教你写英语文献综述

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英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)

英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
1.如何写英语毕业论文的文献综述
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。

字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词：关键
词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容
有实质意义的词汇。

关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，
以供读者检索。

每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排
在“提要”的左下方。

高中英语写作教学文献综述范文

高中英语写作教学文献综述范文Writing is an essential skill that high school students need to master in order to succeed academically and professionally. In this literature review, we will explore different approaches and strategies for teaching high school English writing.One common approach to teaching writing is the process approach, which emphasizes the stages of writing such as prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. This approach helps students develop their ideas, organize their thoughts, and improve their writing skills. Teachers can provide feedback and guidance at each stage of the writing process to help students improve their writing.Another effective strategy for teaching writing is the use of writing prompts. Prompts can help students generate ideas, focus their writing, and practice specific writing skills. Teachers can provide different types of prompts, such as narrative, descriptive, expository, and persuasive prompts, to help students develop a variety of writing skills.In addition to teaching the writing process and using prompts, teachers can also incorporate peer feedback and revision into their writing instruction. Peer feedback allows students to receive input from their peers and learn from each other's writing. Revision helps students improve their writing by making changes based on feedback and self-reflection.Furthermore, technology can be a valuable tool for teaching writing in high school. Teachers can use online platforms and tools to provide feedback, facilitate peer collaboration, and engage students in writing activities. Technology can also help students develop digital literacy skills and explore new forms of writing, such as blogging and multimedia composition.Overall, teaching writing in high school requires a combination of approaches and strategies to help students develop their writing skills. By incorporating the writing process, prompts, peer feedback, revision, and technology into their instruction, teachers can help students become more confident and proficient writers.高中英语写作是高中学生需要掌握的基本技能，以便在学术和职业上取得成功。

英文文献综述标准范文

英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。

通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。

英语文献综述

英语文献综述引言英语作为一种国际语言，在全球范围内被广泛使用和学习。

因此，对英语学习和教育的研究一直是教育领域的热点。

本综述旨在回顾近年来关于英语学习和教育的相关文献，旨在为英语教师和学习者提供有价值的信息和见解。

第一部分：英语学习1.1 英语学习方法英语学习方法一直是研究的焦点。

文献中提到了多种英语学习方法的效果和影响因素。

例如，一些研究探讨了个体差异对英语学习方法的影响，发现不同类型的学习者对不同的学习方法有不同的反应。

另外，一些研究还关注了科技对英语学习方法的影响，指出网络和移动学习等工具可以增强学生的学习效果。

1.2 语法和词汇学习语法和词汇学习在英语学习过程中起着重要作用。

相关文献中指出，采用多种教学方法和技术可以提高学生的语法和词汇能力。

比如，使用语境教学法可以帮助学生更好地理解和运用语法规则，而单词卡片和在线词汇学习工具可以增加学生的词汇量。

1.3 听力和口语训练听力和口语是英语学习中的重要方面。

研究表明，提供丰富的听力材料和多样化的听力练习可以增强学生的听力技巧。

此外，鼓励学生参与口语练习和对话活动可以提高他们的口语表达能力。

这些结果为教师在教学中提供了有益的指导。

第二部分：英语教育2.1 教学方法与策略英语教育中的教学方法和策略对学生的学习成果有重要影响。

研究发现，教师在教学中使用互动性和合作学习的方法可以增强学生的学习动力和积极性。

此外，一些研究还发现，满足学生的个体差异和采用个性化教学方法可以提高学生的学习效果。

2.2 评估与反馈评估和反馈对于英语教育的有效性至关重要。

文献中指出，采用多样化的评估方法和及时的反馈可以帮助学生了解自己的学习进展，并做出相应的调整。

此外，一些研究还提出了使用技术工具进行教学评估的方法，以提高评估效果和效率。

2.3 教材与资源教材与资源是英语教育中不可或缺的一部分。

研究表明，使用多样化的教材和资源可以激发学生的学习兴趣和提高学习效果。

此外，一些研究还提倡利用科技和网络资源来增强教学内容和教学方法。

如何写英语文献综述

如何写英语文献综述文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。

文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。

根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。

按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。

根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。

文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。

一篇结构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author)、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)、引言(introduction)、述评(review)、结论(conclusion)和参考文献(references)。

与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。

下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。

2.1 引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。

文献综述如何写(英文)

How to Write a Good Literature Review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:▪Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?▪Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored▪Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic▪Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:▪An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review▪Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ▪Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others▪Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:▪Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?▪Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?▪Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?▪Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:▪Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review▪Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration▪Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research▪Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies▪Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort▪Point the way forward for further research▪Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureHere are some of the questions your literature review should answer:1.What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?2.What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?3.What are the existing theories?4.Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge andunderstanding?5.What views need to be (further) tested?6.What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?7.Why study (further) the research problem?8.What contribution can the present study be expected to make?9. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?Remember the purpose: it should answer the questions we looked at above. Look at how published writers review the literature. You'll see that you should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done. You aim should be to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.Read with a purpose:you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading, but should become easier the more you read in your area.Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y's theory more convincing than Researcher X's? DidResearcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.A lot of people like to organize their work chronologically (using time as their organizing system). Unless developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem, using a chronological system will not be an effective way to organize your work. Some people choose to organize their work alphabetically by author name: this system will not allow you to show the relationships between the work of different researchers, and your work, and should be avoided!When you read for your literature review, you are actually doing two things at the same time (which makes things more difficult for you!):1. you are trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a question,continuing previous research, counter-claiming;2. you are trying to read every source relevant to your research problem.Naturally, until you have defined your problem, you will find that there are hundreds of sources that seem relevant. However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your research area. This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.TRAPSSome traps to avoid:Trying to read everything! As you might already have discovered, if you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the published work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work.Reading but not writing! It's easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ourselves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort, doesn't it? However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work you've read, so don't put writing off until you've "finished" reading - after all, you will probably still be doing some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, don't think of what you first write as being the final ornear-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about the context of your research problem.Not keeping bibliographic information!The moment will come when you have to write your references page . . . and then you realize you have forgotten to keep the information you need, and that you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution is to spend a lot of time in the library tracking down all those sources that you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. If you're lucky, maybe you can actually do this before your defence - more likely, you will unable to find all your sources, a big headache for you and your committee. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes. Always put references into your writing. Notice how on this course we have referenced the works that we have referred to - you should do the same.LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLEHere is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem. This example is taken from an introduction because most thesis literature reviews tend to be too long for us to easily look at. Although your literature review will probably be much longer than the one below, it is useful to look at the principles the writers have used.On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the NinthICPRAutomated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced intothe industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate thatthis trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in thearea of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment andinterleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3]and Elsayed and Stern [4] compared algorithms for handling orders inAR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al.[11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of itsthroughput by simulation and optimization techniques.Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit(pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousingsystems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] andGrasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The last tworeferences incorporate the size of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of theoptimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage space. In areport on a specific case, Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the'best-size' container can result in considerable savings. A simulation modelcombining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in anAS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general results,reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to thosereported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]. Nevertheless, container size was foundto affect strongly overall warehousing costs.In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating theoptimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on seriesof generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for awide range of real life situations. The underlying assumptions of the modelare presented in the following section.Notice how the writers have:grouped similar information: "Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject."shown the relationship between the work of different researchers, showingsimilarities/differences: "The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]."indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] . . . "moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.。

英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求

英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求一、综述模板标题：文献综述摘要：本文综述了英语专业领域中的相关文献，主要包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等方面的内容。

通过对已有文献的分析和总结，本文试图对该领域的研究现状进行梳理，并指出进一步研究的方向和重点。

本文旨在为学术界提供参考，促进该领域的研究进展。

关键词：英语专业、文献综述、研究现状、研究方向一、引言介绍英语专业研究领域的背景和意义，指出该领域的重要性和存在的问题。

二、研究目的明确本文的研究目的和意义，即对英语专业领域的相关文献进行综述和总结。

三、相关文献列举已有的相关文献，包括期刊论文、学术研究报告、学位论文等。

四、研究方法描述本文综述所采用的研究方法，如文献查阅、内容分析、统计分析等。

五、研究结果与讨论对已有文献进行分析和总结，总结该领域的研究现状，包括已取得的成果、存在的问题和不足之处等。

六、研究的局限性七、研究的进展和展望提出该领域进一步研究的方向和重点，为学者们提供参考和启示，推动该领域的研究进展。

八、结论总结本文综述的主要内容，强调研究的重要性和意义，呼吁学者们重视该领域的研究。

二、填写要求1.精确查找并引用相关文献，确保论述的准确和可靠性。

2.文献综述要体现对目前研究现状的理解和分析，避免一味陈述已有文献的内容。

3.对已有文献进行分析和总结时，应注重对其方法和结果的评价，有利于找出其优点和不足之处。

4.综述应注意对已有文献的研究的局限性和不足之处进行描述，避免过于绝对化的态度。

5.研究的进展和展望要有针对性和可行性，避免过于宏观和空泛的表述。

6.综述要注重逻辑性和条理性，避免内容的杂乱和重复。

总的来说，英语专业文献综述要准确、全面地总结和分析相关文献的研究现状，并提出明确的进一步研究方向和重点。

通过合理的论证和论述，为学术界提供参考，推动该领域的研究进展。

文献综述英文模板

文献综述英文模板撰写文献综述英文模板的步骤如下：1. Title: Use a clear and concise title that reflects the focus of your literature review.2. Abstract: Provide a brief overview of your literature review, including the research question, methods, key findings, and conclusions.3. Introduction: Explain the background and importance of your topic, introduce the research question, and outline the aims and objectives of your literature review.4. Literature Search Methodology: Describe the search strategy you used to identify relevant studies, including databases, keywords, and inclusion/exclusion criteria.5. Summary of Literature Reviewed: Highlight the key findings and themes from the studies you have included in your literature review, paying attention to their relevance to your research question.6. Analysis and Discussion: Analyze and compare the findings from the selected studies, exploring patterns, trends, and gaps in the literature. Discuss how these findings contribute to ourunderstanding of the topic and identify any limitations or biases in the research.7. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your literature review and highlight its significance. Draw conclusions about the state of research on your topic and identify any gaps or future research directions.8. References: Cite all the studies included in your literature review using the appropriate referencing style (, APA, MLA).这是一个基本的文献综述英文模板，具体内容可能需要根据研究领域和主题进行调整。

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如何写英语文献综述文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。

文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。

根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。

按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。

根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。

文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。

与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。

下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。

2.1 引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。

提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的；介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。

引言部分通常为200~300词。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：（1）综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和范围；（2）使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容；（3）句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见；（4）以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

要将引言的内容清楚地用英文表述出来，常常需要借助以下的语言形式：（1）表定义或解释①⋯⋯被定义为⋯⋯: ⋯is defined as⋯/ ⋯has been defined as⋯②所谓⋯⋯是指⋯⋯: By⋯is meant⋯/ By⋯we mean⋯③⋯⋯指的是⋯⋯: ⋯refers to⋯④⋯⋯包括⋯⋯: ⋯includes⋯⑤⋯⋯有⋯⋯种类型: ...is / can be classified into⋯; There are⋯kinds of⋯⑥我们知道,⋯⋯是一种⋯⋯的常见病: ⋯is a common disease that⋯; ⋯is known to be a common disease that⋯（2）表现状和分歧①据发现/ 报道/ 证实⋯⋯：It has been found/reported/proved that⋯②普遍认为⋯⋯：It is generally recognized / agreed/ accepted that⋯③一般认为⋯⋯：It is thought / regarded/ considered that⋯④⋯⋯依然是一个尚待解决的问题：⋯remains an unsolved problem.⑤关于⋯⋯目前有两种解释: Two theories have been postulated to explain⋯⑥第一种理论认为⋯⋯, 而第二种理论则认为⋯⋯: The first theory proposes that⋯, whereas the second theory proposes that⋯⑦一些文献报道⋯⋯；而另一些人持不同观点: Some papers have reported that⋯; however, other groups have disputed these findings.⑧最初的一些研究支持这种看法: Several initial studies seemed to support this concept.（3）表内容和目的①本综述的目的是⋯⋯：The purpose / aim / object of this review is to⋯②本文综述了有关文献：The pertinent literature is reviewed.③本文综述了⋯⋯：This article reviews⋯/We review⋯④本文将重点讨论⋯⋯：This review will concentrate on⋯⑤下面本文就⋯⋯作一简单综述：In the following, a brief review isgiven of / about⋯⑥本篇综述的目的是着重阐述⋯⋯：In this review, we aim to highlight⋯⑦我们将回顾有关⋯⋯的研究：We will review published studies on⋯⑧我们将重点回顾⋯⋯：We will focus on⋯⑨本文主要阐述⋯⋯：This review focuses on⋯⑩本文就⋯⋯作一综述: The following paper reviews⋯⑾本文并非旨在说服读者⋯⋯：No attempt will be made to convince the reader that⋯2.2 述评(Review)述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。

根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。

动态性综述在论述观点时，通常由一般到具体、由过去到最近、由他人观点到自己看法。

引述文献时，只介绍主要研究成果和结论性意见，对于研究的材料、方法和过程则不必详述，但成就性综述在介绍创新点时则应多加论述。

对于争鸣性综述中尚无定论和存在分歧的观点，只需归纳提及，由读者自己进行思考和判断。

述评部分通常较长，为了条理清晰，作者一般将其分成几个部分并给出每个部分的小标题。

述评的内容和结构常具有以下特点：述评部分常由几个部分组成，每个部分又有各自的标题及下级标题。

回顾前人研究，以时间为序，由远及近。

以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、究其不足。

叙述时使用一般过去时，评论时使用一般现在时或现在完成时。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。

述评是文献综述的主体部分，借助符合科技文体写作规范的语言形式就显得的颇为重要。

善于使用下列表达不仅能使文章流畅清晰，还能使文章彰显学术性。

（1）表述观点①研究表明⋯⋯：Studies show that⋯②据（已经）发现⋯⋯：It is (has been) found that⋯/ sb. Found that⋯③据报道⋯⋯：It is (has been) reported that⋯④有人指出⋯⋯：It has been pointed out that⋯⑤业已证明⋯⋯: It has been proved / showed that⋯⑥一般认为⋯⋯：It is generally recognized / agreed / acceptedthat⋯⑦有人认为⋯⋯：It is thought / regarded / considered that⋯⑧已观察到⋯⋯：It has been observed that⋯⑨必须指出⋯⋯：It must be pointed out that⋯⑩还得指出⋯⋯：It should be added that⋯⑾必须承认⋯⋯：It must be admitted that⋯⑿不用说⋯⋯：It need not be said that⋯⒀必须强调⋯⋯：It must be emphasized / stressed that⋯⒁应当讲明⋯⋯：It should be made clear that⋯⒂一项有趣的发现是⋯⋯：An interesting finding is that⋯⒃最重要的事实是⋯⋯: Nothing is more important than the fact that⒄更重要的事实是⋯⋯：A more important fact is that⋯⒅我认为⋯⋯: I am of the opinion that⋯⒆有人声称⋯⋯：It is asserted that⋯⒇多数人一致认为⋯⋯：Most researchers agree that⋯（2）探讨可能性①可以有把握地说⋯⋯：It may be safely said that⋯②由此可见⋯⋯：It can be seen from this that⋯③⋯⋯有（不）可能：It is (not) possible / probable / likely that⋯④⋯⋯是合乎情理的: It stands to reason that⋯⑤毫无疑问: There is no doubt that⋯⑥显然: It is obvious / clear / apparent / evident that⋯⑦目前尚无临床证据说明: There is no clinical proof of ⋯（3）表比较和对照①使用句型（a）A 与B 之间存在差异（相似点）：There are some / a few /many differences (similarities) between A and B.（b）A 与B 在三个方面有不同点：A differs from B / is differentfromB in three aspects.（c）一个不同(相同)之处在于：One difference (similarity) seemsto be / lies in / is that②词及词组on the contrary, in contrast, in comparison, on the other hand be like (unlike)just as be the same as similarly likewise while whereas yetbut however differently2.3 综述的结论(Conclusion）结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人意见的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To conclude，Inshort，In all 等短语引出结论。