研究生英语期末考试重点
研究生英语精读教程期末复习（课本考点）
研究生英语精读教程期末复习（课本考点）英译汉（考3个）Uint 4第1段The story of an anguished love affair between Albert Einstein and the woman who later become his first wife has emerged in newly disclosed correspondence between them.新近披露的艾伯特.爱因斯坦与意中人（此人后来成为他的原配）之间的来往信件，向人们展示了这对勤劳包含辛酸的爱情经历。
第4段Intertwined with the disclosures of a difficult romance are fragments of Einstein's thought as he struggled toward confidence in his concept of relativity.与所披露的艰难的罗曼史交织在一起的是爱因斯坦满怀信心地为自己的相对论概念而努力奋斗的思想片段。
第12段Interspersed among Einstein's repeated expressions of love were discussions of scientific questions with which both were concerned.在爱因斯坦的那些情意缱绻的信中也掺带着对他们双方都关心的科学问题的讨论。
Unit 5第1段Whoever coined the phrase “save the planet” is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency. It also typifies environmentalism'srhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。
研究生英语期末考题-A
PART ⅢVOCABULARY31. Goal Setting is extremely important to __________ and success.A. mediationB. initiationC. motivationD. adaptation32. The Football Club recognizes that in the competitive world of professional football, they must be ambitious, creative and _________ to change.A. originalB. potentialC. adaptiveD. intellectual33. No longer confined to working in the bedroom, wireless ________ to the Internet has been made available in most hotels.A. accessB. pursuitC. peerD. acquisition34. With regard to fuel, the urgent _______ is to save and replace oil.A. allotmentB. priorityC. competencyD. efficacy35. Scientists ________ spacemen to all kinds of tests before they send them up in rockets.A. subjectB. adoptC. ensureD. restore36. English is one of the world’s _________ languages, so we must try to learn it well.A. moderateB. obviousC. predominantD. undeniable37. Before getting it printed, she went through the typescript carefully to _______ all errors from it.A. diminishB. eliminateC. indicateD. extend38. There have been studies showing that smoking and lung cancer are closely __________.A. interactedB. overlappedC. emphasizedD. correlated39. His speech _________ the difficulties involved in the Project Hope.B. computerizedC. mobilizedD. subsidized40. The President has promised his hope in his speech the ________ of economic growth.A. abilityB. sustainabilityC. mobilityD. productivity41. The government has _________ the task of building the Olympic stadium to the construction team.A. assignedB. assessedC. assistedD. assembled42. I think we should be able to ________ the airplane ticket so that you can start tomorrow.A. struggleB. mingleC. wangleD. double43. Schools were located in the same campus to ________ the sharing of resources.A. facilitateB. appreciateC. illustrateD. evaluate44. The budget of constructing the across-sea bridge between Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao was ______ by the respective governments.A. assembledB. approvedC. appointedD. applauded45. His mother was hard-working and ________ for her four children.A. carefulB. ambitiousC. regardlessD. influential46. Older people are more ________ to the virus.A. linkedB. involvedC. susceptibleD. protective47. The company said the debt was _______ during its acquisition of nine individual businesses.A. reducedB. paidC. cancelled48. Many people are still complaining that there are so many _______ in our education system.A. defectsB. variationsC. programsD. tests49. Financial experts have _______ signs that the economy is beginning to improve.A. detectedB. designedC. influencedD. predicted50. As many as 100 species of fish, some _______ to these waters may have been affected by the pollution.A. uniqueB. dependentC. dispensableD. essential51. He excels at _________ language games that can be used for students in class.A. devotingB. accountingC. cultivatingD. devising52. The newspaper gives a somewhat _______ report of what actually happened.A. fascinatedB. distortedC. depressedD. devised53. In fact, there is a greater _______ of wildlife of the four-footed in the more temperate southern regions.A. influenceB. abundanceC. effectD. importance54. Our company aims to continue operating in this way next year and welcome your feedback on this _________ of delivery.A. traitB. modeC. resourceD. goal55. Manpower resource building is a key to _________ competitive capacity and service quality.A. allocatingB. reactingC. overwhelmingD. upgrading56. Tickets will be _______ on a first come, first served basis on the day of the event according to the capacity of the venue.B. upgradedC. allocatedD. achievedPART ⅢVOCABULARY31. Summaries can be obtained for free; you need to _______ to get the full reports.A. adaptB. participateC. enhanceD. subscribe32. With great efforts and __________, he successfully obtained his Ph.D.A. acquisitionB. flexibilityC. persistenceD. intellectuality33. I reminded children of how we did this and we clapped the _________ together.A. outletB. rhythmC. accessD. priority34. Although Grandma is 80 years old, she _________ a clear memory of her schooldays.A. attainsB. retainsC. obtainsD. attends35. New research suggests that species that grow too large may be more _______ to extinction.A. viableB. proneC. likelyD. suffering36. Disappointed at failing the test, Peter lay there _______ for a long time.A. moralB. immoralC. mobileD. immobile37. “We will ________ this physics problem in the next class”, said Prof. Huang.A. combatB. confessC. sustainD. address38. The pupils have been told that breathing exercises can help to ________ stress.A. relieveB. tripleD. divert39. It is a common practice that on the eve of Chinese Spring Festival, all night long fireworks _______into the sky.A. easeB. soarC. combatD. swell40. The refugees of the flood have been living in _________ housing provided by the authorities.A. sustainedB. mobilizedC. subsidizedD. eased41. She turned her head, _________ to his grin with a smile.A. respondingB. leadingC. objectingD. devoting42. They are working to ensure that their market share remains ________ against competition.A. consequentB. alternativeC. sureD. secure43. Mr. Baker’s assistant telephoned to _______ his appointment with the chairman.A. confirmB. orderC. questionD. appoint44. Japanese food has been presented as expensive and ________ for special occasions.A. gatheredB. reservedC. collectedD. relieved45. Much later, he ________ with his son Michael on the English translation of a text on anti-aging.A. dealtB. collaboratedC. agreedD. compared46. The operation ________ putting a small tube into your heart.A. conductsB. managesC. involvesD. performs47. The ________ of getting all the answers correct is about one in ten.B. probabilityC. aspectD. sequence48. For the sake of convenience, the photographs are shown in chronological __________.A. sequenceB. processC. activityD. schedule49. It was dangerous to visit earthquake-hit area, but she set out _______ of the risk.A. recklessB. regardC. regardlessD. hideously50. We can solve our _______ affairs by our own intelligence.A. indoorB. insideC. outdoorD. internal51. The new Prime Minister is _______ relationships with old Eastern Bloc countries.A. accountingB. excludingC. cultivatingD. pursuing52. He came in with four shopping bags and _______ them on the table.A. tookB. devotedC. pursuedD. dumped。
研究生英语期末考试1
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual andcollective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, ______ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be ______ within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3.As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories ofcomputer technology and consumer electronics firms are ______ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4.The degree in which a man ______ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of ahigh-skilled, high-waged economy by ______ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6.No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions theresulting environmental deterioration is going to make life ______ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7.Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such aspay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels ______ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8.Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of highseismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to ______ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9.By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and ______rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10.While more and more women are ______ roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11.The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, andyouth violence ______, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from onlinepirates but also ensures that the quality for ______ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. malicious恶意的故意的D. legitimate13.There is relatively little ______ of opinion and scholarship about whether generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14.Young people‟s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a ______ onthe sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15.Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer theirown work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their ______ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16.No gene ration is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today‟s youngpeople—“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n ______ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的B. emergentC. hostileD. rural17.Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primaryarena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the ______ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important ______ increasing disparities intechnology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of thegifted and talented, offers ______ which can sometimes cut right across anyone‟s cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objections20.Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon ______ smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, you‟ll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a __21__. Unless you‟re in senior management, you may be limited __22__ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortuna tely, these aren‟t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or __23__ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often __24__ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees willunderstand that wage increases do have their limits, __25__ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the __26__ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance __27__. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. __28__ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who __29__ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more __30__ to stay in a job when they agree with the company‟s goals and values.Another major __31__ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show __32__ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for __ 33__ in their work, having a variety of tasks to __34__, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to __35__ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21. A. blessing B. handicapC. challengeD. failure22 A. in favor of B. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23. A. necessarily B. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24. A. to rank B. being ranked25. C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26. A. top B. bottomC. lowD. peak27. A. driving B. driven28. C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless ofD. For the sake of29. A. specialize in B. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30. A. subject B. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31. A. advantage B. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32. A. that B. howC. whenD. whether33 A. authorship B. automationC. autonomyD. authority34. A. adopt B. undergoC. performD. supply35. A. depart fromC. interfere in B. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don‟t admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It‟s yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here‟s your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won‟t make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don‟t objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn‟t make us happy:It‟s relative income that‟s important. As I‟ve noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don‟t mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we‟re earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we‟re likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don‟t make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People‟s desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There‟s even evidence that materialism make us lesshappy.People don‟t shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of …the focusing illusion‟. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with people‟s everyday experience. Surely if money doesn‟t lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the …focusing illusion‟ we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn‟t. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A.Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness.B.Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C.More money does not necessarily make people happy.D.Money counts most in people‟s feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A.The scientific findings fail to explain people‟s obsession with pursuing money andhappiness.B.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave forearning more.C.Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance ofmoney.D.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens people‟sdesire to make money.38. According to the passage, people _____.A.care a lot about their actual level of incomeB.are convinced that people around them earn higher incomepare their income with that of higher earnersD.feel contented when they earn more than others39. Material goods don‟t make us happy because _____.A.we need something permanent to feel happyB.we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC.people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD.the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A.Because money and wealth gratify people‟s vanity.B.Because money is the only way to measure people‟s achievement.C.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D.Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the world‟s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and don‟ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in whic h employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for.“Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company‟s culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer‟s culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence(默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company‟s mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% inself-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas are readily adopted by my company”. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A. a method of generating electricityB.an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C.The study shows that big firms haven‟t yet built a more caring culture as they say.D.The survey by the Boston Research Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance”?A.Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B.The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C.Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D.Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance companyis ____.A.the adoption of good ideasB.the occurrence of unethical behaviorC.the cases of blowing the whistleD.the level of productivity45. The main purpose of this passage is to show _____.A.employers and employees usually don‟t feel the same about the corporate cultureB.employers should trust and respect their employeesC.self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companiesD.there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-based culturePassage 3“To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul,” Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends”; Second Life mimics real-life places with its homes, offices, and restaurants. What is different about mobile playgrounds is that mobile devices force real life and virtual life (and real places and virtual places) to try to coexist in a way they never have before.We want to see this as a good, enabling thing — I can fire off that e-mail to the office and then get back to relaxing on my vacation! — but it is instructive to go to a playground today: even on a weekend, you will see parents engrossed in their iPhones and BlackBerrys while their children make increasingly loud bids for their attention. The November 2, 2009 cover of The New Yorker sadly and beautifully satirized this trend: it shows an illustration of children out trick-or-treating, basked in the glow of houselights, while their parents bask in the glow of the smart-phones in which they are rapt(全神贯注的). Even our leisure time, it seems, has been colonized by our need to stay connected —and it is a constant struggle to set limits on our engagement with the virtual world so that we can attend to the real one in front of us.And when we decide to leave home entirely, we find it difficult to leave the demands of work behind. Consider the cruise ship industry: every year, more than three million people board a Carnival Cruise ship to take a vacation. They spend a great deal of time eating — and gambling — and then eating some more. The perpetual buffets that have long been a staple of the cruise ship lifestyle cater to one kind of hunger; Carnival now caters to another —one that seems counterintuitive in vacationers eager to get away from it all: staying connected. With their twenty-four-hour Internet cafés, onboard WiFi, and an advertising campaign that features bikini-clad patrons lounging on deck chairs with laptop computers, Carnival Cruise Lines has enthusiastically responded to the demands of patrons who seek an ideal of maritime escape but still want to check their e-mail several times a day.This, too, is the strange new world of leisure: never disconnected, and never really free from the demands of daily life. Notwithstanding all the talk of mobility, we find ourselves tethered in novel ways —not to a hometown, or to a particular social background, but to our devices themselves and the feeling of connection they provide, which we seemingly cannot sit still without.46.According to the first paragraph, what can we learn about MySpace and Second Life?A.They function as real life venues for entertainment.B.They deserve credit for reflecting the human soul.C.As virtual playgrounds, they resemble reality in terms of place.D.Through mobile devices, they represent engagement with society.47.When saying it is instructive to go to a playground today, the author means that ____.A.people‟s indulgence in staying connected can be witnessed thereB.playgrounds are the places for parents and children to spend time togetherC.responsible parents are supposed to engage their children with outdoor activitiesD.smart phones are the culprit for the poor relations between parents and children48.The following statements are TRUE except ____.A.people vacationing on Carnival Cruise ships have access to the Internet todayB.eating and gambling are the exclusive things people can enjoy on cruise shipsC.Carnival Cruise Lines cater to vacationers‟ demands to stay in contact with othersD.people‟s desire to remain connected makes it difficult for them to escape from work49.The word “tethered” in Line 2 of the last paragraph probably means ____.A.disconnectedB. confinedC. immuneD. indifferent50.This passage is intended to ____.A.analyze the various reasons for humans to settle downB.advocate the necessity of virtual connection in leisure timeC.enumerate the enormous benefits of mobile devices for work and lifeD.highlight the transformation of mobility through ubiquitous connectionPassage 4State environmental officials are proposing a new set of rules that would give automobile manufacturers three years to start selling zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) that — for all practical purposes — do not yet exist. The state Department of Environmental Quality has released draft rules mandating that 11 percent of all automobiles sold in Arizona beginning with the 2011 model year have zero emissions. That would increase to 16 percent by 2018 and beyond.However, there are opposing opinions which claim that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles will expose people to dangerous levels of lead, according to industry and environmental groups. A research led by three professors from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh suggests that an electric car powered by lead-acid batteries will “release 60 times more lead per kilometer of use” than an “equivalent car burning leaded gasoline”. But critics argue that the researchers have used unrealistic assumptions.Releases of lead to the environment are now tightly controlled because of the metal‟s toxicity since the 1970s, when leaded petrol began to be removed in the US, levels of lead in the blood of American children have dropped. But economist Lester Lave and engineers Chris Hendrickson and Francis McMichael worry that mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars might reverse that trend.Reaction to this suggestion has been hostile, however. “I think they‟ve missed the point completely,” says John Rodman of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. He says the benefits of reducing pollution from traffic in cities will far exceed the risks of small increases in lead releases. Michael Weistein of Electro Source in Austin, Texas, a developer of advanced lead-acid batteries, complains that is “misleading scare tactics”.The research result, published in the latest edition of Science, comes as American car makers are being forced to produce “zero-emission vehicles” starting in 2000. The plan was originally designed to reduce airborne pollution in California, and Massachusetts and New York have since followed suit. While car company engineers are designing ZEVs, their top executives are fighting the mandates being imposed on them.The Carnegie-Mellon researchers estimated the amount of lead needed to power ZEVs and how much would be released in mining, battery manufacture and recycling. But critics complain that the team's 1378 kilogram figure for the weight of batteries needed in a ZEV is a serious overestimate. General Motors‟ small electric car, called the Impact, weighs 132 kilograms in total and carries only 522 kilograms of batteries. Lave says he had too little performance data to use the impact as a baseline.51. What are the research findings published by the professors from Carnegie-MellonUniversity?A.Conventional cars burning leaded gasoline are more dangerous than electric cars.B.Mass production of lead-acid batteries will seriously affect American children‟s health.C.The wide use of electric cars powered by batteries will increase lead releases to theatmosphere.D.Replacing conventional cars with ZEV will be very dangerous.52. By "that trend"(Line 5, Para.3) the author refers to _____.A.the drop of the lead level in the blood of American childrenB.the replacement of conventional cars with electric carsC.the control of the releases of lead to the environmentD.the ban on the use of leaded petrol53. Which of the following statements best expresses the viewpoints of John Rodman?A.He is opposed to the mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars.B.He believes the advantages of ZEV outweigh its disadvantages.C.He thinks the increase in lead releases will be exceedingly risky.D.He supposes the only benefit of ZEV is to reduce pollution in cities.54. The American car makers' attitude towards the ZEV mandates is _____.A. suspiciousB. scaredC. confidentD. displeased55. According to the Carnegie-Mellon team research, which of the following is NOT the reasonfor the increasing amount of lead needed in a ZEV?A.Production of lead-acid batteries.B. Weight of batteries.C. Leaded petrol.D. Mining of lead.Part 4: Translation (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. And then write your translation in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.We are living in the middle of a revolution in consciousness. Over the past few decades, geneticists, neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, and others have made great strides in understanding the inner working of the human mind. Far from being dryly materialistic, their work illuminates the rich underwater world where character is formed and wisdom grows. They are giving us a better grasp of emotions, intuitions, biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and social bonding, precisely those things about which our culture has least to say. 我们在生活中的革命意识。
专业英语研究生期末考试(四川大学研究生考试样题)
XX大学计算机〔软件〕学院工程硕士考试试题〔2021——2021学年上学期〕课程号： _________课序号： ___________课程名称：专业英语任课教师：于中华适用专业：软件工程适用年级：____学生人数：________印题份数：______学号：______XX：_______考试须知XX大学学生参加由学校组织或由学院承办的各级各类考试，必须严格执行 ?XX大学考试工作管理方法?和?XX大学考场规那么? 。
有考试违纪作弊行为的，一律按照?XX大学学生考试违纪作弊处分规定?进展处理。
XX大学各级各类考试的监考人员，必须严格执行?XX大学考试工作管理方法?、?XX大学考场规那么?和?XX大学监考人员职责?。
有违反学校有关规定的，严格按照?XX大教学事故认定及处理方法?进展处理。
题号一二三四五六七八九十平时总分得分考试时间年月日阅卷教师签名I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. (10%)1._________ is used to communicate with another computer over telephone linesA. keyboardB .modemC. printer D. mouse2.__________is a device that enables the computer to handle sounds.A. network cardB. video cardC. sound cardD. monitor3. __________ refers to the parts of the computer that you can see and touch.A. SoftwareB. HardwareC. HardshipD. Instruction4. The display screen is the most common device used to show you what the computer isdoing.A. inputB. printingC. outputD. electronic5. _________ are programs that provide access to Web resourcesA. browsersB. databaseC. URLD. E-commerce6._________ is a word processing tool that helps you to create quality documents.A. Word 2003B. Outlook 2003C. Access 2003D. Excel 20037. __________ is a fast and powerful operating system, based on the UNIX O.S.A. Windows 2003B. Office 2003C. Windows 2003D. Linux8. A virus is a __________A. programB. computerC. bad manD. beast9. TCP/IP are the two standard protocols for communications on the __________.A. webB. computerC. InternetD. network10. B2C involves individuals selling to ___________.A. clientB. consumerC. corporationD. company1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________1.() The CPU is the processor of a computer.2.() Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.3.() A computer is only connected by cable lines, such as telephone lines.4.() Air can be used to transit data.5.() Search engines help you to locate information on the Web6.() B2C involves individuals selling to individuals.7.() Databases are widely used8.() Oracle is the largest database system vendor in the world.9.() Complete access and complete security are good for information security10. () Portable computer can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. III. Translation: English to Chinese (20%)1. CPU_____________________2. OS __________________________3. LAN_____________________4. B2B__________________________5. CEO_____________________6. ATM__________________________7. DBMS____________________8. URL__________________________9.personal computer _______________________________________10.storage device _________________________________________rmation exchanges ___________________________________12.protocol ______________________________________________13.broadband ____________________________________________14.browser _______________________________________________15.search engine __________________________________________16.update ________________________________________________17.Web Site _______________________________________________18.human resources _________________________________________19.environment _____________________________________________puter virus ___________________________________________。
研究生英语期末考试
研究生英语期末考试Graduate English Final ExamThe graduate English final exam is an important assessment that evaluates students' overall proficiency and understanding of the English language. This exam includes various components such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. In this article, we will discuss the format, expectations, and tips for success in the graduate English final exam.The reading section of the exam consists of multiple passages that test students' comprehension skills. Students are expected to read the passages carefully and answer the accompanying questions. It is crucial to pay attention to details, understand the main ideas, and make inferences from the given information. To enhance reading skills, students should practice reading various texts such as news articles, journals, and literary works.The writing section of the exam assesses students' ability to express ideas in a clear and organized manner. Students are required to write essays or reports on given topics. It is essential to plan your writing, including outlining main points and developing a logical structure. Vocabulary, grammar, and coherence should also be taken into consideration. To prepare for the writing section, students should practice writing essays on different topics and seek feedback from instructors or native English speakers.The listening section of the exam evaluates the ability to understand spoken English. Students will listen to audio clips or lectures and answer questions related to the content. Active listening skills are important, such as understanding the main ideas,recognizing supporting details, and following the flow of the conversation or lecture. To improve listening skills, students should expose themselves to various types of spoken English, including movies, podcasts, and conversations with native speakers.The speaking section of the exam tests students' ability to communicate effectively in English. Students may be asked to engage in dialogues or present a topic to the class. Confidence, fluency, and accuracy are crucial in this section. To enhance speaking skills, students should engage in conversations with classmates or language partners, practice giving presentations, and participate in group discussions.To succeed in the graduate English final exam, students should develop a study plan and allocate time for each component. Regular practice is essential to reinforce all language skills. Reading a variety of texts, writing essays, listening to spoken English, and engaging in speaking activities are helpful strategies. Additionally, seeking guidance from instructors, joining study groups, and utilizing online resources can provide further support. In conclusion, the graduate English final exam is a comprehensive assessment that evaluates students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Success in this exam requires a solid understanding of the English language and regular practice in all language areas. By developing a study plan, dedicating time to each component, and utilizing various resources, students can improve their overall proficiency and excel in the exam.。
研究生综合英语期末口语考试话题
研究生综合英语期末口语考试话题1. Some people think that two problems college graduates face — underemployment and soaring tuition debt. What else can students, employers and colleges do to address the problems?一些人认为大学毕业生面临两个问题——就业不足和学费债务飙升。
学生、雇主和大学还能做些什么来解决这些问题?2. Stress is a normal part of life. Dealing with stressful events is something everyone has to do. How do you usually cope with stress in your study, interpersonal relationships or daily life?压力是生活中正常的一部分。
处理压力事件是每个人都必须做的事情。
你通常如何处理学习、人际关系或日常生活中的压力?3. Do you think that artificial intelligence will be smarter than humans? Do you agree that AI is a threat for the future of life and human existence?你认为人工智能会比人类更聪明吗？你同意人工智能对生命和人类生存的未来构成威胁吗？4. Some people start their days on empty stomachs, while others are “breakfast persons,” eating breakfast regularly and enjoying eating breakfast. Do you think breakfast is important? What is the basis of your belief that it is or is not important?有些人空腹开始他们的一天，而另一些人是“早餐族”，有规律地吃早餐，享受早餐。
西南交通大学研究生 科技英语翻译 期末复习题
科技英语翻译联系200句1.To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy.传送电磁波需要能量2.Chemical control will do most of things in pest control.化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。
3.It is not until wires are connected that the path is completed.直到导线接上以后，此电路才接通。
4.The odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing.对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说，条件都是极为不利的。
5.Oscillator design is of an art rather than an exact science.与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学，不如说它是一门艺术。
6.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到（了）1/7。
7.Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors.凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽，因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有，所以不能辨别颜色。
8.Tsunami is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes.海啸有时威力很大，足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。
9.Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved.并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。
研究生英语期末考试大题
Unit 11. A topic is what the essay or research paper is about. Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.2. Four principles of deciding on a topicInteresting、Important、Manageable、Adequate3. A research question is a statement that identifies the focus of your topic. It is the question that your study or your paper wants to answer.4.A research question, therefore, serves two purposes:1) It identifies the specific objectives your research or your paper will address.2) It determines the size of your research or the length of your paper.5. A working title refers to the title you think of initially for the essay which you are going to write, which may be changed as you read more articles and become more involved in the research.6. A good title must briefly but accurately reflect the main ideas of the essay or indicates the topic you will be discussing in the essay.7. a typical title is composed ofsubject matter、key words of the method、key words of the contentUnit 21.Source materials are any information which you take from books, journal articles,websites, newspapers, lectures, etc.2.The reasons find source materials are:3.1) to show where your idea in your essay is originated;4.2) to show that you have done research to find "evidence" for your viewpoint, forreferencing a source will give your essay academic "weight";5.3) to show that you have a better understanding of the opinions and even controversiesin the subject you have studied;6.4) to allow your readers to find the original sources themselves if necessary.7.How to evaluate source materials1)Is the material a primary or a secondary source?2)Is the source the latest one?3)Is the author a reliable scholar or an expert in the field?4)Does the author have biases or prejudices?5)Has the author been cited frequently in the field?6)Are the author’s arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment,recent scientific findings?7)Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored?8)Are the author’s arguments and conclusions convincing?8.Remember that the sources you are going to use should be:9.1) recent source materials which give new information and results of your discipline;10.2) unbiased publications which are more trustworthy;11.3) from writers who are the authorities of a certain field and whose works are frequentlycited.12.Scanning is the strategy used to look up a specific detail in an entire essay or a book,Hence, scanning is very useful for locating specific information (such as a specificdefinition, name, date, statistic, or a fact without reading the entire essay or book.)13.How to scan1)keep in mind at all times what you are searching for (e.g., the definition of a term,the effect of a phenomenon);2)search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the informationyou want to gain;3)use the knowledge of the essay organization(such as cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for;4)pay attention to signal words such as numbers, letters, steps, the words such as first,second, and next, or words that are bold-faced, italics, or in different sizes, fonts, etc.5)14.How to skimthe title and subtitles;the abstract (if there is one);the introduction and thesis;the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;headings and subheadings;the conclusion and summaries;the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;graphs, tables or diagrams.15.A topic sentence consists of two parts: the topic and a comment which is made about thetopic.16.How to guessing word meaning from context1)Use restatement or synonym clues such as in other words, that is, also known as,sometimes called as.2)Use collocation knowledge to guess the meaning from the neighboring words in thesentences.3)Use antonym or contrast clues such as but, however, unlike, in contrast, instead of,while.4)Use definition clues such as is defined as, or an appositive phrase.5)Use explanation clues such as because, as a result, consequently.6)Use example or anecdote clues such as for example, such as, like.Guessing word meaning through affixes and rootsMany academic words, especially words and terms in disciplines are built up from roots that have a meaning. 1. multi- 多种的2. nano- 纳米9. micro- 微小8. semi- 半；duct 引导mon text structures are:1)Problem and solution. (signal words: the problem is, the solutions are and so on.)2)Cause and effect. (signal words or phrases: because, for, due to, therefore, as a result,consequently, one important factor/cause is, etc.)3)Comparison and contrast. (signal words or phrases: in comparison, however, similarly,by contrast, and so on.)4)Advantages and disadvantages. (signal words: on the contrary, compared with, theadvantage is, etc.)5)Order and sequence. (signal words: first, second, then, additionally, etc.)6)Description and list. (signal words: for example, for instance, a good case in point is,etc.)7)Definition and classification. (signal words: the definition is, can be divided / classifiedinto, and so on.)18.Critical reading means19.recognizing an author’s purpose;20.recognizing tone and persuasive elements;21.recognizing implicit bias.22.Note-taking is of significance for recording the main ideas that will form the backboneof your research paper, gathering specific evidence to support your main ideas and recording the exact wording of the sources you may want to quote in your paper.23.Content of a good note includes:24.1) a summary of main ideas and chief findings of the source;25.2) a paraphrase of the important ideas;26.3) direct quotations of the key statements;27.4) statistics such as percentages and dates;28.5) author's name, title of the book or article, title of the journal, and page ranges.29.Writing a short summary of a paragraph/paragraphs is an important part of note-taking.It is also a good way to have a better understanding of what you have read.the summary will not only help you to understand and memorize the ideas of the essay but also facilitate the writing of your own research paper.15.Essential tips of write a summary1)Read the paragraph or the whole article until you have fully understood it.2)Highlight the topic sentences and underline the important ideas, data, the major findingsand chief conclusions.3)Use your own words to combine these important ideas in the same order as the original.4)Use the author’s key words and phrases but avoid using the same vocabulary andstructures as the original.5)Avoid adding your own interpretation or comment.6)Note down the source of the essay with correct bibliographic form, such as author, yearpublished, article title, journal title, volume number (issue number), page numbers, etc. Unit 41. A literature review i s a very important part of the research project. It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay. In either case, its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated.Namely, your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic, what different scholars have said about their own research, what major findings have been published, and what controversial areas exist.2.Before writing, to be critical, you must ask questions like these about each book orarticle you read:1)Is the problem clearly defined? Is its significance clearly established?2)Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspectiveor on another theory?3)Is the author's research orientation (e.g. descriptive, critical, empirical) appropriate?4)Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research (e.g.psychological, developmental, cognitive, feminist)?5)Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does theauthor include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?6)How reliable are the basic components of the study design (e.g. population, variables,outcome)? How accurate and valid are the methods used? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?7)Does the author avoid using one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged languageand tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?8)In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of theproblem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations?3.While writing your literature review, it is important for you to take the following tips:4.1) indicate the objective of the literature review;2)search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;3)read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literaturecontributes most to your topic;4)discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;5)describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;6)organize your review in a logical order (e.g. those in support of the topic, thoseagainst it, those offering alternatives);7)explain if possible their similarities and differences;8)identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;9)indicate the way forward for further research.5.The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings:1)write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;2)combine the summaries logically, by using connective phrases or sentences;3)write an introductory paragraph, including the definition of the topic and itsbackground information;4)make your comments, if necessary, on the past studies.6. a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere combination of summaries ofmaterial sources. The choice of previous research and even ideas and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to answer in your essay.In other words, you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas and findings in the previous articles.Most important is that such a literature review should contain your critical comments on the previous studies, especially their weaknesses or limitations so that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a repeat.The literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literaturereview, introducing the main findings of each work only.7.Citation, the way to use sources, is a major part of a literature review and is also frequentlyused in supporting your arguments.There are two methods. One is quoting (copying the exact words of the author) and the other is paraphrasing (rewriting what the writer said in your own words).8.Citation consists of two parts: i) citation of the content and ii) documentation of itssource.9.documentation which means the identification of the source of the ideas and quotationsused in the literature review or／and in your research paper. In other words you have to tell the reader that you used the source and where it came from. Failing to document your sources, whether intentionally or unintentionally, is plagiarism,Hence documentation includes the identification not only of the words and sentences you copied but also of the ideas and information you borrowed.10.In-text documentation, or rather, a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in the text,contains two parts：i)the last name of the author(s) and ii) the date of their publication in parentheses as shown in the underlined parts of the foIlowing passage.11.Plagiarism is kind of theft, referring to the use of others' ideas, findings, arguments, data,and words without appropriate citation or documentation.12.According to Gibaldi (1999), plagiarism is committed when a person fails to giveappropriate citation and documentation when13.1) he/she copies a sentence from the sources;14.2) he/she paraphrases another's argument;15.3) he/she presents another's line of thinking.16.Paraphrasing is a complete rewriting or restating. It is a condensed version of anotherauthor's work, or putting the author's words into your own words though you should avoid any interpretation of the source materials.Appropriate paraphrasing means rewriting with substantial changes in language and organization.Unit 51.There are two major kinds of academic paper: primary research paper and secondaryresearch paper.2. A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own. In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment to obtain new findings. Hence it is sometimes called "survey-or-experiment-based research".3. A secondary research paper, however, involves gathering and analyzing the researchfindings from other people's research. To illustrate your argument, you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called "library-or-lnternet-based research".4.The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to givea clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.5.An introduction usually includes the following elements:1)Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2)Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3)Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4)Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5)State the purpose/objective of the essay.6)Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7)Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8)Explain how the essay will be organized (the outline of the essay).6.Functions of introduction sectionsIntroduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsWriter’s purposeThesis statementOutline of structure7.Steps to write the body section of the secondary research essay:1)Evaluate all source materials you have gathered;2)Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect, or comparison and contrast;3)Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;4)Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentencesrespectively.mon types of organization when write the body of the secondary research essayA.Effect analysisThe structure of effect analysis may be used to analyze the effect of a certain phenomenon such as global warming ,nuclear radiation, the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.B.Cause analysis.To analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes, climate changes, sleep deprivation and breast cancer, you may use the body structure of causal analysis.C. C. Pro-and-con analysisD.The structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of atechnology such as GM food, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, synthetical biology, Web 3.0 and so on.parison analysisF.To compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains, ororganic food and traditional food, you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point- to-point body structure.9.The methods section, which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,questions an experiment or survey should answer:10.1) What are your research questions?11.2) How is your research carried out?12.3) How is your data collected?13.4) How are your results obtained?14.Points one should make clear to readers when writing the body of a primary researchessay:1）subjects of the experiment (How were they chosen?);2）the materials (What equipment or tools were used? Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?);3）the procedure (How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?);4）the criteria (What criteria are used for selecting subjects?);5）the survey (How the questionnaire is designed and administered? How are the samples or respondents chosen? And how the interview is conducted--by telephone or door to door?)6）statistical analysis (How were statistics analyzed?).15.The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research, whichdirectly answers your research questions. It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.16.Contents of results section when Writing the body of a primary research essay1）an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;2）detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic aids and their locating and/or analysis;3）detailed presentation of the findings.17.Functions that the conclusion can serve:1)to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;2)to make some comments on the findings;3)to compare your results with previous results;4)to explain unexpected results;5)to explore possible implications;6)to point out its limitations of the work covered by your essay;7)to mention further research that might be required.18.An abstract, composed after your research paper is finished and placed before the maintext, is a condensed summary of the paper's key information. The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.19.What an abstract should include:1)the statement of the problem;2)the purpose or objective of the study;3)the methods or brief description of the experiment;4)the important data or results of any statistical analysis;5)the chief findings;6)the principal conclusions or recommendations.20.Rules for writing a reference list:1）Place the reference list after the last section of the essay.2）Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.3）Start each item in the list at the left margin. If an item extends to more than one line, indent the additional lines.4）Use the last or family name and initials (not full names) for all authors.5）Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors’ family names.21.In this case you need to use cautious language to avoid the possibility of people sayingthat you are wrong. The cautious language is called hedging.mon hedging expressions:1）Certain introductory verbs and phrases such as seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, our knowledge, it is our view that, we feel that;2）Certain modal lexical verbs such as believe, assume, suggest, estimate;3）Certain modal auxiliary verbs such as will, must, would, may, might, could, can;4）Certain adverbs of frequency and degree such as often, sometimes, usually, approximately, roughly, about, occasionally, generally, somewhat, somehow, a lot of;5）Certain modal adverbs and adjectives such as probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, possible, probable, un/likely, presumably, virtually, apparently;6）Certain modal nouns such as assumption, possibility, probability, claim, estimate, suggestion；7）Certain it-clauses s uch as it could be the case that…, it might be suggested that…, it may be possible to obtain…, it is important to develop…, it is useful to study…;8）Certain if-clauses such as if true, if anything.23.Proofreading is the final step of writing an academic essay. It is about searching yourwriting for basic grammatical and mechanical errors to make sure that your paper is free from any errors before submitting your paper to your teacher or a journal.24.checking globally1) The title and abstract 2) The introduction section 3) The conclusion section4) The body section 5) Topic sentences 6) Citation 7) ReferenceChecking grammatically1) Sentence fragments 2) Dangling Modifiers 3) Ambiguous Pronoun Reference4) Problems of Agreement 5) Problems of Tense 6) Problems of Articles7) Uncountable nouns8) Misused words9) Choppy sentences10) Run-on sentences。
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TranslationA.有没有一种“成功性格”，即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话，这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且，这种性格是否能培养出来？在盖洛普公司中，我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象，探查了1 500 名杰出人物的态度和性格特征。
他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的。
被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位，而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就。
我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征，其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力。
如果你培养这些性格特征，你就很可能会成功。
而且，你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》。
B.6. In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behaviou r is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child’s changing behaviour may show hi s changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests persists in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his be haviour.Ⅴ. WritingSuggested passage: The proverb “Habit is second nature” is so often quoted that it has almost become a cliché, yet we all know how true it is. A habit is a form of learned, automatic behaviour tha t provides pleasure and comfort. A bad habit has long-term negative consequences, bu t it still gives immediate comfort. Once formed, it seems to stick to you, no matter ho w hard you,try to shake it off. For example, we have all heard of stories of determined individuals trying to give up smoking, but after strenuously resisting all temptations f or months, only to find themselves reverting to cigarettes again on the threshold of su ccess. So swearing off a bad habit is only half the battle; staying off requires good pla nning. To permanently rid yourself of a bad habit, whether it is smoking, drinking, ga mbling or overeating, you have to simultaneously unlearn certain behaviours and repl ace them with new ones that also provide gratification. If you smoke because cigarette s give you something to do with your hands, learn to play a music instrument instead. With a strong will-power and good strategy, you can surely break any bad habit.第二单元Ⅱ. V ocabulary1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB. 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. ATranslation不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去，都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要。
一个人可能在18 年中比另一个在80 年中活得更有意义。
对于生活，我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想象为有价值的经验，而是应该过好每天的时光，就好像它是唯一的一天。
我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦，同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能增添更多生活乐趣和喜悦并加以维持的方法。
6. Scientific research continues to open up previously undreamed,of possibilities. Fift y years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography. Today, a host of newly,emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and g enetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or n ot, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.A.Ⅴ. WritingSuggested passage: It is well known that cancer is a dangerous disease which spares n o one, irrespective of age and sex. Its mortality is high. Therefore it is no wonder that the mere mention of it will frighten the strongest man. But we are convinced that canc er, like all other diseases, is conquerable though it is not quite clear what is the agent t hat causes cancer. Many research units have reported that etiologically cancer is a gro up of diseases rather than a single disease entity; and that cancer is caused by external disease agents, including viruses, chemical and physical stimuli. Up to now there is no known cure for cancer. Nevertheless, much research work on cancer is being conduct ed all over the world.With the discovery of new treatment。
第三单元Ⅱ. V ocabularyA. 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. BB. 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. CTranslation被认为北美蛇中最凶猛的响尾蛇常常是自然学家们研究和探讨的主题。
响尾蛇的名字来源于蜕皮时( 即蛇把旧皮脱下时) 遗留在蛇尾部的一圈圈的硬皮。
蛇在被激怒时摆动尾部，一圈圈的硬皮就发出哗啦啦的声响。
多数自然学家认为这声音是爬行动物紧张时不自觉的反应，而不是响尾蛇在对可能之敌传出的警告。
研究表明，响尾蛇是唯一在进攻前发出信号的毒蛇，而事实上又是唯一尾部有响环的爬行动物。
可是牛蛇和狐蛇在紧张时也都快速颤动尾部。
因响尾蛇出击前发出声响，是否就可称之为“蛇中君子”呢? 这是个有趣的问题。
第四单元Ⅱ. V ocabulary1. A2. D3. D4. B5. A6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. BB. 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. ATranslationA马斯洛把自我实现的需要定义为“要求成为一个比现状更好的人，一个实现自己有能力去达到一切的人”。
在这种水平上生活的人，通常认为工作就是要做的某种事情。
其目的就是要使自己成为一个实现个人人生观的完整的人。
这是一种比得到受人尊敬的更高水平的需要，因为所涉及的人已感到他或他的工作是有价值并受到尊敬的。
这种人觉得他们的工作本身是有趣并使他满意的。
能达到自我实现的需要起支配作用的阶段的人是很少的。
一种普遍看法是只有史怀泽或爱因斯坦到达了这个阶段，但是马斯洛认为，每个人都能在一定程度上感到这种需要。
B Even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend 34 the prim acy and autonomy of pure knowledge. In addition, pure knowledge is the foundation f or practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been s ought disinterestedly. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagin e that their experiments carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would event ually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.WritingSuggested passage:Li Siguang, an Outstanding Scientist Li Siguang was born in Hupei in 1889. When he was a young man, he went to Japan to study. After his return to China, he taught in uni versities and did geological research. As a patriotic intellectual, he loved his country a nd his people. He refused to work for the Kuomintang. In 1947 he went to Britain to e scape persecution by the Kuomintang. After liberation, he came back to his motherland to take part in the building of socialism. In 1985, he became a member of the Chinese Communist Party. Integrating theory with practice, Li Siguang applied dialectics in his research work, and set up a new branch of science-geomechanics. He was the first man to declare to the world that China is rich in oil. Li made great contributions to our geological studies and to our oil industry. Armed with Li’s theory, Chinese geological workers have since found many big oilfields like Daqing, Shengli and Dagang.第五单元V ocabularyA. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. DB. 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. ATranslationA. 注视21世纪，新的科学上的突破将使遗传工程能改变一切，从机器和农业到计算机和工业。