关于印刷知识的英语文章

（Printing knowledge 印刷知识）Paper bag printing, Paper bag designPaper bag packing not only provide convenience shoppers and can take the opportunity once again to promote their brand.The paper bag will be designed and attractive, even if the paper bag is printed on eye-catching trademarks or advertising, the customer will be glad to re-use, this paper bag has become the most efficient and affordable, one of advertising media. paper bag Design graphic design stick to one pattern, in modern packaging design, often do not use realistic tactics, while the use of point, line, surface with the freedom of form, in many fashionable packaging design is widely used.Paper bag printing is designed to act is to hand goods the reasonable pursuit of its functions, while transmission of information or display of goods of a corporate image or display of a personality culture. For the bag's design requirements should be simple, to mention take strong, relatively low cost, design patterns should be the pursuit of novel, simple, reflect the free and avant-garde ideas and taking advantage of promotions, distribution, display various functions. With the protection, storage bag features is the visual image of mobile communication products one of the mediums.Packaging requirements of paper bag mainly in two aspects: 1, the product itself has a relatively-grade and high-quality, we have less demanding. 2, on the product itself and its image in the publicity should be given a clear bag of goods to corporate culture, the pursuit of quality.General requirements for the design simple and generous paper bag, paper bag design printing process generally positive the company's logo and company name of the main, or the combined company's operating philosophy, the design should not be too complex, can deepen the company or product to consumers the impression was good publicity effects, paper bag Design printed right to expand sales, establish brand names, to stimulate the desire to enhance their competitiveness to a significant extent. paper bag Design for printing, as the premise of the strategy, establishing a more corporate image should not be overlooked an important role. Constitute the basis for the design, form is very important to grasp the psychological, from the visual psychology, the People grow tired of monotony in the form of a uniform, the pursuit of diversity change, paper bag Design printed to reflect the company's distinctive characteristics.Additional Methods used to Estimate Printing The following eight procedures are used to estimate printing in addition to or in place of the described cost-estimating procedure. The most significant difference between these techniquesand cost estimating is that each is based on the selling price of the job. We define selling price as the total dollar amount the customer will pay when the job is completed. It is represented by the sum of all manufacturing, material, and overhead costs, plus profit.Price lists.Estimaing from price lists is very common when the product line of the printing company is standardized. For example, many fast print businesses, offering standard sizes of prices for the array of products they offer. Because the work is standardized, it is much faster to utilize price lists than to cost estimate each job individually. Customers also may use the price list to determine the price of the work they are contemplating prior to contact with the business.Large printing companies that offer standardized products, such as labels or business forms, normally develop a price list book that covers literally all products they produce. This book is carried by each sales representative, who has been trained in its use. When a customer desires a price for a certain quantity and type of label, for example, the sales representative is able to determine a firm price within a short time. Quick price estimating is a tremendous aid in selling standardized products. Of <span id="google-navclient-highlight" style="background-color: course, such estimating-completed in the customer's office under less than ideal conditions-can be embarrassing if an error is made or a price is misquoted by the sales representative.Price lists are an extremely valuable estimating aid when they are accurately developed and updated and used only for the product lines for they were designed. In this age of increased specialization and standardization the printing industry, more and more estimating from price lists is being done.Pricing on the Basis of Past Work.A common technique for estimating in the printing industy, especially for a mix of products produced in the same plant, is pricing on the basis of past work. Essentially, the estimator and sales representative establish and maintain a file of past jobs that have been profitably produced and for which production is geared. The salesperson uses this sample portfolio during the sales contact with the customer. Frequently, the client willseect a produc from the sample, with a request for a color change or perhaps a slightly different page size. Back at the plant, the estimator will pull the original estimate for this job, review it, and make necessary changes to reflect the modifications desired by the customer. The sales representative will then retrun to the customer with a proposal stating exact prices for various quantity levels. If changes are limited, the procedure is fast and reasonably accurate. The technique leads toward product specialization that may be most prof table for the company in the long term.In some cases, the procedure is modified somewhat: The estimator maintains a card file system of past job quotations. The sales representative then sells work without a sample portfolio and brings the work in to be estimated. At this point, the estimator refers to the card file for a similar job done perhaps three months ago and quotes that former price or one close to it. The filling system used must be indexed and cross-referenced to be a timesaver for the estimator.Pricing by Standard Catalog.The most popular standard pricing catalog in the printing industry is the Franklin Catalog (Porte Publishing Company, Salt Lake City, UT). Using Franklin, almost any ellars.There are three volumes of the catalog segregated by printing process: a letterpress edition (approximate size 6*9 inches), an offset catalog (approximate size 8 1/2 * 11 inches), and a lettershop and bindery catalog (approximate size 6 * 8 inches). Any of these may be rented from Porte Publishing Company for an annual fee about $55, which includes updated sections offered approximately four times yearly. The sections, which are categorized by type of work or type of paper used, are held in three-ring binder notebooks. There are also sections containing instructions for using Franklin, hour rates and various operational times.Pricing by Competition.Using the prices charged by competing printers as a basis for estimating is fairly common in the printing industry. Such information is available from many sources-from published price lists, from customers who are checking around for the best price on their job, from supply salespeople, from former emplyees of that business, or perhaps from table talk at a local association meeting. Once the information is obatined, it may be used to adjust or establish a price for a job under consideration.Two major problems exist when pricing by competition. First, it is exceptionally difficult to verify if the obtained prices are accurate for the described product and quantity. How can the accuracy be checked? Second, there may be little, if any, resemblance between the companies comparing prices. Each company may have entirely different types of equipment, different production techniques, and different types of personnel with verying levels of experiece. There may also the tremendously different accounting, costing, and estimating procedures. if the competitors have very little in common, then costs and prices will tend to fluctuate signficantly.The advantage of pricing by competition is that it is a simple procedure once the information conceming the competitor's prices has been obtained. It is possible to undercut the competition's price and subsequently increase the volume of work by winning those jobs that normally would go elsewhere. Of course, while production may be up, costs to cover such production may not be recovered because they were cut to beat the competition. The net effect, should this happen, is bare bones survival or future dissolution of the company through bankruptcy. Consider this situaton: If each printing plant in the community priced work by comparison with the competition, a price-cutting cycle could easily begin. Those plants that refused to cut prices would lose business to the firms that were offering the best deal. Those plants that cut prices would be doing a tremendous volume of work, perhaps much of it at cost or below. The net effect of price cutting is a vicious cycle that can hurt the entire printing community.It is safe to state that most estimators and sales representatives, at least once in a while, attempt ot meet or beat the competition's price on a job they consider important. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that some printing plants price their work as much as possible on competitors' bids and may even make money if the competitors know their costs and pricing structure well. Consistently making a profit when pricing by competition, however, is more aproduct of luck than of skill.Pricing by the Chargeback System.Some commercial printing plants, and many in-plant operations, use the chargeback system to price the value of their printing. The chargeback procedure uses actual production and material cost data accumulated as the job is completed, as opposed to estimating what is expected to occur before the job ever begins production. Actual time and material costs are tracked during production and summed at the completion of the job. In the commercial printing segment, a reasonable profit is added to the actual costs to arrive at a final selling price for the customer. In-plant shops, doing captive printing for a parent company, may or may not add extra dollars for profit.An advantage of chargeback is that the customer pays only for the actual time worked and materials consumed for a job, eliminating any differences between the estimate cost and actual cost of the job. Essentially, chargeback procedures eliminate or reduce the estimator's involvement in such jobs since prices are based on actual and not estimated. The estimator's time can be spent on other jobs, which is another advantage.one disadvantage of chargeback is that since no estimate is prepared, no proposal or quotation is offered. Thus, customers may be surprised at the final price of a job and consider it to be excessive. Without a proposal or quotation stating specific dollar amounts, the question of whether a contractual agreement exists between the printer and the customer is possible.Pricing by the Ratio of Paper Cost to Selling Price.This estimating technique is simple and uncomplicated. The procedure essentially involves a ratio of paper cost, which is the major material used in most printed products, to the selling price of the job. Initially, the cost of paper for an order is determined. The estimator then multiplies this cost by a specific ratio figure-for example, four-thus calculating the selling price for the printed job as a function of paper cost.This technique does not reflect the actual costs incurred during manufacture of the product, but is accepted because it is extremely easy to execute and, in the view of some plant owners, it is as accurate as any other estimating system. The key, of course, is defining the exact ratio figure that best provides for full job-cost recovery and profit. Opinion varies as to what the paper cost ratio should be numerically and how it is effectively determined.Pricing by the Customer's Ability and Willingness to Pay.This pricing procedure is extremely subjective. Customers are evaluated by the sales representative or company management with respect to willingness and ability to pay for a job. When possible, some type of index, such as a credit rating or other evidence of financial dependability, is used as a base for arbitrary establishment of selling price. Once this price is communicated to the customers, they may accept, reject, or attempt ot negotiate the figure downward. Because the customer, not the costs incurred in producing the product, is the focal point of the pricing system, it is not unusual for the quoted price to be higher than if normalestimating procedures were used.Plants that price in this manner may not want to take the time to estimate the job, or they may have no defined procedure by which estimates can be accuately completed. In some instances, the negotiation of price provides an element of bizarre excitement to management, but it is generally considered a poor business technique.Pricing by Guesswork.Some printing managers believe that definitive that cost estimating is a waste of time. They base this reasoning on the fact estimating requires standard times and budgeted costs, both of which are actually averages; that many mistakes occur during the estimating process; and that too many changes occur during production that simply cannot be determined druing estimating. So instead of estimating at all, these managers use intuition to determine a reasonable price for each job. In some cases, they may review the production requirements that are needed to do the job and include that in their guess. In other cases, they may quote a price based on quantity or type of product with no other input at all.It is inconceivable to think that guessing at a price for a printed product is a reasonable pricing procedure. Nonetheless, it is a technique practiced today by those who believe that intuition is better than averaging when pricing printing or by those faced whith an excessively large number of estimates to complete in a limited amount of time.Development Trend of Package Printing TechnologyI StatusWith the development of economy and S& T, technology for planographic printing, relief printing, intaglio printing and special printings will take the momentum of growing. Different printingtechnologies with varied advantages and applicable scopes would coexist and supplement one another in a long haul, while each occupying an irreplaceable position in the whole industry.1.Planographic printing still dominatesEasy plate-making, light plate material, fast make-ready, able to produce large-size color printing matters with high quality and accurate overprint, especially being applicable for products rich in both pictures and words. During recent years, the printing technology has been absorbing high-fine-frontline technologies in optics, chemistry and computer etc, which shows the advanced level of technologies of the age.2.Relief printing technology will break throughRelief printing is a traditional printing technology in China, with the features of: sound technology background, small investment, short process, suitable for small-scale, small size and special types of package printing, no rigid requirements on ink, able to adjust printing pressure and control inking to a large extent, able to achieve a satisfactory quality and is widely applicable.3.Intaglio printing will keep stable growingIntaglio printing is featured as high speed, broad format, low consuming and few closing time, which can achieve the best effect in all kinds of printing stock.4.Screen printing will boomAs a representative of porous printing, screen printing is mainly adopted by workshop production in China, and is deemed to be “cheap”, only being able to yield lines and color block products. But now, modern screen printing devices, materials and technologies have brought new vitality to screen printing.II Tendency1.Tendency of planographic printingThe current tech subjects of study globally are: Computer to Plate, Direct Printing, Waterless Lithography and Frequency Screening. Most foreign sheet-fed multi-color offset presses utilize devices for remote-controlling of ink color, automatic make-ready, and automatic register, and realize whole-process of control and fault diagnosis. China starts late; therefore, we shall make more effort on the R&D of new all-in-one multi-color offset presses. Domestic-made printing equipments and materials (paper, ink, sensitive material and blanket) also have to be improved in their quality.2.Tendency of flexographic technologySince the Montreal Protocol in 1995, control on CFC is tighter, and some solvents such as trichloroethane and tetrafluoroethylene are limited for use. There are two methods for making the flexographic printing conform to environmental-protection requirement. The first is to develop new environmental-friendly solvent; the second is to develop, produce and utilize water-developable flexographic plates. Meanwhile, plate-thinning is also among the tendency of its development.3.Tendency of intaglio printingIntaglio printing devices are expensive, and the plate-making cost is high, which make it only suitable for products in excessive supply. The ink for intaglio printing contains toxic substances, thus its application is restricted. Only by solving these problems, can it be developed further. During recent years, the enhancement of intaglio printing technology has greatly reduced its preparation time, and promoted its competitiveness among medium-and-short-run printing market. It is expected that the development of intaglio printing would focus on: full-automatic gravure cylinder plating, application of filmless electronic engraving technology, photopolymer thin-roll intaglio printing technology and development of ring-type intaglio plate covering the cylinder and digitalized speedy proofing. Intaglio presses would follow the trend of multi-usage, multi-color, high speed, automation, linkage and environmental protection, and are going to achieve water-based gravure printing ink printing and effective control of solvent ink residue.4.Trend of screen printingIt is fully convinced that the screen printing would be greatly developed if the following conditions are met: able to develop water-based rotary screen press; able to achieve higher efficiency, able to read the pressure, speed and angle parameters of the doctor and able to control them by program; able to produce repeatedly according to program when printing repeatedly; able to correctly use production data from preparation to the whole printing process. The screen printing in China would develop both horizontally and vertically. “Vertically”means growing into higher level. International screen printing circle has widely applied computer design, plate-making, e-carving and other advanced technologies, while China is yet on the research and pilot phase. “Horizontally” means developing new screen printing products, such as out-door large advertisements etc. In conclusion, the package printing of China will have a leap on devices, technology and scale.Basic Theories of Printing - introduction of four-color and dotWhy discuss printing?----It is no doubt that post-process knowledge is very important to pre-process.Four-color printing:Black can be obtained by mixing R, G and B color together according to a certain proportion, then why black color is still needed? Yes, because black is widely used in actual design, so it is not economical to produce black by three color inks in actual usage. This is why four-color printing appears. Moreover, black produced by R, G and B looks false, while black produced by direct preparation of ink looks stark. 1. Four-color principle is well accepted by people. It equals to four films in output, and cyan, magenta, yellow, black (C,M,Y,K) channels in Photoshop. When we modify the channels in image procession, we actually change the film. ２.Mesh, dot, angle, flat screen and hanging screen. Mesh: dot number per square inch. Ordinary printed maters usually use 175 meshes; newspaper uses 60~100 meshes according to paper quality; special printed maters uses special meshes.Dot: include round, oval, rhombi, square, diamond and frequency dot etc. The above figure is composed of round dots.Screen angle: the included angle formed by the straight line linked by two closest dots and the horizon line. The angle in above figure is 45 °.Flat screen: dots of the whole film are evenly and regularly distributed with the same size, which form a plane. The above figure is flat screen.Hanging screen: dots are in different size. The screen has layers. The following screen angle is 60°.What to do before outputting film?ⅠFile formatMost parts of input center adopt RIP(pspnt) output system and phototypesetting output systems like HQ510, Scitex of Israel, Heidelberg etc. All of them support postscript press description files, i.e. files with suffix ps. Other file formats which can be output directly by RIP are: s2, s72, ps2 (Founder Bookmaker) , EPS, TIF, PDF etc. Widely used design software currently are: photoshop、pagemaker、coreldraw、illustrator etc. All can produce a PS or PDF file through postscript virtue printer. Word, wps2000 and other word processing software can also produce ps files through postscript virtue printer. In fact, pre-press output shall go through some processions like making-up, adding register regulating line and cutting line etc. But word, wps2000 is incapable of such functions. For color script, it would bring great difficulty to do post-production processing after the script is done. Therefore, select pagemaker and a series of professional design and composing software as mush as possible.II Format and precision of formatOffset printing (four-color overprint) is widely adopted in modern printing, i.e. divide color image into four colors: cyan (c), magenta (M), yellow (Y) and black (B) dot film, and print them down into PS plate. After 4 times of printing by offset printing machine, color printed product is completed. Images used for printing is different from ordinary computer-displayed images. The image shall be in CMYk mode, not RGB mode or else. Change image into dot during outputting, i.e. precision: dpi. The minimum precision of images for printing shall be 300dpi/pixel/inch in theory, but most fine images we see in computer are actually 72spi RGB mode. They are unprintable. Image can not be selected simply according to its display effect. Don’t judge an image’s printability by seeing its effect through acdsee or other software. Open the ima ge byPhotoshop, and confirm its precision by image size option. For example: resolution of an image is 600*600dpi/pixel/inch. It could be used after being amplified to twice of the original size or more. If the resolution is 300*300dpi, it can not be amplified, but can be minified or kept as the original size. If the resolution is 72*72dpi/pixel/inch, its size must be decreased (dpi precision would increase) till the resolution reaches 300*300dpi. (Define the “re-define pixel” as N/A in image size option in Photoshop). Usually seen image formats are: TIF, JPG, PCD, PSD, PCX, EPS, GIF, BMP etc. TIF multi-colored, black & white bitmap, EPS vectorgraph or JPG compressed format bitmap are the generally used image format by output software before printing. Choose the three formats as much as possible.III Image ColorFor overprint, lap-print, empty, spot color and other terminologies, please refer to relevant printing knowledge. Here we only talk about some common knowledge. 1. EmptyWhen there is a line of blue words on yellow base board, the position of blue words shall be emptied on the yellow plate of the film, vise versa. If print blue directly on yellow, blue words would change into green. 2. Lap-printWhen there is a line of black words embossed on red base board, the position of black words shall not be emptied on the red plate of the film. Because black can cover any other colors, if empty the black content, white margin would be produced in case of any error, especially for some tiny words. The margin can be spotted easily, because white and black are contrasted to each other. 3. Four-color blackThis is a common problem. Before output, you must check out whether black words in publication files, especially small words, only appear in black board. They shall not exist in plates with other colors; otherwise, the finished product would be affected in quality. Black words would definitely turn into four-color black when converting RGB figure into CMYK figure, which shall be solved except specially designated before outputting film. 4. RGB mode imageWhen RGB mode image is output, RIP system would turn it into CMYK mode automatically, while color quality would be spoiled greatly, and the finished product of printing would show in tint and dim colors. You’d bette r change the image into CMYK mode in Photoshop. If it is scanning script, you must calibrate colors to make the image usable.IV Precision of film hanging screenPrecision of hanging screen is called hanging mesh. Higher precision means finer product, while paper and ink also play important role. If images with higher hanging mesh are printed onto newspaper paper, images would become blurred very badly. Therefore, you shall know the printing paper before output, and then decide precision of hanging screen. Usual paper and hanging mesh precision: imported copper-plate paper or self-adhesive paper etc---175~200 lines; imported offset paper etc--- 150~!75 lines; ordinary offset paper etc—133~150 lines; newspaper paper—100~120 lines. Worse paper quality means lower hanging mesh, vise versa.ConclusionYou shall pay attention to the following before outputting printed maters:1. Select commonly used design software, like pagemaker. Don’t use Word.2. Image mode must be CMYK; minimum precision shall be 300*300dpi/pixel/inch.3. Check if words in publication materials are four-color words, if they are, change them into single-color 100% black.4. When use pagemaker and illustrator, you must copy the linked image files and original files together.5. Photoshop files are better to be psd (without layer combination) files in order to make modification easier.6. Change words in coreldraw or illustrator into Outline to avoid output failure due to inexistence of such typeface in output center. Copy inlay files together.7. Inform the output center of product size, printing volume, used paper etc, to make make-up and screen hanging easier.8. If content of two pages is the same, only black words are different (which is usually seen), you only have to output CMYK four-color of the first page and K color of the second page. This would cut cost. If there are only two colors (like red and black), and requirement on printing is not high, you may output them in a color plate at a time. There is no need to output them after separating them into two colors. Some treatment in printing plate-making is necessary. It can reduce cost too.Dot angleCyan: 15°, magenta 75°, yellow: 90°, black: 45°Screen dots are usually aligned regularly, so there are angle differences in application. In single-color printing, screen line angle usually adopts 45° , because dots printed in this angle is the most comfortable. It is not easy to spot the existence of dots, which would yield continuous grayish effect. In printing with two colors or more, you have to notice angle combination of two screens. Otherwise, unnecessary patterns would occur, called as “Moier”. Moier could be avoided by making angles of the two screens differ in 30°. Therefore, dominant color or deep color use 45°, tint color uses 75°, yellow uses 90°, cyan uses 15°and black uses 45°. There are no restrictions on these angles which are subject to change upon requirement.What is PostScript?Postscript is a program language designed specially for figure and text printing. It is irrelevant to media. PostScript is suitable for printing on paper, film or for screen display. It is a page description language, similar to HTML language. PostScript is promoted by Adobe in 1985, being first applied in LaserWriter press of Apple. The major target of PostScript is to provide a language which can describe image and is independent from equipment. Independent from equipment means not to rely on any specific equipment performances (e.g. press resolution) to describe an image. Therefore, the description can be printed directly in other PostScript presses without any modification. As a language, PostScript has a whole set of grammar and format regulations. Please go to Adobe website ., if you are interest. You can find complete information there. PostScript files are stored in text, which is similar to HTML file. You only have to open a PostScript file by wordpad to see it. PostScript file uses Postscript language to describe characteristics and parameters of image to be displayed or printed. Detail printing or displaying are interpreted and conducted by PostScript interpreter to obtain needed image. Figure 2 is the display of PostScript file of figure 1 in PostScript file reader. You can see that the PostScript file has gain multi-color pages after being interpreted and displayed. PostScript files have many。