第二章 词法翻译一般技巧(1--7法)
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案汉英翻译基础教程第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2)第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4)第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9)第四章动词的翻译 (11)第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12)第六章成语的英译 (13)第七章修辞格的翻译 (17)笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19)第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20)第十章换序和转态译法 (23)笫十一章断句合句译法 (25)笫十二章长句的翻译 (27)第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29)第十五章风格与翻译 (30)第十六章语用与翻译 (32)第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文1. b2. a3. b4. a二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配1． a swarm of beesa brood of chickensa litter of pups2. a bevy of beautiful ladiesa pack of houndsa team of ducksa herd of antelopes3. unfailing supportproactive fiscal policymake effective use of overseas resources4. make a phone calltake a taxiknit a woolen sweaterfetch waterplay basketballspray insecticide5. basic wagecapital constructionessential commodityprimary industryfundamental interest三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.4. Everyone complained against such a practice.5. They had a dispute at the meeting.6. You should follow the doctor's advice.7. They reached a consensus on this issue.8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.9. We have consulted him about the matter.10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now第二节翻译中的选词一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
第二章 练习答案 词法翻译的一般技巧
第二章词法翻译的一般技巧第一节对等译法一、翻译下面的句子，注意搭配产生的“假朋友”1. a faithful Christian2. a loving parent3. an obedient child4. a virtuous wife5. a dutiful husband6. a hardworking student7. strong wind 8. thick fog9 heavy rain二、翻译下列句子，注意不顾语境而产生的“假朋友”。
1. Only when they find much n common and hope to keep in touch later on, will they offer their cards. (注意不要把“投机”翻译成speculative)2. Another example. The reading of Chinese classics is a must for all Chinese. Nevertheless, it was not until I was over 30 that I came to realize the importance of self-study in the matter of classics.3. Dear young friends, my advice to you is: Do physical exercises perseveringly. That has nothing to do with merry-making or time-wasting. Good health is the wherewithal for a successful life and career.三、用对等译法，翻译下列成语。
1. fish in troubled waters2. be after one's own heart3. skin and bones4. touch and go5. hit the nail on the head6. be head and shoulders above others7. turn a deaf ear to8. burn one's boat9. turn a blind eye to10. look for a needle in a bundle of hay四、用对等译法，翻译下列谚语。
第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法
一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。
词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。
例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。
例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。
例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。
例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。
例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。
例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。
例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。
_英译汉的技巧
一、 成语对等
第一节
三、 谚语对等
对等译法
人多好办事。 欲速则不达。 眼不见，心不烦。 有志者事竟成。
Many hands make light work. Haste makes waste. Out of sight, out of mind. Where there’s a will, there’s a way. Birds of a feather flock together.
一、 为了明确
(一） 名词的重译
第二节
重译法
4.重复英语中作先行词的名词 英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语 从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），另一方面在 从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，在英译汉时， 往往需要重复翻译这个作先行词的名词。 (1) My uncle was born in Beijing, which is the capital of China. 我叔叔出生于北京，北京是中国的首都。
一、 谚语对等
第一节
练习题
试译下列英文句子，并注意斜体部分的译法。 (1) To break the ice, Ted spoke of his interest in mountain climbing, and they soon had a conversation going.
为了打破沉默，泰德说自己对爬山有兴趣，这样他们 很快就交谈起来。
一、 为了明确
(一） 名词的重译
第二节
重译法
3.重复英语介词短语前所省略的名词 英语中常重复使用介词短语，共同做某一名词的后 臵定语，并将第二个、第三个介词短语前的名词省略， 译成汉语时则往往要将此名词重译。 (1) This man often got into argument with his colleagues or with the boss. 这个人经常和他的同事们争吵，或者同老板争吵。 (2) Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。
Chapter 2 翻译技巧之一--词类转译
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Some longtime associates and friends wanted to protect him from the White House; some, protect him from the public; and others, to protect him from himself. 有些老同事和老朋友想保护他，使他免受白宫的 迫害；一些人是想保护他，使他不受公众的攻击； 还有一些人则想保护他，使他本人不要说错话或 做错事。 “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来了！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小 径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
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注：英语介词可暗示词和词之间的关系，翻译时 应根据上下文词语之间的关系进行理解，同时应 注意英汉语言差别，汉语多用动词，英语多用名 次和介词。大体上说，我们一般不逐词翻译一些 英语词组，如”arrive at/in”, “put up with”, “take care of”等等。而是把介词或介词词组转译作汉 语动词。 2.5 英语动词转换成汉语名词 The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American. 我在聚会上见到的那个人，外表和谈吐都像美国人。
4
Some other examples： 1. A developing country with an impressive development plan requires large imports of capital, goods, technology, raw materials and consumer goods to carry out the plan effectively. 一个具有宏伟发展计划的发展中国家，为了有效 地实施其发展计划，可能需要大量进口资本、货 物、技术、原材料和消费品。 2. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my older brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必能教你游泳。我想我的哥哥比我教得好。
Chapter 2 词法翻译技巧
合并译法
二、并列成分的省略
这家大公司的破产导致了这座城市下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大…… The bankruptcy of this big company has caused an increase in unemployment and more pressure of employment. 目标的轻重缓急、孰先孰后应该仔细研究、认真考虑和反复推敲。 Target priorities should be very carefully studied. 那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。 There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case. 在长期的革命历程中，各民主党派与中国共产党同呼吸共命运。 In the protracted process of the Chinese revolution, the various democratic parties shared a common fate with the Chinese Communist Party.
Chapter 2 词法翻译的一般技巧
第一节 对等译法
• • • • • • • • 1. “假朋友”问题 白菜 密码 手机 救火 早恋 青春痘 方便面
• • • •
2. 对等表达 单词 成语 谚语
第二节 增词译法
• 1. 冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节。虽则树叶落了，树 枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。 • 2. 公共场所禁止吸烟。 • 3. 中国是一个历史悠久的大国。 • 4. 要形成一种制度，确保领导班子年轻化，知识化。 • 5. 她用手捂住脸。 • 6. 他们躲起来了。 • 7. 交出翻译之前，必须多读几遍。 • 8. 这款手机物美价廉。 • 9. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
词法翻译学生版
第二章词法翻译词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理，包括词性（类）转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法，以达到“表达通顺”之目的，此类方法，大多属于“此路不通，另辟蹊径”。
第一节词类转译词类转译又叫词性转换。
翻译过程中，为了句子通顺的需要，有时需改变原文的词性，不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性：即不能追求词性的对等。
一、转译成动词：1.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.2.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.3.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.5.It was a very informative meeting.6.This pupil is a good writer.7.I am no drinker, nor smoker.8.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.9.Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe.10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin.11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12. Ours is a policy for peace.13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107)14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer.15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator.二、转译成名词：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference.4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.6. This problem is no more important than that one.7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft.9. Because of Einstei n’s theory, scientists never regarded again regarded the world as they had before.10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner todelight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer.三、转译成形容词。
第2章 常用翻译技巧
译文: 我们认识到，自由贸易并非一种损人利 己的“零和值”游戏。 （语义性增译）
例5．(?)信笔写来，(?)竟然差不多都是写我 自己的回忆，这(?)就说明了这本散文集的魅 力。 While writing at will, I find all I’ve done is just something of my own recollection, which shows how charming this collection of essays is! (结构增译)
例7．有市场、有效益的速度，才是真正的发 展，才是硬道理。 Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a fundamental principle.
中国人的生活中充满了一系 列“名牌”、“上品”之 类的东西：筵席上的茅台属 中国八大名酒之一，杭州西 湖属中国九大名胜之一,就 连一些公司也要自称是全国 500强企业之一。 （语义性增译）
例3．Venice invites idleness and strolling. Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours). “邀请悠闲和散步， 安宁是静止的”？
例8．“一要吃饭，二要建设”是指导我国经 济工作的基本原则。 A basic principle guiding our economic work is “subsistence first and development second”.
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18)一语道破
hit the nail on the head
19) 充耳不闻 20) 出人头地 21) 吹毛求疵 22) 破釜沉舟 23) 大惊小怪 24) 大海捞针 25) 颠倒黑白 26) 得意忘形 27) 攀龙附凤 28) 大发雷霆 29) 骑虎难下 30) 视而不见
委员会提出那个提案，他们就把它否 决了。
They killed the motion when it came from the committee.
5）不顾具体搭配
由于不同语言有不同的选择限制，汉英两种语言中 某些对应的词语搭配范围是不尽相同的。 首先，使用范围大小不同。 其次，可引申的程度或引申义不同。 最后，上下义词的搭配分工不同。在汉语中泛指一 般动作的动词只能与泛指一般事物的名词搭配，表 示具体动作的动词往往只能与表示具体事物的名词 搭配；英语一般不受此限制。
汉译英句子翻译实例：
41) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade. 42) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 43) 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。 By searching his heart he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 44) 他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Every one of them rolled up his sleeves for battle, high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory. 45) 我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。 We must do our level best to win this game.
长镜头 long lens/zoom lens 不冻港 non-freezing port/ice-free port 隐形眼镜 invisible glasses/ contact lenses 买一赠一 Buy one, present one./ Buy one, get one free. 冷餐会 cold food get-together/ buffet meal (lunch, party, reception) 流动资金 circulating capital/ working capital
turn a deaf ear to be head and shoulders above others pick a hole in sb’s coat burn one’s boat make a fuss about look for a needle in a bundle of hay talk black into white have one’s nose in the air worship the rising sun hit the ceiling; fly into a rage hold a wolf by the ears turn a blind eye to
12)成千上万
13)水深火热 14)嗤之以鼻
thousands upon thousands of
in deep water turn up one’s nose at
15)皮包骨头
16)一触即发 17)一生一世
skin and bones
touch and go from the cradle to the grave
Break a promise
ketchup
酸奶 黄色书籍 翻天覆地 街上的女孩
Sour milk 发酸的变质的牛奶 Yellow book 黄皮书/法国政府 报告 To move heaven and earth 竭尽全力 Street girl 妓女
Yoghurt Pornography book World-shaking The girl on the street
To make a plan; to draw up a plan
搞个计划 搞特殊化 现在有很多青年人搞个体经营。 我们搞的是现代化，是中国式的现 代化。
To seek for privileges; to use one’s power to pursue personal perquisites and privileges
值得注意的是，在寻找词义相符的对应词语时，容 易找到貌似对应的假对应词语，即指称意义、言内 意义或语用意义看似与原文相符，实则相异的词语。 拳头产品 fist product/ knockout product 几种“假朋友” 1）生搬硬套字面意义所产生的“假朋友” 白菜 white cabbage/ Chinese cabbage 电杆 electrical pole/ wire pole/telegraph pole 大片 big movie/blockbuster 青春痘 youth spot/acne 蝴蝶结 bu8)畅所欲言 9)称心如意 10)了如指掌 11)混水摸鱼
cut in a joke speak one’s mind be after one’s own heart at one’s finger-tips fish in troubled waters
Many young people are now embarking in private enterprises. The modernization we are striving for is modernization of a Chinese type. We say this in good faith. We do not play petty games/tricks. Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.
谚语：
31)三思而后行 Look before you leap. 32)趁热打铁 Make hay while the sun shines. 33)无风不起浪 There is no smoke without fire. 34)恶事传千里 Ill news travels fast. 35)熟能生巧 Practice makes perfect. 36) 欲速则不达 More haste, less speed. 37) 出门一里，不如家里East and west, home is best. 38) 拉入篮里就是菜 All is fish that comes to the net. 39) 皇天不负苦心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 40) 小巫见大巫The moon is not seen when the sun shines.
46) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？ As things stood, what else could he do but swallow the insult? 47) 侵略者已经走投无路。 The invaders had come to the end of their tether. 48) 我讨厌游手好闲的人。 I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness. 49) 你为什么要引狼入室？ Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep? 50) 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。 He is shooting off his mouth. He does not know the first thing of economy.
酒店
Wine shop 卖酒的商店
Hotel/restaurant
3）只对应指称意义而忽视语用意义 差异
农民 peasant /farmer 物美价廉cheap and good/ economical and good 个人主义 唯心主义 自由主义 词义的褒贬和语境
4）词汇语义范围不同而产生的假朋 友
那次错误毁掉了他的机会。 对比表明，汉语“杀”要比英语“Kill”词义范围窄， That mistake killed his chances. 一般只能用于人和动物，不能用于植物或无生命的东西；
当然也有“杀风景”，“杀威风”等用法，但不及“kill”广泛。 所以，翻译时切不可一律以kill译“杀” 他的笑话真是笑死人。 The outstanding final killed audience. Histhe joke nearly killed me.
2）只对应字面意义而忽略指称意义差别
原文 绿豆
试穿
假朋友 Green bean 青豆、嫩菜或四季 豆
To have a fit发脾气
正确译文 mung bean
To try sth. on
食言
番茄酱
Eat one’s words收回前言；道 歉
Tomato sauce 吃意大利面或披萨是用的调味 酱
我们说话算数，不搞小动作。