动词不定式讲解

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动词不定式的用法

概念:

动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。可以做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。

一、作主语

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首。如:

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

①It+be+名词+to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work

③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.

在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.

在句型④中,常用

careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless(欠考虑的;不考虑的), brave, considerate(考虑周到的), selfish(自私的)等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.

⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do

It seemed impossible to save money.

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。

注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子主语时,动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句

对应性:To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

二、作宾语

1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语

afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到), appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend (屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor (竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare (准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse (拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten (威胁),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希

望)

举例:

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+疑问词+ 不定式

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

The question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之

后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

I find it difficult to learn English well.

三、作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow believe cause challenge compel(强迫, 使不得不)declare encourage forbid force find hire induce(引诱, 劝导) instruct(命令, 指示)invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge(催促,鼓励)

例句:

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b. We believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

find 的特殊用法:

find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

答案:A. find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。

lie: 躺过去式 lay,过去分词 lain , 现在分词 lying;

lie: 说谎过去式 lied,过去分词 lied , 现在分词 lying;

lay:安放过去式 laid,过去分词 laid, 现在分词 laying;

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。

Acknowledge ?承认, 供认, believe, consider, think, declare(声称),

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