电工学原理及应用(Electrical Engineering)经典双语详解讲义
电路原理双语课件
The transfer function can be written as
The transfer function H(ω) of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output Y(ω) (an element voltage or current) to a phasor input X(ω) (source voltage or current). Thus,
Vo 1/ jωC 1 H (ω ) = = = Vs R + 1/ jωC 1 + jω RC
The magnitude and phase of H(ω) are
Amplitude response 幅频特性
ω H= , φ = − tan 2 ω0 1 + (ω / ω 0 )
1
−1
where ω0 = 1/RC. At ω = 0, H = 1 and φ = 0. At ω = ∞, H = 0, and φ = − 90°. Also, at ω = ω0, H = 1/ 2 and φ = − 45°.
14.1 INTRODUCTION
In our sinusoidal circuit analysis, we have learned how to find voltages and currents in a circuit with a constant frequency source. If we let the amplitude of the sinusoidal source remain constant and vary the frequency, we obtain the circuit’s frequency response. The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in signal frequency. The sinusoidal steady-state frequency responses of circuits are of significance in many applications, especially in communications and control systems.
电工学原理及应用(Electrical Engineering)经典双语详解讲义
Alternating Current
On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC.
3Ω
4Ω 2Ω 3Ω a 6Ω
10V
Congsidering current I， N=4,B=6,L=7
N=3,B=5,L=6
1.4 Kirchhoff’s current LAW (KCL)
The net(净，总的) current a node is zero.
Ｉ= 0
entering
• Electrical Engineering Subdivisions
• • • • • • • • Communication systems Computer systems Control systems Electromagnetics Electronics Photonics Power systems Signal processing
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 90 20 120 90 80 0
功率平衡！电路中所有元件的功率之和为 0 ！ 常用作对分析结果的检验准则。
•About Kirchhoff
古斯塔夫· 罗伯特· 基尔霍夫(Gustav Robert Kirchhoff )
——/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff
Box3
P3 U 3 I 3 60V ( 2)A 120W<0
U1 1
U2 2 U5
电气专业英语section 1-5中英
由于节点3连接有4条支路，所以选择其作为参考点， 用所示的接地符号标明。
The voltage between node 1 and the reference node 3 is identified as u1, and u2 is defined between node 2 and the reference.
每个非参考点相对于参考点的电压既是节点电压。
It is common practice to select polarities so that the node voltages are positive relative to the reference node.
选择极性时，通常使节点电压相对于参考点为正。
理解了电路基本定律（欧姆定律和基尔霍夫定律）后
we are now prepared to apply these laws to develop two powerful techniques for circuit analysis:
我们准备应用这些定律得出两种电路分析的有效方法
nodal analysis, which is based on a systematic application of Kirchhoff's current law (KCL),
0.2u1 1.2u2 2
(1-20)
Solve the Eq.(1-19) and Eq. (1-20) to obtain the unknown node voltage u1 and u2, then any current or power in the circuit may now be found.
电气工程专业英语unit6解读
This involves the application of automation technology in the power system, such as SCADA, EMS, and DMS, to achieve real-time monitoring and control of the power system.
Article structure
VS
Unit 6涉及的词汇主要包括电气工程相关术语、工业自动化和智能制造领域的专业词汇，以及一些科技类常用词汇。
短语总结
文章中出现的短语主要包括与电气工程和工业领域相关的短语，如"power system","automation control","intelligent manufacturing"等。这些短语对于理解文章内容非常重要，需要学生重点掌握。
Electrical engineering also contributes to the progress of other fields, such as computer science, robotics, and nanotechnology. Electrical engineers design and develop the electronic components and systems that are used in these fields, making it possible for them to advance.
Circuit analysis
Circuit analysis is a fundamental skill for electrical engineers. It involves using mathematical models to analyze the behavior of electrical circuits. Circuit analysis is essential for predicting circuit performance, optimizing circuit design, and troubleshooting circuit problems.
电工学原理及应用(Electrical Engineering)经典双语详解讲义
N
–
+
内电场被加 强，少子的漂 移加强，由于 少子数量很少， 形成很小的反 向电流。
PN 结加反向电压时，PN结变宽，反向电流较小， 反向电阻较大，PN结处于截止状态。 温度越高少子的数目越多，反向电流将随温度增加。
•二极管的符号与结构Fra bibliotekuDD 外形 iD 国标符号 D 美标符号
根据PN结构造面的特点，二极管分为点接触型、面接触 型、键型、合金型、扩散型、台面型、平面型、合金扩散型、 外延型、肖特基型等。
I D2
D1承受反向电压为－6 V
3
4mA
Ex.8.8 Assume ideal diodes, find the diode states for the circuits shown in Fig. 10.17.
D1 is on;
D2 is off;
D3 is off;D4 is on.
Electrical Engineering and Electronics II
Chapter 8 Diodes
4 Course Hours
Chapter 8 Diode
8.1 Basic Diode Concepts 8.2 Load-line analysis of diode circuits 8.3 Zener-diode voltage-regulator circuits 8.4 Ideal-diode model 8.5 Piecewise-linear diode models 8.6 Rectifier circuits 8.7 Wave-shaping Circuits 8.8 Linear Small-signal Equivalent Circuits
电气工程专业英语教学内容
电气工程专业英语电路 electric circuit电气工程electrical engineering电机electric machine自然科学physical science电气设备 electrical device电器元件 electrical element正电荷positive charge负电荷negative charge直流direct current交流alternating current电压voltage导体conductor功work电动势electromotiveforce电势差potential difference功率power极性polarity能量守恒定律the law of conservation energy变量variable电阻 resistance电阻率resistivity绝缘体insulator电阻器resistor无源元件passive element常数constant电导conductance短路short circuit开路open circuit线性的linear串联series并联parallel电压降voltage drop等效电阻equivalent resistance电容器capacitor电感器inductor储能元件storage element电场electric field充电 charge放电discharge动态的dynamic电介质dielectric电容capacitance磁场magnetic field电源power supplu变压器transformer电机electric motor线圈coil电感inductance导线conducting wire绕组wingding漏电阻leakage resistance电子系统electronic system结构图block diagram功能模块functional block放大器amplifier滤波器filter整形电路wave-shaping circuit振荡器oscillator增益gain输入阻抗input impedance带宽bandwidth晶体管transistor集成电路integrated circuit电力电子power electronics数字信号处理digital signal-processing 输出装置output device模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signal传感器transducer采样值sample value模数转换器analog-to-digital converter 频谱frequency content采样频率sampling rate or frequendy 扰动disturbance分立电路discrete circuit数字化信号digitized signal运算放大器operational amplifier有源电路active circuit电子部件electronic unit封装package管脚pin同相端noninverting terminal反相输入inverting input电路图circuit diagram压控电压源voltage-controlled voltage source 开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain负反馈negative feedback正饱和positive saturation线性区linear region电压跟随器voltage follower等效阻抗equivalent impedance逻辑变量logic variable位bit数字字digital word字节byte半字节nibble与运算AND operation真值表truth table与门AND gate非门NOT gate或门OR gate加号addition sign与非门NANA gate异或运算XOR operation逻辑表达式logic expression二进制binary system正逻辑positive logic负逻辑negative logic参考方向reference direction理想变压器ideal transformer电气绝缘electrical isolation阻抗匹配impedance matching电力electrical pewer绝缘变压器isolating transformer电压互感器voltage transformer电流互感器current transformer原边绕组primary winding工作频率operating frequency配电变压器distribution transformer电力变压器power transformer磁通密度flux density磁场magnetic field铁芯变压器iron-core transformer大功率high-power空芯air-core磁耦合magnetic coupling小功率lower-power励磁损耗magnetizing loss磁滞损耗hysteresis loss涡流eddy current励磁电流exciting current漏磁通leakage flux互磁通 mutual flux线圈coil芯式core form壳式shell form高压绕组high-voltage winding磁链flux linkage电动势electromotive force有效值root mean square value匝数比turns ratio视在功率apparent power匝数the number of turns升压变压器step-up transformer降压变压器step-down transformer电动机motor发电机generator机械能mechanical energy电能electrical energy电磁的electromagnetic直线式电动机linear motor同步电机synchronous machine感应电机induction machine定子stator转子rotor气隙air gap轴shaft电枢armature励磁绕组field winding无功功率reactive power制动状态braking mode稳态steady-state相序phase sequence反响制动plugging滞后电流lagging current励磁电抗magnetizing reactance 启动电流starting current变频器frequency changer感应电势induced voltage逆变器inverter周波变换器cycloconverter换向器commutator自动控制automatic control控制器controller扰动disturbance期望值desired value压力pressure液位liquid level被控变量controlled variable 方框图block diagram传递函数transfer function工程控制process control伺服系统servomechanism流率flow rate加速度acceleration前向通路forward path补偿correction反馈通路feedback path闭环closed-loop开环open-loop输出output增益gain手动调节manual adjustment 变送器transducer误差error控制方式control mode比例控制proportional control 积分控制integral control微分控制derivative control执行元件manipulating element 调节时间setting time残差residual error不确定度uncertainty观测数据observations采样sample算术平均arithmetic average期望值expected value标准偏差standard deviation下限lower range limit上限upper range limit跨度span分辨率resolution死区dead band灵敏度sensitivity阈值threshold可靠性reliability过量程overrange恢复时间recovery time过载overload过量程极限overrange limit漂移drift准确性accuracy误差error重复性repeatability系统误差systemic error再现性reproducibility校准calibration线速度linear velocity角速度angular velocity弧度radian测速仪tachometer增量式编码器incremental encoder定时计数器timed counter稳定性stability接口interface调节器conditioner开关switch执行器actuator电磁阀solenoid valve连续控制系统sequential control system 触点contact常开normally open常闭normally closed限位开关limit switch继电器relay延时继电器time-delay relay接通电流pull-in current开断电流drop-out current电机启动器motor starter接触器contactor自锁触点holding contact整流器rectifier变流器converter逆变器inverter二极管diode阳极anode阴极cathode正向偏置forward biased反向偏置reverse biased阻断block稳压二极管zener diode晶体管transistor集电极collector基极base发射极emitter共发射极common-emitter双向晶闸管triac正半周positive half-cycle触发电流trigger circuit功率容量power capability功率器件power device晶闸管thyristor导通conduction正向阻断 forward-blocking通态on-state关断状态off-state反向击穿电压reverse breakdown voltage 漏电流leakage current电流额定值current rating漏极drain门极gate缓冲电路snubber circuit均流current sharing额定电压rated voltage可控开关controllable switch相控phase-controlled充电器charger工频line-frequency变换器converter整流rectification逆变inversion可逆调速revesible-speed再生制动regenerative barking关断时间turn-off time纯电阻负载pure resistive load脉动ripple感性负载inductance load周期time period带内部直流电动势的负载load witn an internal DC voltage波形waveform换相commutation稳态steady state交流侧AC-side延时角delay angle交点intersection电力系统power system发电厂generating plant发电机generator负荷load输电网transmission nerwork配电网distribution network电electricity天然气natural gas原理图schematic diagram锅炉boiler热效率thermal efficiency风力wind power断路器circuit breaker变电所substation故障fault过电压overvoltage击穿值breakdown value过电流over current可靠性reliability继电器relay触点contact电流互感器current transformer合闸线圈operating coil分闸线圈trip coilCircuit theory is also valuable to students specializing in other branches of the physical science because circuit are a good model for the study of energy system in general,and because of the applied mathematics,physics,and topology involved.电路理论对于专门研究自然科学其他分支的学生来说也十分有价值，因为电路一般可以很好地作为能量系统研究的模型，并且电路理论涉及应用数学、物理学和拓扑学的相关知识。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译-5页word资料
第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。
从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。
在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。
In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。
A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。
电工学原理的应用
电工学原理的应用电工学原理是电工技术中最基础和关键的知识之一、它主要涉及电流、电压、电阻、电功率等基本概念，以及电路理论、电路分析、电路定理等实际应用。
在现代社会中，电工学原理广泛应用于各种电器、电子设备和电力系统中，为我们的生活和工作提供了便利和支撑。
以下将详细介绍电工学原理的应用。
首先是在家庭用电中的应用。
在我们家中，各种电器设备如电视机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调等都是利用电工学原理运转的。
以冰箱为例，冰箱内部有一个压缩机，它通过电工学原理中的电机原理，将电能转化为机械能，带动制冷系统的运转，从而实现冷藏食物的目的。
而空调则通过电工学原理中的电路原理，利用电压变化产生的热量来调节室内温度。
这些家电的正常运作都依赖于电工学原理的应用。
其次是在工业领域的应用。
电工学原理在工业自动化和控制中有着广泛的应用。
例如，工厂中的自动化生产线需要电工学原理中的传感器、PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）和电机等设备进行自动控制。
传感器可以将各种物理量转化为电信号，PLC可以根据输入的电信号进行逻辑判断和控制输出信号，而电机则通过电力驱动机械设备的运行。
这些设备的协同运作离不开电工学原理的应用。
另外，在电力系统中，电工学原理也是不可或缺的。
电力系统是指由发电厂、输电线路和配电变压器组成的系统，用来传输和分配电能。
其中，发电厂通过旋转发电机产生电流，这涉及到电工学原理中的发电机原理；输电线路则需要利用电工学原理中的电路定理进行电压和电流的计算和分析；而配电变压器则通过电工学原理中的变压原理，将高电压输电线路的电能转化为适合使用的低电压。
电力系统的正常运行离不开电工学原理的支撑。
此外，电工学原理在电子设备中的应用也非常重要。
如手机、电脑、电视和音响等电子设备，它们内部的电路板上集成了各种电子元器件，如电阻器、电容器、电感器、二极管和晶体管等。
这些元件的工作原理都与电工学原理有关。
例如，电子设备中的放大器就是利用电工学原理中的放大原理来放大电信号，从而实现声音和图像的增强。
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2. Analyze the circuit to determine the current through the diodes assumed to be on and the voltage across the diodes assumed to be off.
•Assumed States for Analysis of Ideal-Diode Circuits
8.1 Basic Diode Concepts
电路符号
反向 击穿区
伏安特性
阳极
阴极 反偏 （截止）区 正偏 （导通）区
简化的物理结构
空穴 阳极
自由 电子 阴极
等效流体器件：挡板阀
内电场
•二极管PN结(pn junction)载流子的运动
漂移运动 P-type material P型半导体(掺硼) － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － － N-type material 内电场E N型半导体(掺磷)
Thermal voltage
VT 26 mV
•Zener Diodes
•Diodes that are intended to operate in the breakdown region are called Zener diodes.
iZ
美标符号
iZ DZ
uZ
+
UZ IZ IZ IZmax
－－－ － － －
－－－ － － －
P
IF
+
–
内电场 外电场
N
内电场被 削弱，多子 的扩散加强， 形成较大的 扩散电流。
PN 结加正向电压时，PN结变窄，正向电流较 大，正向电阻较小，PN结处于导通状态。
2. PN 结加反向电压（反向偏置）
P接负、N接正
+ + +
+ + + + + +
－ － － － － －
Emission coefficient 1-2
k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K is Boltzmann’s constant（波尔 兹曼常数） q = 1.60 × 10–19 C is the magnitude of the electrical charge of an electron（电子电荷量）. At a temperature of 300 K, we have thermal voltage （温度的电压当量）
3. Check to see if the result is consistent with the assumed state for each diode. Current must flow in the forward direction for diodes assumed to be on. Furthermore, the voltage across the diodes assumed to be off must be positive at the cathode (i.e., reverse bias).
若 V阳 >V阴或 UD为正( 正向偏置 )，二极管导通
若 V阳 <V阴或 UD为负( 反向偏置 )，二极管截止
例 1：
6V
D
3k 12V +
A
电路如图，求：UAB 取 B 点作参考点， 断开二极管，分析二 极管阳极和阴极的电 位。
U V V阳>V阴 二极管导通 若忽略管压降，二极管可看作短路，UAB =－ 6V 否则， UAB低于－6V一个管压降，为－6.3Ｖ或－6.7V
•二极管的符号与结构
检波二极管
整流二极管
发光二极管
光电二极管
•Small-Signal Diodes
•Shockley Equation
Saturation current 10E-14
vD iD I s exp nV T
1
kT VT q
VSS RiD vD 0
Vo VD
Example.8.3 R=1kΩ, Find the output voltage for Vss=15V. Repeat for Vss=20V.
0.5 V
VSS RiD vD 0
Vout|Vss 15 10V Vout|Vss 20 10.5V
Load-line analysis of complex circuits
The circuit with a single two-terminal nonlinear element and linear sources and loads can be analyzed by load-line analysis. The linear port of the circuit (linear sources and loads ) can be replaced by Thevenin equivalent circuit. Then a load-line is constructed to find the operating point on the characteristic of nonlinear device. See P351 Example 8.4
例2:
D2 D1 6V
求：UAB
3k
12V
两个二极管的阴极接在一起 A + 取 B 点作参考点，断开二极 UAB 管，分析二极管阳极和阴极 – B 的电位。
V1阳 =－6 V，V2阳=0 V，V1阴 = V2阴= －12 V UD1 = 6V，UD2 =12V ∵ UD2 >UD1 ∴ D2 优先导通， D1截止。 若忽略管压降，二极管可看作短路，UAB = 0 V 流过 D2 的电流为 12
I D2
D1承受反向电压为－6 V
3
4mA
Ex.8.8 Assume ideal diodes, find the diode states for the circuits shown in Fig. 10.17.
D1 is on;
D2 is off;
D3 is off;D4 is on.
15 10 50 mA 0.1
RL 15 10 V RL R
8.4 Ideal-diode model
•The ideal diode acts as a short circuit for forward currents and as an open circuit with reverse voltage applied.
•Ex10.5 Find the output voltage for •a. iL=0; b. iL=20mA; c. iL=100mA.
Solution: If zener diode is in reverse breakdown region, then
iR
vo
When i <50mA, v =v (反向击穿), i <0 L D Z D Otherwise, when i >50mA, D (反向截止), i =0 L Z D
•Homework 8
P8.4 P8.8 P8.20
P8.26
8.5 Piecewise-linear diode models
1. Approximate the actual V-A characteristic by straight line segment; 2. Model each section of the diode characteristic with a resistance in series with a constant voltage source.
Graphical methods!
• Graphical methods: LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS
VSS Ri D v D
Q-Quescent point静态工作点
负载线
Example 8.1 Vss=2V, R= 1kΩ；Example 8.2 Vss=10V, R= 10kΩ
N
–
+
内电场被加 强，少子的漂 移加强，由于 少子数量很少， 形成很小的反 向电流。
PN 结加反向电压时，PN结变宽，反向电流较小， 反向电阻较大，PN结处于截止状态。 温度越高少子的数目越多，反向电流将随温度增加。
•二极管的符号与结构
uD
D 外形 iD 国标符号 D 美标符号
根据PN结构造面的特点，二极管分为点接触型、面接触 型、键型、合金型、扩散型、台面型、平面型、合金扩散型、 外延型、肖特基型等。
－ － － － － －
+ + +
+ + +
－ － － － － －
+ + +
P
内电场 外电场
N
–
+
2. PN 结加反向电压（反向偏置）
P接负、N接正
+ + +
+ + + + + +
PN 结变宽
－ － － － － －
－ － － － － －
+ + +
+ + +
－ － － － － －
+ + +
P
IR
内电场 外电场
Example 8.5
假设不 成立
假设成 立
iD1=1mA VD2=-3V