英文文献综述
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文A comprehensive review of English literature。
Introduction。
The field of English literature is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of genres, periods, and styles. A comprehensive review of English literature is essential for understanding the development and evolution of the discipline. This paper aims to provide a standard sample of an English literature review, covering key aspects of the field and highlighting important works and authors.Historical overview。
English literature has a rich and complex history, with roots dating back to the early medieval period. The development of English literature can be traced through various literary movements, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism. Each period has its own distinct characteristics and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural context of the time.Key themes and genres。
2020年文献综述范文模板英文文献综述的格式或模板
文献综述范文模板英文文献综述的格式或模板文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。
格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。
这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。
因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和 ___。
撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。
可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。
___虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。
因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。
因此，应认真对待。
___的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。
关于 ___的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。
每个学校规定不一样，可以问你们学校教学秘书那要或是问老师要上一届的，就说是参考格式，都会给你的文学太宽泛了，你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小，不然你写什么都不知道。
1. 去图书馆找所有与汤姆叔叔的小屋相关的所有英文资料，甚至是原文读本序言之类，也有你可以借鉴的句子。
2. 去电子阅览室，搜索所有与汤姆叔叔的小屋相关的论文评论，找到你觉得有用的拷下来。
英文文献综述
Title: Literature Review on English WritingsIntroduction:Writing is an essential component of communication which enables us to convey ideas, thoughts, and information in a coherent and structured way. In this literature review, we will explore the various aspects of writing in English and how it can be improved.Body Paragraphs:1. Writing Process:The writing process is often considered as the most important aspect of writing. It involves prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Prewriting includes activities such as brainstorming, outlining, and researching. Drafting involves putting the ideas on paper while revising and editing involves polishing the work. Publishing refers to sharing the work with others. Adopting a writing process approach can lead to organized and effective writing.2. Grammar and Vocabulary:Grammar and vocabulary form the foundation of writing. It is important to understand the rules of grammar and usage of vocabulary to express ideas effectively. Grammatical errors can make writing difficult to comprehend while the limited vocabulary can result in repetition and monotony. Improving grammar and vocabulary can make the writing more engaging and effective.3. Writing Styles:Different types of writing require different styles of writing. For example, academic writing requires formality and precision while creative writing allows for more experimentation and freedom. Understanding the style of writing can help to tailor the writing to meet the needs of the audience.4. Feedback and Revision:Feedback and revision are crucial components of effective writing. Receiving feedback from peers or instructors enables the writer to understand the strengths and weaknesses of their writing. Revision involves incorporating the feedback and refining the writing to make it more effective. By embracing feedback and revision, writers can improve their skills and quality of their writing.5. Technology and Writing:Recent technological advancements have revolutionized the way people write. Various software, tools, and applications are available to help writers improve their grammar, vocabulary, and writing style. Technology can also help in collaborative writing where multiple writers can work on the same project simultaneously, irrespective of their physical location.Conclusion:A good understanding of the writing process, grammar, vocabulary, styles, feedback, and technology can lead to effective writing. Writing is an art that requires practice, commitment, and continuous improvement. By following these recommendations, writers can enhance their skills and master the art of writing effectively in English.。
文献综述如何写(英文)
How to Write a Good Literature Review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:▪Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?▪Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored▪Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic▪Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:▪An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review▪Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ▪Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others▪Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:▪Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?▪Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?▪Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?▪Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:▪Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review▪Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration▪Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research▪Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies▪Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort▪Point the way forward for further research▪Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureHere are some of the questions your literature review should answer:1.What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?2.What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?3.What are the existing theories?4.Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge andunderstanding?5.What views need to be (further) tested?6.What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?7.Why study (further) the research problem?8.What contribution can the present study be expected to make?9. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?Remember the purpose: it should answer the questions we looked at above. Look at how published writers review the literature. You'll see that you should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done. You aim should be to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.Read with a purpose:you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading, but should become easier the more you read in your area.Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y's theory more convincing than Researcher X's? DidResearcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.A lot of people like to organize their work chronologically (using time as their organizing system). Unless developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem, using a chronological system will not be an effective way to organize your work. Some people choose to organize their work alphabetically by author name: this system will not allow you to show the relationships between the work of different researchers, and your work, and should be avoided!When you read for your literature review, you are actually doing two things at the same time (which makes things more difficult for you!):1. you are trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a question,continuing previous research, counter-claiming;2. you are trying to read every source relevant to your research problem.Naturally, until you have defined your problem, you will find that there are hundreds of sources that seem relevant. However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your research area. This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.TRAPSSome traps to avoid:Trying to read everything! As you might already have discovered, if you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the published work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work.Reading but not writing! It's easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ourselves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort, doesn't it? However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work you've read, so don't put writing off until you've "finished" reading - after all, you will probably still be doing some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, don't think of what you first write as being the final ornear-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about the context of your research problem.Not keeping bibliographic information!The moment will come when you have to write your references page . . . and then you realize you have forgotten to keep the information you need, and that you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution is to spend a lot of time in the library tracking down all those sources that you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. If you're lucky, maybe you can actually do this before your defence - more likely, you will unable to find all your sources, a big headache for you and your committee. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes. Always put references into your writing. Notice how on this course we have referenced the works that we have referred to - you should do the same.LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLEHere is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem. This example is taken from an introduction because most thesis literature reviews tend to be too long for us to easily look at. Although your literature review will probably be much longer than the one below, it is useful to look at the principles the writers have used.On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the NinthICPRAutomated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced intothe industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate thatthis trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in thearea of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment andinterleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3]and Elsayed and Stern [4] compared algorithms for handling orders inAR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al.[11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of itsthroughput by simulation and optimization techniques.Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit(pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousingsystems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] andGrasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The last tworeferences incorporate the size of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of theoptimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage space. In areport on a specific case, Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the'best-size' container can result in considerable savings. A simulation modelcombining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in anAS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general results,reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to thosereported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]. Nevertheless, container size was foundto affect strongly overall warehousing costs.In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating theoptimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on seriesof generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for awide range of real life situations. The underlying assumptions of the modelare presented in the following section.Notice how the writers have:grouped similar information: "Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject."shown the relationship between the work of different researchers, showingsimilarities/differences: "The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]."indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] . . . "moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英文文献综述怎么写范文(汇总3篇)
拆解论文结构，是一个很好的理解论文，学习论文写作，同时提高逻辑思维和表达的方法。
方法其实很简单，但凡事不能一蹴而就。
但相信勤加练习以后，你一定会觉得看论文、写论文都不再那么那么痛苦。
最后再来复习一遍步骤吧：step 1：找到自己喜欢的文献综述。
step 2：提炼框架。
提取出文献综述中的结构性语句，得到该篇文献综述的框架。
step3：填答案。
根据得到的框架来有目的地查阅文献，提取相关信息，填上答案。
得到初稿。
step4：多选几篇。
重复之前的方法，对其反复拆解、组装，最终得到完全属于自己的litera ture review。
英文文献综述怎么写范文第2篇当我们已经提炼出一篇文献综述的框架，去填每个空的答案就比较容易了。
但因为论文最注重的就是理论支撑。
我们不能随便百度到答案就填上去。
我们在文献综述中引用的一切，都需要在原文中找到依据。
但去看原文实在太累了。
所以建议的方法是：先在知乎、Quora、学术论坛或者相关好懂的文献综述，看看他们是如何引用这篇paper，评价这篇paper的。
看完之后你的心里就已经有底了。
那么我们需要做的也很简单：1. 翻到相关部分2. 关键词定位 (快速找到答案）3. 同义词替换 (降重)文献综述是一种通过对已有文献进行梳理、分析和评价的方法，以形成系统性的综合性文献报告，探讨某个问题的现状、发展趋势以及未来研究方向的方法。
那么如何写优秀的文献综述呢？下面从几个角度为大家介绍。
1.明确研究目的和问题在写文献综述之前，先要明确自己的研究目的和问题，这有助于你在文献中寻找和汇总符合研究方向的文献资料，也能避免收集到不必要的资料浪费时间。
2.合理筛选文献来源3.分类整理文献资料在文献综述的写作过程中，需要将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，例如按照时间、地区、专业领域、研究角度等进行整合，方便后续的分析和总结。
4.分析比较文献中不同观点和研究方法通过对文献的比较和分析，可以了解研究领域发展的趋势、发现未解决的问题和矛盾，并提出自己的新的解决方法，这就需要作家具有较强的综合分析能力。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文述评(review)结论(conclusion)B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source thatyou need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature reviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.范围;(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容;(3)结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。
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Types of data?
Way of collecting
Types of
Data
Nature of data
Primary Data --field research
Secondary Data --desk research
Continuous Data 连续 (variable)
Discrete Data 间断/离散
Para. 1 S3-5
Para. 2-3
Specific Statements
(Literature Review)
to describe the aspects of the problem already studied by other researchers
to find the gap and indicate the need for more investigation of the problem
Organization of Literature Review
Chronological ➢By publication date ➢By trend
Thematic ➢A structure which considers different themes
Methodological ➢Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches
What is a literature?
imaginative works like novels or poetry?
any published material that provides information in the field being discussed, perhaps within a specific time period.
General Format of Research Paper
IMRaD format
Introduction ❖Why research needed Methodology ❖How research
completed and results analyzed Results And ❖What was found (data) Discussion ❖Interpretation of results and application to clinical practice
P26
What are included in Introduction?
Elements
Functions
Para. 1 General to provide the reader with a setting for S1-2 Statements the problem to be investigated
provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work.
offers an overview of significant literature published on a topic.
The focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.
Organizing the contentsers Books Theses and dissertations Conference proceedings Government publications
Technical reports Internet resources
Quantitative Data
定量
Interval Data 定距
Ratio Data 定比
Nominal Data 定类
Attribute Data
Qualitative Data
定性
‘Open’ Data
Ordinal Data 定序
Qualitative data vs. quantitative data?
Para. 4 Thesis
Statement
to present the purposes/objectives of the current study
Para. 5
Optional Statements
to give a value or justification for carrying out the study, limitation of the study, etc.
Steps to conduct a literature review
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Defining the purpose
Searching for the literature
Reading and analyzing the literature
What is a literature review?
surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory.
Academic Writing Course
Contents
1 Data Types and Collection Methods 2 General Format of Research Paper 3 Definition of Literature Review 4 Steps in Reviewing Literature 5 Organization of Literature Review 6 Elements in Introduction Section