托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知，政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：列举，增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语：用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语：哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。
托福阅读听力必须要知道的关系表达词汇
托福阅读听力必须要知道的关系表达词汇：Sam老师今天和大家分享的关系表达词汇对于考生们理解阅读听力文章的逻辑结构非常有帮助，有些甚至是解题的关键，请大家务必记住：英语书面表达关联词1) 先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; next；at last; eventually；finally；first of all；to begin with；to start with；to end with；since then；2) 因果关系：because；because of this；since；as；for；owing to；due to；for this reason; as a result of this；therefore；；as a result；thus；hence；so；so that...；under these conditions;3) 转折关系：but；；however；though；even though；despite that；in spite of；4) 并列关系：and; also；too；as well as；either...，or...；both...and...5) (补充)递进关系：furthermore；In this way ; not only...but also...；not...but...；in addition (to)；besides；as far as I am concerned; in other words；on the one hand...，on the other hand...；as a poplar saying goes...；in order to do it...; meanwhile；at the same time；In the first place...，in the second place...;6) 比较关系：similarly; compared with；... rather than...，by doing so ；both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also).7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; yet; unlike；by way of；on the contrary；nevertheless; while; on the other hand.8) 举例关系:for example；for instance；in this case; namely；as you know；you may as／say；as he explains；like；such as；in particular；including...；for one thing...，for another...；I will say...；I would like to...；in this situation; take -----for example；as for；as to；according to; on this occasion.9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly；what is more important；in reality；certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；believe it or not；it is certain that...；to be strict; to be true；definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; obviously, not only.. but(also...), both... and... ,to tell the truth10) 条件关系: if；unless; supposing that；if it is the case；in this sense；once...；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all; if anything.11) 归纳总结类：in other words；on the whole; therefore；in short；in brief；to sum up；in summary；to conclude；for this reason; in short. generally speaking12) 地点关系：beyond; opposite to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right;13) 目的关系：for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; for the same reason.14) 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; again; once again. What’s more15) 结果关系thus; hence; therefore; under these conditions; as a result; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...); so... as to.16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; lastly; finally; before this;17) 时间关系：at once; immediately; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; a few minutes later; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment;Sam老师前沿工作室。
托福阅读过关三招之阅读童子功：逻辑关系把握
托福阅读的成败很大程度上取决于考生对词汇和句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
关于托福词汇的学习策略在本书前面已经有详细论述，所以这里只讨论句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
由于句子简化题、句子插入题、推理题等几乎所有托福阅读题型都与句子之间逻辑关系有密切联系，在讨论各种题型时都会详细阐述句子之间逻辑关系及其把握策略，因此这里只概要地罗列托福阅读中涉及的主要逻辑关系以及它们与解题的关系。
托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系：因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。
不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达，这些词汇既包含关联词，像while, but(表示对比转折关系)等，也包含一些实词，如lead to (表示因果关系)。
表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下：一)因果关系1. 显性因果：因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with(由于，随着)果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly2. 隐性因果：a. 导致(因—果)：cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forb. 由……而来(果—因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toc. 反映/体现(果—因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, showd. 考虑到，依赖于(果—因)：given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to; rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe. 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long asf. 被动语态(by之后为原因)g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语二)对比转折关系1. 对比：while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after2. 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however三)比较关系2. 最高级a. 本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, topb. 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively highc. 否定+比较=最高级3.a. 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remainb. 差异：different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare … toc. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over四) 否定关系1. 显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither2. 隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of3. 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-4. 双重否定：not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common五) 并列递进关系and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as下面以对比转折关系为例说明如何根据逻辑关系破解阅读问题。
如何快速托福阅读解题能力？逻辑关系是重点
如何快速托福阅读解题能力？逻辑关系是重点在托福备考的过程中，有时我们会发现托福阅读的内容会超出了自己的能力范围。
遇到了这些内容单凭词汇的角度是无法完整的理解一个句子的。
只能通过结合语法和逻辑思维的方法进行全面的理解。
下面点课台教育就为大家详细介绍一下托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
1.因果关系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A.导致（因-果）：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如：The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。
在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B.由…而来（果-因）：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to如：“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系
Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in
rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films
of water in rocks with small pores.
转折（句子转化） ★
If
the pores are large, the water in them will
exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
2. 抓住主要逻辑内容：逻辑关系+主要内容,优先考虑与原句逻辑 关系相同的选项。 3. 题目要求选择的是与原句主要意思相同的句子, 意味着并不是 原句中每一个微小细节都要在正确答案中得到复述。
Desertification is
a significant problem because it is so hard
Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
托福阅读中的逻辑关系ppt课件
o derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from, ▪ His illness resulted from bad food.
逻辑关系(3):比较结构--隐藏
1.自身含有最高级含义的词； maximum, favorite, outstanding, top... -The maximum speed of this car is 150 miles per hour
✓ The delay is owing to the crowded traffic. ✓ This book is different from that book in that this
one is about chemistry and that one about history.
逻辑关系(2):因果--隐藏
逻辑关系(4)--并列与转折
1．表示并列关系 likewise,in (much) the same way,similarly/similar to, vice versa,also/as well as,not only … but also …, both … and …, neither … nor …, like/just like, equally, or/and
否定后缀
• 需注意的三个否定后缀：
-less、-free、-prng a hat • salt-free: without salt • a bulletproof car: a car designed not to
be harmed by bullets
逻辑关系(3)--条件
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词1.显示相同信息的信号词Therehabeenanupurgeofinteretinchambermuic.Likewieoperairecei vingabootfromincreaedrecordale.“likewie”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括：and,furthermore,more,than,that,alo,likewie,moreover,inadditi on,whatimore,forintance,fore某ample2.显示思路转折的信号词I'dliketogobutI'mtoobuy.although,however,onthecontrary,but,inpiteof,otherwie,depite, neverthele,yet3.显示因果关系的信号词Aareultofthepilot'trike,allflighthavehadtobecancelled.Allflighthavehadtobecancelledaareultofthepilot'trike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
显示因果关系的信号词还有：for,thu,becaue,forthireaon,o,therefore,a,ince,conequently4.显示顺序的信号词firt,econd,third,andoon,then,after,before,ne某t,lat,afterward,finally5.表示结论/总结的信号词Inconcluion,IwouldliketoayhowmuchIhaveenjoyedmyelftoday.词组“inconcluion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。
托福阅读逻辑连接词
1.转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely2.让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while(虽然、尽管、即使), still(尽管如此)3.总分关系(举例&总结)举例：for example、for instance、such as、including总结：in sum，in general, overall, to sum up，on the whole, generally4.因果关系Because，in that，due to，thanks to ，owing toSince，now that， ever since ，because of，on account of (表示原因)lead tocontribute toresult in+名词 (前因后果)so thatsuch thatin order that+句子 (强调目的、结果的因果)thushencethereforeconsequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子 (因此)5.递进关系递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此外)、highlighting(突出、强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more6.条件关系连词：if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when7.并列关系并列词：and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly(类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时 )、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also。
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托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系
第一种因果关系
因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with
果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：
A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.
在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to
如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”
在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
C 反映，体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show
This result demonstrates that…中华考试网
D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to
He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,
He resorted to books when he had problems.
F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as
As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.
G 分词短语，不定式做状语
Failing in the final exam, she cried.
第二种对比转折关系
A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand
在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。
While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。
B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however
第三种比较关系
A 同级比较as…as
B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than
C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain
D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to
E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over
F 最高级
1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top
2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high
3) 否定+比较=最高级
No one is more outstanding than him.
从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。
第四种否定关系
显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither
隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of
否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-
否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。
双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable
双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。