扬州大学(考博士题)
扬州大学
二零零三年博士研究生入学考试试题
A．名词解释（每题4分，共40分）用简明扼要的语言解释每个名词所涵盖的科学内容（注意不是简单地将英文翻译为中文）
1.Eradication of a disease
2.vertical transmission
3.OIE list A diseases
4.highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)
5.epizootic(epidemic)
6.Infectious bursal disease(IBD)
7.blue tongue
8.pseudorabies
9.food safety
10.biosecurity
B问答题（7题任选6题作答，每题10分，共60分）
1．近20年来在畜禽传染病的诊断和防制方面出现了哪些新技术？试评价它们的优缺点及其与常规技术的关系。
2．列举5种重要的鸡免疫抑制性病原体，分别说明其致病特征及防制方法。
3．以我国猪瘟的防制实践为例，试正确评价疫苗在畜禽传染病防制中的作用。
4．口蹄疫病毒有几种血清型？1950年以来，我国曾发生过哪几种血清型口蹄流行？以哪一种血清型病毒流行最广，持续时间最长，造成损失最大？你认为我国用疫苗接种控制口蹄疫的方法存在哪些问题？应如何解决？
5．引起猪繁殖障碍的传染病主要是哪几种？简述其鉴别诊断及防制要点。
6．为什么说一般的商业鸡群的呼吸道病是多病因疾病？试分析这些原因的相互作用。
7．列举4种重要的人兽共患病，试分析对动物群体中这些病的控制与人群中这些病控制之间的关系。
2003年扬州大学兽医微生物学与免疫学试题
一、请简要叙述细菌质粒的生物学特性及其应用（15分）
二、请叙述新城疫病毒强、弱毒的主要区别，并根据这些区别用现代分子生物学方法设计如何诊断鸡新城疫？（20分）
三、请叙述如何判定禽流感的致病性？禽流感抗原变异的生物学和流行病学意义。（15分）
四、试述MHC分子在细胞上的分布及其理论意义（15分）
五、试述粘膜免疫的研究进展及其在抗感染免疫中的重要地位。（15分）
六、试述DNA疫苗诱发免疫应答的机制以及在免疫预防中的应用前景。（20分）
2004年扬大考博士题（传染病）
一、名词解释（全为英文）
1．感染梯度
2．无浆体病
3．鸟疫
4．赤羽病
5．慢性感染
6．犬细小病毒性肠炎
7．猪PMUS
8．隔离
9．马腺疫
10散发性
二、简答
1．断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征的病因及相互关系
2．FMD、防制对策、流行情况
3．HPAI防制对策、如何诊断
4．引起鸡产蛋下降的病，如何诊断
5．引起猪繁殖障碍的病，如何诊断
6．爆发HPAI，如何防制
二00二年扬大考博题（微生物）
克隆选择标记
抗体类转换
ETEC
质粒
DNA疫苗
PRRS
REV
简答
1．何为TH1、TH2？在疫苗设计中的应用
2．分析传统疫苗AI，试述今后研究方向
3．反转录病毒的基因组结构及复制过程
4．胞内菌逃避防疫机制
5．免疫特异性的利与弊
2000年扬州大学博士研究生入学考试试题
兽医微生物学及免疫学
(用于预防兽医学专业)
一、名词解释（每题2.5分，共30分）。答题要求：用简洁语言解释每个名词所涵盖的科学内容，不是简单地将英文翻泽成中文。
1.Bacterial cell wall
2.transgenosis
3.group translocation
4.fimbria
5.transfer factor
6.CD4+T-cell
7.delaged-type hypersensitivity
8.natural autoantibodies
9.retrovirus
10.viroid
11.recombinant virus
12.DNA vaccine
二、问题答（9题中任选7题作答，每题10分，共70分）
1．迄今，在动物源性产肠毒素大肠杆菌中已发现的粘附素性菌毛主要有哪些种？概述这类粘附素性菌毛在生长（表达）条件、理化、生物学及免疫学等方面的基本特性。
2．概述沙门氏菌属的一般特性及其新近的分类方案。目前已知的沙门氏菌毒力因子
主要有哪些？各有何主要特性？
3．分别概述巴氏杆菌属和链球菌属的基本特性及其分类。
4．何为细胞因子？举出3个以上细胞因子的名称和功能。
5．简述反刍兽肠道中SIgA的主要来源。
6．简述克隆选择学说的主要论点。
7．比较反义核酸（antisense RNA）和核酶的概念及其抗病毒原理。
8．试述Hepadnavirus或Birnavirus复制的主要特点。
9．用于病毒学诊断的分子生物学方法主要有哪些？它们与常规的病毒学和免疫学诊断方法相比有哪些优点和缺点？
扬州大学
2000年博士研究生入学考试试题
课程名称：动物传染病学
适用专业：预防兽医学
一、名词解释（每题3分，共45分）。答题要求：用简洁的语言解释每个名词所涵盖的科学内容，不是简单地将英文翻译成中文。
1.Vertical transmission
2.disease eradication
3.disease surveillance
4.biosecurity
5.persistent infection
6.type A disease of OIE
7.anthrax
8.porcine epidemic diarrhea
9.rabies
10.fowl plague(highly pathogenic avian influenza)
11.infectious bursal disease IBD
12.Leptospirosis
13.black disease
14.Rorcine contagious pleuropneumonia
15.Nested PCR
二、问答题（6题中任选5题作答，每题11分）
1．我国是人群中狂犬病流行最严重的国家之一，试分析其原因。你认为最重要的防制措施有哪些？为什么？
2．列举5种可经蛋传播的重要禽病，并说明控制或消灭它们应采取的主要措施和步骤。
3．我国规模化养殖场目前主要的呼吸道疾病有哪些？如何鉴别诊断？
4．1999年我国口蹄疫控制出现了什么新情况？你认为我国对该病的控制主要存在什么问题？应如何解决？
5．家禽的免疫抑制性疾病主要有哪些？举例说明它们对养鸡业的危害。
6．引起猪繁殖障碍的传染病主要是哪几种？试简述其鉴别诊断及防制要点。
扬州大学
2001年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
课程名称：兽医微生物与免疫学
适用专业：预防兽医学
一、名词解释（每题3分，共45分）。答题要求：用简明扼要的语言解释每个名词所涵盖的科学内容，不是简单地将英文翻泽成中文。）
1.Colony forming unit
2.Chlamydia
3.group translocation
4.Verotoxin
5.Bacteria medium
6.Antisense RNA
7.Birnaviridae
8.persistence of viruses
9.P r P sc of prion
10.DNA vaccine
11.cytokines
https://www.360docs.net/doc/342644887.html,plenent receptor
13.CD8+T cell
14.mixed Iymphocyte reaction(MLR)
15.graft versus host reaction(GVHR)
二、问答题（6题中任选5题作答；每题11分，共55分）
1．沙门氏菌目前分类方案是什么？试述该菌属的几种分群和定型技术的主要内容及其意义。
2．何谓细菌的致病性岛（pathogenicity island）？它的基本特征有哪些？
3．列举4种引起动物或人类疾病的疱疹病毒，并以其中的一个为例，论述其复制特点。
4．简述病毒的致病机理。
5．用哪些方法可以区分T细胞和B细胞？
6．简述抗独特型疫苗的理论依据和实践意义。
扬州大学
2001年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
课程名称：动物传染病学
适用专业：预防兽医学
一、名词解释（每题3分，共45分）。用简明扼要的语言解释每个名词所涵盖的科学内容，不仅是简单地将英文翻泽成中文。）
1.Quarantine
2.Epidemic(epizootic)
3.Biosecurity
4.Carrier state
5.Horizontal transmission
6.Marek’s desease
7.Colibacillosis
8.Food safety
9.Brucellosis
10.Blue tongue
11.Lyme disease
12.Pseudorabies
13.Glanders
14.Canine distemper
15.RT-PCR
二、问答题（6题任选5题作答，每题11分，共55分）
1．简述疯牛病的病原体特点，主要的传播途径及公共卫生意义。
2．什么是OIE A类疾病？你认为对我国肉类出口影响最严重的是哪几种A类病？为
什么？
3．鸡白痢、支原体感染和禽白血病目前在我国都是严重的家禽传染病，要控制或消灭它们的关键措施是什么？请说明理由。
4．近20年来在畜禽传染病的诊断和防制方面，出现了哪些新技术？它们与常规技术的关系如何？
5．列出5种以腹泻为主要临诊表现的猪病，试简述其病原特点，鉴别诊断和防制要点。
6．真性鸡瘟（Fowl plague）与A型禽流感是不是一回事？如不是一回事，请指出它们之间的区别和联系。你认为我国目前控制禽流感应注意哪些问题？
扬州大学
2002年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
课程名称：兽医微生物与免疫学
适用专业：预防兽医学
一、名词解释（每题4分，共计40分）
1．细菌细胞壁
2．致病力（毒力）岛
3．大肠杆菌肠毒素
4．隐蔽期
5．CD表面标志
6．抗体的类转换
7．克隆选择
8．Ir基因
9．病毒
10．溶原菌
二、问答题（任选5题，每题12分，共计60分）
1．试述病毒复制的基本过程，如何应用于病毒病的控制。
2．简要阐述高致病性禽流感病毒的分子生物学特性。
3．试述抗原加工和提呈的分子机制。
4．试述病毒的主要免疫逃逸机制。
5．在畜禽致病性大肠杆菌中，目前已发现的菌毛有哪些种？并分别概述与动物源ETEC(enterotoxigenic E.coli)有关的几种常见菌毛的生物学与遗传学特性。
6.分别叙述Salmonella和Streptococus两个菌属的基本特性和毒力因子的组成。
2002扬州大学试题（家畜传染病）
一、名词解释
1、OIE(office intemational des Epizooties)
2、List A Diseases
3、Disease Prevention
4、Pandemic(Panzootic)
5、Recombinant Vaccines
6、Salmonellosis
7、CSF（Classic Swine Fever）
8、Zoonosis
9、Leptospirosis
10、Pseudorabies(Ajueszky’s Diseasee)
11、Rinderpest(Pestis bovina,Cattle plague)
12、Paratuberculosis
13、Rabbit viral bemorrhagic diseasee
14、Feline panleukopenia
15、Infectious coryza
二、问答题
1、列出可经种蛋垂直传播的家禽细菌性和病毒性病原体，举例说明控制和消灭此类病原体所致禽病的关键点。
2、何为高致病性禽流感？试述其病原特点、流行病学和防制对策。
3、口蹄疫病毒有几种血清型？1950年代以来，我国曾发生过哪几种血清型流行？以哪一种血清型流行最广，造成损失最大？
我国主要发生于猪的口蹄疫是怎么一回事？评价用疫苗接种控制口蹄疫的现行方法。
4．列出5种以呼吸道症状为主要临诊表现的猪传染病，试简述其病原特征，鉴别诊断和防制要点。
5、我国的猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗是全世界公认的安全性好而免疫效力高的疫苗，有的国家使用该疫苗并结合其他措施成功地消灭了猪瘟，而我国虽广泛使用该疫苗达40多年，但目前仍有猪瘟流行，试分析其主要原因。
6．何为分子流行病学？举例说明分子流行病学研究在畜禽疫病控制中的重要意义。
考博英语历年真题
考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.360docs.net/doc/342644887.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze
(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
2003年南京大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION（20%） （略） SECTION II STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY（35%） Part A Directions:Questions31-40are incomplete sentences.Beneath each sentence you will see four-words or phrases,marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 31.This platform would collapse if all of us______on it. A.stand B.stood C.would stand D.had stood 【答案】B 【解析】一般现在时的虚拟语气结构，主句用would+动词，从句用一般过去式。 32.The young man who saw the car______into the river telephoned the police. A.plunged B.plunge
C.was plunging D.to plunge 【答案】B 【解析】see sth.do表示看到事物动作的整个过程，这里表示看见车陷入河里。 33.You can come with me to the museum this afternoon______you don’t mind walking for half an hour. A.unless B.so far as C.except D.if 【答案】D 【解析】句意为“如果你不介意走半个小时路的话，你今天下午就跟我一块去博物馆吧。” 可知为D，其余三项均不通。 34.We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always ______. A.inexplicable B.healthy C.sound D.straight 【答案】C
江南大学考博英语历年考题汇总附答案
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. 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Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. 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