, art song and operas which all borethe characteristic of originality and difference(新颖别致的).3.The musical romantics allowed more freedom in form, stressed the role off humansentiments, imagination and love of nature and drew extensively on folk music in their compositions.4.The musical romantics also became conscious of their national feelings and tried hard to givethem a full expressionArt and Architecture P102-104RealismWhy is it that Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” and Dickens has been called“the English Balzac”? p119Impressionism in Art p1271.Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century.2.Impressionism in painting began in the mid-19th century Paris.3.The term “impressionism” first appeared… it was taken directly from the title of Monet’sImpression: Sunrise (1872)4.Generally speaking, the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene takenin by the eye in real life and recreating the transitory experience with brushstrokes. Impressionist artists （知道一些）0 p127-128Modernism and Other TrendsWhat was meant by modernism and when did the Modernist movement begin? P1301. a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the endof the 19th century2.made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurismWhy has Modernism been called “the tradition of the new”?… its was characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions. It provided fresh ways of looking at…Why has Modernism also been called the “dehumanization of art”? P1311.It pushes into the background traditional humanisticnotions of the individual and society.It restates, in new terms, the same questions…What is the term “modernist” usually reserved for?1.… for more experimental and innovative modern works…2.The modern tradition is pluralistic…New Ideas and Thoughts—Sigmund Freud p132-134P155 PART TWO Ⅱ连线题1.前边黄色部分是添的2.Art and Architecture p102-104& Impressionist artists p127-1283.&Sigmund Freud p132-134 内容太多，没写进来。