5.Chinese literature(II)中国传统文化

窦融表已来关右，陶侃军宜次石头。
（李商隐 . 重有感）
严对的要求
• 连绵对
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
水光潋滟晴方好，山色空濛雨亦奇。
（苏轼 . 饮湖上初晴后雨）
• 叠字对
漠漠水田飞白鹭，阴阴夏木啭黄鹂。
（王维 . 积雨辋川庄作）
Old Style of Poems
• 五言古诗 • • 李白 ：春思 • • • • • • 燕草如碧丝， 秦桑低绿枝； 当君怀归日， 是妾断肠时。 春风不相识， 何事入罗帏？ • Five-character-ancient-verse • Li Bai： IN SPRING • Your grasses up north are as blue as jade, • Our mulberries here curve greenthreaded branches; • And at last you think of returning home, • Now when my heart is almost broken.... • O breeze of the spring, since I dare not know you, • Why part the silk curtains by my bed?
（五言古诗） 王维：渭川田家 A FARM-HOUSE ON THE WEI RIVER
• • 斜光照墟落，• • 穷巷牛羊归。• • 野老念牧童，• In the slant of the sun on the country-side, Cattle and sheep trail home along the lane; And a rugged old man in a thatch door Leans on a staff and thinks of his son, the herdboy. There are whirring pheasants, full wheat-ears, Silk-worms asleep, pared mulberry-leaves. And the farmers, returning with hoes on their shoulders, Hail one another familiarly. ... No wonder I long for the simple life And am sighing the old song, Oh, to go Back Again!
律诗的格律 — 对仗
• 对仗又称对偶，是把语言中同类的或对立的概念 并列排比，既要求句型一致，又要求词性相同， 不仅实词对实词、虚词对虚词，而且要名词对名 词、动词对动词、数量词对数量词，等等。在平 仄上，要求两句必须相反，继平对仄，仄对平。 • 因为汉字是方块字，单音节，每个音节有四声， 易于对偶，故“俪文律诗，为诸夏所独有”（刘 师培《中古文学史》）。 • 律诗共八句。两句为一联，分为四联，称“首 联”、“颔联”、“颈联”、“尾联”。按格律 要求，颔、颈二联必须对仗。
• The thread in the hands of a fondhearted mother • Makes clothes for the body of her wayward boy; • Carefully she sews and thoroughly she mends, • Dreading the delays that will keep him late from home. • But how much love has the inchlong grass • For three spring months of the light of the sun?
严对与宽对
• 严对
– 严对又叫工对，意思是对得 工整。严对除了应具有对偶 的一般特点外，还要做到以 下三点：
严对的要求
1. 出句和对句的用词要避免重复。（句内可 重复，但出句和对句必须一致） 即从巴峡穿巫峡，便下襄阳向洛阳。
（杜甫. 闻官军收河北河南）
四面荷花三面柳，一城山色半城湖。
（济南大明湖联）
平仄与对仗
• 平仄使诗句在语音上错落有致，产生音乐 上的美感。对仗使诗歌在句法、措辞，以 及意象上形成对称，使人产生视觉上和心 理意境上的美感。 • 听觉上的错落有致（抑、扬、顿、挫）， 视觉上的整齐平稳，意境上的对称联想， 这些形成了中国诗歌所特有的审美原则， 其艺术感染力是世界其它语言所无法比拟 的。
Gutishi and Jintishi
• Tang poetry can be divided into the original gutishi (古体诗old stylistic poetry) and jintishi (近体诗new stylistic poetry). The latter is a stricter form developed in the early Tang Dynasty with rules governing the structure of a poem. The greatest writers of gushi and jintishi are often held to be Li Bai and Du Fu respectively.
• • • • • • • •
蓬莱文章建安骨， 中间小谢又清发， 俱怀逸兴壮思飞， 欲上青天览明月。 抽刀断水水更流， 举杯销愁愁更愁。 人生在世不称意， 明朝散发弄扁舟。
• The bones of great writers are your brushes, in the School of Heaven, • And I am a Lesser Xie growing up by your side. • We both are exalted to distant thought, • Aspiring to the sky and the bright moon. • But since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, • And sorrows return, though we drown them with wine, • Since the world can in no way answer our craving, • I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take to a fishingboat.
Chinese Literature (II)
Unit 5
Tang Poetry
• Tang poetry refers to poetry written in or about China's Tang dynasty, (618 - 907, including the 690-705 reign of Wu Zetian) and/or follows a certain style, often considered as the Golden Age of Chinese poetry. According to a compilation, the Quantangshi there were almost 50,000 Tang poems written by over 2,200 authors. During the Tang Dynasty, poetry continued to be an important part of social life at all levels of society. Scholars were required to master poetry for the civil service examinations, but the art was theoretically available to everyone. This led to a large record of poetry and poets, a partial record of which survives today. Two of the most famous poets of the period were Du Fu and Li Bai.
严对的要求
2. 对词性一致还有更具体的要求。
• 数目对
共把十千沽一斗，相看七十欠三年。
（白居易 . 与梦得沽酒闲饮且约后期）
• 颜色对
两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，一行白鹭上青天。
（杜甫 . 绝句）
严对的要求
• 方位对
江间波浪兼天涌，塞上风云接地阴。
（杜甫 . 秋兴）
• 专名对 （人名与人名、地名与地名相对）
仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄平平仄
平平仄仄仄平平 仄仄平平仄仄平
刘禹锡：酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠
— | | — — | | — — | | — | — — | — | | — | — — | | — — | — | | — — — | | | | — — | — — | — | | — — — | | | | — — 巴山楚水凄凉地， 二十三年弃置身。 怀旧空吟闻笛赋， 到乡翻似烂柯人。 沉舟侧畔千帆过， 病树前头万木春。 今日听君歌一曲， 暂凭杯酒长精神。
平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平平 仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平 平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平平 仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平
律诗的平仄
• 七言律诗的平仄
平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄平平仄仄平 平平仄仄仄平平 平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄仄平平 仄仄平平仄仄平 仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄平 平平仄仄仄平平
律诗的格律 — 平仄
• 平仄的四种基本格式： 仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平 平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平平
• 平仄句内排列的变化 仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平 平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平平
律诗的平仄