GRAMMAR-2_非谓语动词和条件句

非谓语动词
非谓语动词
1.定义：在句子中不是谓语动词叫做非谓语动 词。不可以独立作谓语，但可以充当句子的 其他成分。
2.它有三种形式 不定式(to do) 分词（现在分词doing、过去分词done）， 动名词 (doing)
非谓语动词
He likes to sing. The men walking in front were carrying books.
As a result, the service provided to the guests was below the standard promised to them.
分词的用法
2. 作表语(具有形容词的特征）
The theory sounds quite convincing, but the situation is not encouraging.
动词不定式
1. 不定式的一般式，它所表达的动作通常与主 语谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在 它之后发生。
They drew a map to show us the way. He stood aside for me to pass.
动词不定式
2. 不定式的完成式，它所表示的动作在谓语所 表示的动作之前发生。
Hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. When to hold the meeting has not been decided. The most important problem is how to get so much money. 2). 介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作 宾语 Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. I have no idea of how to do it.
动名词的用法
4. 作定语 He can't walk without a walking stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school? They want to go to the reading room this afternoon.
动名词的用法
动词不定式的用法
6. 作状语
2).表结果 He got to the station to find the train had gone. I hurried to the post office, only to find it was closed. 3).表原因 They were very sad to hear the news. I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.
celebrate.
3).伴随
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
4).条件
Heated, water changes into steam.
分词的用法
4. 作宾语补足语
We found the students reading outside. We found our hometown completely changed.
Father likes to listen to music in silence. I never thought to meet you here.
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. He made it a rule to train at four.
分词的用法
1. 作定语
It is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African American.
Who is the man standing by the door?
We also make choices based on how the products are grown or made.
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking efforts.
It means failure to lose your heart.
动词不定式的用法
2. 作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示
动名词的用法
动名词的完成式having done
He denied having been there. I regretted not having studied harder at school.
分词
分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词， 形式分别为doing和done。
In the following years he worked even harder. Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
动词不定式的用法
4. 作宾语补足语
不定式可以再“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中 充当宾语补足语。
She requested him to go with her.
动词不定式的用法
5. 作定语
I need somewhere to take a nap. He is the best man to choose. I need a letter to write. I need a pen to write. I need some paper to write.
动词不定式的用法
注：有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时， 不定式要加to。
动名词
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词 的句法功能。
doing being done having done
一般式 被动式 完成式
动名词的被动式being done
I still remember being taken to the park for the first time.
注：在demand, deserve, need, require和want等动词后 面，动名词的主动形式表示被动
The flowers need watering.
目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut. Our plan is to finish the work in two days.
动词不定式的用法
3. 作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等 介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1).作动词的宾语
动词不定式的用法
3. 作宾语
2).作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work
harder. He had no choice but to sit there as usual. There is nothing we can do but to wait patiently.
动词不定式的用法
1. 作主语
不定式短语在句首作主语。 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. We are hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的 主语是不定式。
动名词的用法
1. 作主语 Reading aloud is very helpful. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
2. 作表语 My job is studying.
动名词的用法
3. 作宾语 They haven't finished building the dam.
Try not to be boring again next time. He wished never to meet her again.
动词不定式
6. 疑问词+动词不定式
1). 不定式和疑问词whether，what，which，whom，where，when， how，why等连用可以在句子中起名词的作用，通常作宾语、主 语、表语等。
Seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful
2).原因
Not knowing his address, I cannot send this book to him.
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and
The matter / problem / situation seems very pressing. You look exhausted, what’s the matter with you?
3. 作状语
分词的用法
1).时间
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
动词不定式
动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，
在某种情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态
和语态的变化，通常有以下几种形式（以do为
例）
to do
一般式