托福阅读逻辑关系词
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知，政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：列举，增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语：用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语：哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，下面我就和大家共享托福阅读句子要点题,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子要点题：把握规律关系，稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(犹如位语、例子)等;二是对相对简洁的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，规律关系简洁，选项是原句的同义改写。
从做题方法上来说，对于其次种出题思路的题目，考生应当采纳通读的方法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。
而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题，有一些题目假如句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。
如：In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in thepassage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇
Paragraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data. Why does the author mention the survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3? A. To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals B. To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs C. To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs D. To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today
托福阅读推理题解题思路
托福阅读推理题解题思路托福阅读中的推理题是很多同学害怕的题型，下面小编就带你找一些方法去攻略它。
托福阅读之推理题备考方法一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
推理题主要有下列思路：1. 一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。
问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.B. There were great numbers of them.C. They lived in the sea only.D. They did not leave many fossil remains.2. 时间对比推理这种思路常被考到。
朗阁-浅谈新托福阅读转折关系词如何运用
浅谈新托福阅读转折关系词如何运用朗阁海外考试研究中心新托福阅读题型繁多，纵观托福阅读10大题型，我们不难发现托福阅读说到底其实就是在考逻辑关系，其主要分为五种：因果关系，转折关系，比较关系，并列关系和否定关系。
句子简化题考的是句子内部的逻辑关系；指代题，句子插入题和修辞目的题考察的是句子与句子之间的关系；而最后一个题型：内容小结题和表格题则考察的是段落之间的逻辑关系。
所以，如果广大的托儿们能熟练地掌握逻辑关系并且能够灵活运用，托福阅读高分绝不在话下。
今天朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们将主要介绍的是转折关系词及其运用。
可能说到转折关系词，大家第一印象往往是however、but，然后大家会下意识地认为转折之后是重点。
其实这个想法非常危险也很容易掉入出题者的陷阱。
下面我们来列举一个TPO的真题，来看看出题者到底是如何一步步带大家掉入陷阱的。
Paragraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?A. Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.B. The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.C. Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.D. Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.这道题所对应的段落非常短，定位很容易，想要把这段看懂也不是什么难事，重点是想要把这道题选对就蛮有迷惑性的了。
解析托福阅读文章结构
解析托福阅读文章结构据了解，在托福考试中，托福阅读是相对来说难度比较大的，想要拿到托福阅读的高分，不但要掌握基础知识还要找到适合自己的托福阅读文章技巧。
下面，编辑给大家整理了托福阅读文章结构详解的相关内容，供大家参考。
一、句间关系为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。
托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述（或抽象与具体）关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。
其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。
可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面；2. 关联词。
a. 并列关系并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。
b. 概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。
一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。
详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确。
c. 转折关系转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，（1）意思的方面相同但意思相反；（2）意思的方面不同。
d. 因果关系因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词或表达因果含义的动词。
二、段落结构在托福阅读文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。
对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位（或与其他段落的段落关系）时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail.1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置。
1. Main Idea: 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea.Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
教你如何解答插空题
教你如何解答插空题大家在做托福阅读的时候，有时会遇到插空题，那么有什么技巧去攻克它吗？下面小编给大家带来教你如何解答插空题，望喜欢！托福阅读教你如何解答插空题在解答托福阅读插空题，首要任务就是要找到线索词。
也就是能够让我们了解句子之间逻辑或者语法联系的词，线索词亦是解题的关键。
下面就为大家分类分析一下线索词。
第一类：代词 eg. this, it, they如果要插入的句子中有代词，可是代词所指代的内容又没有出现在句子本身，那么我们就可以根据代词的单复数等性质找到它指代的内容，再插入到该句之后。
For example:Where would the sentence best fit?This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.看到了this，明显指代的是前文所提到的内容。
托福阅读六大考点
考点就是重点，是要穴。抓到一篇文章的框架和考点，就能既知整体也能使题点在字里 行间自动凸显浮现。托福阅读考查的不止知识点，还希望学生能对作者的行文思路和修辞手 段有一定了解，知道作者如何布置文章结构，用怎样的方式或手法解释观点。托福阅读考试 中，归结起来共有六个考点。
六大考点分别是： 1. 主旨 2. 逻辑关系 3. 举例和列举 4. 两者之间的关系 5. 作者态度 6. 极端词
小结题判断正误：Theatre may have come from pleasure humans receive form storytelling.
3. [TPO22-1 Spartina: Paragraph 1]
Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the day and exposed others). 1. 对段落做笔记 2. 段内分层 3. 确定主旨句：
（二）识别逻辑
逻辑强的地方一般是理解文章的关键之处，比如因果、条件和转折是论证说理常用的逻 辑；而并列和顺承则是解释说明常用的手段。逻辑也是词与词，句与句，甚至层与层，段落 和段落之间的衔接，只有明白了各个部分之间的关系才不至于看完段落看完文章后不知所云 无法描述，才能形成链条，理解到整个段落乃至整个文章作为一个有机体是怎样构成的。
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四大“明显”/ “隐含”关系：
否定＼因果＼比较＼转折
否定
显性否定：not, no, never, nor, none, neither
隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of，few, little，rather than, instead of
否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-
否定后缀：less
双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon
因果
显性: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
隐性：
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce,
make, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, stem from,
be responsive to.
c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.
d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to,
according to, rely on, depend on
e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as
f. 介词：by，from
比较
显性词汇: 同级比较\比较级
同级比较：as…as
比较级：more…than，-er than，less…than
隐性词汇:
a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, develop, improve,
progress, enhance, advance, grow,
diminish，decrease，degenerate, retreat，
continue, remain, stay, stable, still.
b. “差异”: different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable,
compare…to
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, excel, over
比较
最高级\绝对化
显性词汇: -est
隐性词汇:
a. 自身含有最高级含义:
maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme, peak, top
b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that
c. 程度较深的词:
surprisingly, amazingly，prohibitively high
对比转折关系
对比：while, whereas, on the other hand
转折关系：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, 比较级。