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四级英汉互译作文模板
四级英汉互译作文模板英文回答：Instructions for Level 4 English-Chinese Mutual Translation Composition Template。
1. Word Count: The article should be at least 2000 words in length.2. Language Pairing: The article should be written in both English and Chinese.3. Formatting: The article should be formatted as follows:English Text: Written in English, with proper grammar and punctuation.Chinese Translation: Written in Chinese, with proper grammar and punctuation.4. Organization: The article should be divided into two main sections:Translation: The English text should be translated into Chinese.Reverse Translation: The Chinese text should be translated back into English.5. Assessment Criteria: The article will be assessed on the following criteria:Accuracy: The translations should be accurate and convey the meaning of the original text.Fluency: The translations should be fluent and natural sounding.Comprehensiveness: The translations should coverall of the content of the original text.Template:Translation。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
which combines tourism and the。
has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。
and as society advances。
it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。
This has XXX accelerates。
online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。
and merce。
It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。
including booking flights。
n。
and activities。
Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。
with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。
online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。
One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。
手机图形界面设计外文文献翻译最新译文
手机图形界面设计外文文献翻译最新译文XXX interface design for mobile phones。
With the increasing popularity of smartphones。
it has e essential to create XXX but also easy to use。
The article XXX that can be used to create effective mobile phone interfaces.nMobile phones have XXX part of our daily lives。
and their XXX-designed interface can make it easier for users to navigate through us features and ns。
XXX.Design PrinciplesOne of the key principles of mobile phone interface design is simplicity。
The interface should be easy to understand and use。
with clear and concise labels and XXX。
where the design elements should be consistent across different ns and screens.Design XXXXXX that can be used to create effective mobile phone XXX is the use of color。
where different colors can be used to distinguish een different XXX is the use of typography。
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外文翻译（译文字数不少于2000字）齿叶夜睡莲对曼扎拉湖(尼罗河三角洲)周边栽培的水稻的生长及产量的化感作用*学生：×××指导老师：×××摘要：（黑体，小四）在埃及曼扎拉湖周边新开垦的与外界阻隔的湖田中，莲属侵入稻田是导致农作物破坏和谷粒产量下降的一个主要原因。
本研究针对齿叶夜睡莲对水稻的化感作用提出了深刻的见解(Oryza sativa cavr. Giza-177)。
莲根状茎的提取液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。
抑制的程度主要是受提取液的类型和浓度的影响。
其中乙醇提取液和水提取液的抑制作用要比氯仿提取液的抑制作用强。
乙醇提取液中的酚醛含量显示了它的最大的抑制作用。
在一个目标作物（水稻）和它的近邻（莲）的盆载实验中，大米的干重和相对生长率受种子年龄和莲根状茎密度的影响，生长率随着莲密度的增大而降低。
对一个生长了莲和未生长莲的稻田中的数据处理证明了生长莲的稻田中水稻的叶面积指数和产量均降低。
通过气相色谱法或质谱分析法识别潜在的化感化合物显示了莲根状茎中存在化感化合物酚醛。
（宋体，小四）关键词：（黑体，小四）莲提取液，酚醛，萌发，幼苗，生长，叶面积指数，谷粒产量，水稻，埃及（宋体，小四）引言(大标题，黑体，四号)在过去的几十年里，尼罗河上大规模面积的湿地都因为各种各样的发展目的而被开垦。
曼扎拉湖的大部分面积也被开垦，并且倾向于当作农田使用。
因为高水位和水稻土，水稻是新开垦区域种植的主要农作物。
很多农田中都有记录大米的产量严重降低。
但是明显的全年的栽培大米和苜蓿并相互更替并不是导致大米产量严重降低的主要原因，其中还包括很多其它因素，但是它们的重要性*原文：Ahmad K. Hegazy, W. M.Amer, A. A. Khedr. Allelopathic effect of Nymphaea lotus L. on growth and yield of cultivated rice around Lake Manzala (Nile Delta). Hydrobiologia, 2001,464: 133–142.还没有完全理解；比如，差的排水系统和部分稻子的不可收割。
外文翻译模板
半鞅最大不等式和强大数定律（4号黑体加粗.居中）(5号 空一行)Tasos C.Christofides （Times New Roman5号，居中）(5号 空一行)摘要：Newman 和Wright(Z.Wahrsch.V erw.Geb.59(1982)361-371)首次将Chow 最大不等式从（局部）鞅的情况推广到半（局部）鞅的情况。
这个结论可以作为证明其他不等式如Hajek-Renyi 不等式和Doob 最大不等式的“资源”的不等式，并且由此得出了强大数定律。
数学期望值为零的联合随机变量的部分和是半鞅。
因此，最大不等式和强大数定律在情况被运用联合随机变量中有特殊的运用。
关键词：半鞅;联合随机变量1.前言定义1.1 设1S ，2S ， 是1L 上的随机变量数列。
假设当1,2,j = 时，有11{()(,,)}0j j j E S S f S S +-≥ （1.1）对于所有并列方式且单调不减的函数f 它们的数学期望是可以定义的。
于是，称数列1{}j j S ≥为半鞅。
在此基础上，如果函数f 是非负的，那么数列1{}j j S ≥称为半局部鞅。
备注：如果函数f 不要求是单调不减的那么满足（1.1）的条件与是满足1{}j j S ≥是σ数域上的鞅的条件是等价的。
类似地，如果假定f 是非负的且不一定是单调不减的，那么满足（1.1）的条件与满足1{}j j S ≥是局部鞅的条件是等价的。
定义1.1应归功于Newman 和Wright(1982)。
在以前的备注中指出过半鞅和鞅之间的联系，该联系提出了这样的一个问题：某些结论尤其是最大不等式在鞅中是有效的，那么在半鞅中是否仍然有效。
Newman 和Wright （1982）已经推广了变量的结论，结论中包括将Doob 最大不等式和Doob 递增不等式推广到半鞅的情况。
与半鞅的概念相应的是绝对依赖的概念。
最后，我们得到下面的定义。
定义1.2 有限个随机变量是联合变量如果11{(,,),(,,)}0m m C ov f X X g X X ≥对于在m R 上任意两个并列方式且单调不减函数f ，g 而言，协方差被定义。
外文翻译模板(1)
湖北知行学院金融专业英语外文文献译文本2014届原文出处:____ Companies Law Commons, SecuritiesLaw Commons_____________________ 译文题目：______调和税法和证券监管____院（系）经济与管理学院专业名称金融专业学生姓名王倩学生学号1211340073任课教师张真RECONCILING TAX LAW AND SECURITIES REGULATIONOmri Marian*Issuers in registered securities offerings must disclose the expected tax consequencesto investors investing in the offered securities (“nonfinancial tax disclosure”). ThisArticle advances three arguments regarding nonfinancial tax disclosures. First,nonfinancial tax disclosure practice, as the Securities and Exchange Commission(the SEC) has sanctioned it, does not fulfill its intended regulatory purposes. Cur-rently, nonfinancial tax disclosures provide irrelevant information, sometimes failto provide material information, create unnecessary transaction costs, and divertvaluable administrative resources to the enforcement of largely-meaningless require-ments. Second, the practical reason for this failure is the SECand tax practitioners’unsuccessful attempt to address investors’heterogeneous tax preferences. Specifi-cally, nonfinancial tax disclosure practice assumes the existence of a “reasonableinvestor”who is also an “average taxpayer,”and tax disclosures are drafted for thebenefit of this average taxpayer. The concept of an “average taxpayer,”however, isnot defensible. Third, the theoretical reason for the regulatory regime’s dysfunction-ality is the misapplication of mandatory disclosure theory to nonfinancial taxdisclosure requirements. Mandatory disclosure theory, even if accepted at facevalue, does not support the current regulatory framework, due to the special natureof tax laws. To remedy this failure, this Article describes the types of tax-relateddisclosures that mandatory disclosure theory would support. Under the proposedregulatory reform, nonfinancial tax disclosures will only includeissuer-level taxitems (namely, tax items imposed on the issuing entity) that affect how “reasonableinvestors”calculate their own individual tax liabilities. Under such a regime, thereis no need to rely on the “average taxpayer”construct. INTRODUCTION: APPLE’S BOND OFFERING AS AN ALLEGORYOn May 1, 2013, Apple, Inc. (Apple) made financial history wi its $17 billion bond offering,1 the largest-ever debt issuance by* Assistant Professor of Law, University of Florida Levin College of Law. For helpguidance, comments and critique, I am grateful to Jennifer Bird-Pollan, Stu Cohen, DaGamage, Joan Heminway, Michael Knoll, Leandra Lederman, Tom Lin, Randle PollaDexter Samida, Doug Shackelford, Danny Sokol, Emily Satterthwaite, and participantsconferences and workshops at the Northwestern University School of Law, the UniversityTennessee College of Law, the 2013 SEALS Annual Conference,the 2013 Law and SocAnnual Meeting, and the 8th Annual Junior Tax Scholars Workshop. For invaluable reseaassistance, I am indebted to Gus Gari. Any errors or omissions are my own.1. See generally Apple, Inc., Prospectus Supplement (Form 424B2), at S-15 (May 1, 20[hereinafter Apple’s Prospectus], available at /secfiling.cfm?filid=1193125-13-184506&cik=320193.12 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform [VOL. 48:1 non-financial institution at the time.2 On page S-15 of the offeringdocument is a section titled “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Con-siderations.”3 This section provides information concerning the “U.S. federal income tax considerations of the ownership and dis-position”of the bonds.4Issuers in registered securities offerings are required to disclose all information that a reasonable investor would deem materialwhen making an informed investment decision.5 Since investorscare about their after-tax returns on investments,6 informationabout the tax costs associated with an investment could be consid-ered material.7 Indeed, registrants are required to disclose toinvestors all material tax consequences and to qualify the tax disclo-sure with an opinion.8 The tax opinion must address each materialtax issue discussed in the disclosure, express a legal conclusion about how the tax law applies to the facts of the particular offeringand its effect on investors’tax consequences, and explain the basis2. John Balassi & Josie Cox, Apple Wows Market With Record $17 Billion Bond Deal,REUTERS (Apr. 30, 2013), /article/2013/04/30/us-apple-debt-idUS BRE93T10B20130430. In September of the same year, VerizonCommunications smashedthis record with a $49 billion bond offering. John Atkins, Verizon Smashes Record with $49B, 8-Part Bond Offering, (Sept. 11, 2013), /sites/spleverage/2013/09/11/verizon-smashes-records-with-49b-8-part-bond-offe ring/ (last visited Aug. 21,2014).3. Apple Prospectus, supra note 1, at S-15.4. Id.5. See Zohar Goshen & Gideon Parchomovsky, The Essential Role of Securities Regulation,55 DUKE L. J. 711, 741 (2006). The disclosure documents the SEC regulates “disclose infor-mation about the companies’financial condition and business practices to help investorsmake informed investment decisions.”SEC, The Investor’s Advocate: How the SEC Protects Inves-tors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Information, /about/whatwedo.shtml (last visited Aug. 1, 2014); see also Goshen & Gideon, supra, at 740 (providingSEC disclosure regulations allow for greater “public disclosure”and “leads to fewer instancesof asymmetric information between traders”and more informed traders).6. See MYRON S. SCHOLES ET AL., TAXES AND BUSINESS STRATEGY 2 (3d ed. 2004) (discuss-ing why taxes influence investment decisions).7. See, e.g., SEC Staff Legal Bulletin No. 19, 2011 WL 4957889 11–13 (Oct. 14, 2011),available at /interps/legal/cfslb19.htm (discussing when tax conse-quences are “material”to investors) [hereinafter SEC Legal Bulletin]; see also William B.Barker, SEC Registration of Public Offerings Under the Securities Act of 1933, 52 BUS. LAW. 65,105–06 (1996) (discussing the proper disclosure of federal income tax consequences in regis-tered offering as part of a general discussion on the system of mandatory disclosure, which isintended to deliver investors with “accurate and current information”to support “fair andhonest securities market”). At the time of publication, Barkerwas a Senior Counsel to theSEC’s Division of Corporate Finance. William B. Barker, SEC Registration of Public OfferingsUnder the Securities Act of 1933, 52 BUS. LAW 65, 65 (1996).8. SEC Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. §229.601(b)(8) (requiring issuers to disclose to inves-tors the “material”tax consequences associated with purchasing, holding and disposing ofthe offered securitieFALL 2014] Reconciling Tax Law and Securities Regulation 3for such a conclusion.9 Apple’s tax disclosure section responds tothis regulatory framework.This Article suggests, however, that Apple’s tax disclosure in theoffering document does not provide any information that a “rea-sonable investor”would deem material. In fact, the disclosure provides little information at all, notwithstanding that the disclo- sure comprises four densely written pages. Specifically, the third sentence in Apple’s tax disclosure makes it clear that any tax conse-quences discussed therein are only applicable to investors purchasing the bonds in the initial offering.10 Investors in the sec-ondary market received no guidance concerning the tax consequences of investing in the bonds.In addition, Apple’s tax disclosure explicitly excludes certain classes of investors, including—among others—dealers in securi-ties, financial institutions, insurance companies, and other types ofinstitutional investors.11 It is well documented, however, that securi-ties in initial offerings are mostly allocated to the classes of institutional investors excepted from Apple’s tax disclosure. 12The result is rather remarkable: Apple’s tax disclosure does not describe the tax consequences to the investors that—as a practicalmatter—are expected to purchase the bonds in the initial offering.The tax disclosure also does not describe the tax consequences toany investor that purchases the bonds in the secondary market. Thelogical inference is that Apple’s tax disclosure section describes taxconsequences that are applicable to no one (or at least to only veryfew). It is hard to imagine, therefore, that Apple’s tax disclosure responds meaningfully to the rationales underlying mandatory tax9. SEC Legal Bulletin, supra note 7, at 12.10. See Apple Prospectus, supra note 1, at S-15 (“Except where noted, this summary dealsonly with a note held as a capital asset by a beneficial owner who purchases the note onoriginal issuance at the first price . . . .”).11. Id. (“This summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxes anddoes not deal with all tax consequences that may be relevant to holders in light of theirpersonal circumstances or particular situations, such as . . . tax consequences to dealers insecurities or currencies, financial institutions, regulatedinvestment companies, real estateinvestment trusts, tax-exempt entities, insurance companies and traders in securities thatelect to use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting for their securities.”).12. See SEC, Initial Public Offerings: Why Individual Investors Have Difficulty Getting Shares?,/answers/ipodiff.htm (last visited Aug. 1, 2014). There is ample evidencethat institutional investors are allocated most of the shares in IPOs (specifically on so called“hot”IPOs). See, e.g., Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations,57 J. FIN. 1795, 1808–15 (2002); see also Reena Aggarwal, Nagpurnanand R. Prabhala &Manju Puri, Institutional Allocations in Initial Public Offerings: Empirical Evidence, 57 J. FIN. 1421,1422 (2002) (finding that “institutions dominate IPO allocations”); Leland E. Crabbe &Christopher M. Turner, Does Liquidity of a Debt Issue Increase With Its Size? Evidence from theCorporate Bond and Medium-Term Note Markets, 50 J. FIN.1719, 1722 (1995) (finding both cor-porate bonds and medium-term notes “sold primarily to institutional investors”).s, and to support such disclosure with a legal opinion).调和税法和证券监管欧米- 玛丽安*证券发行的发行人在登记时必须披露预期的税收后果，提供给投资者投资于证券（“非金融税披露”）。
服装设计褶皱外文文献翻译最新译文
服装设计褶皱外文文献翻译最新译文The objective of this study is to develop a quantitative method for evaluating the pleat effect on clothing。
as opposed to relying solely on subjective ns。
By analyzing image technology principles。
an image n system was designed to capture images of clothing。
These images were then processed using specialized are to analyze the drape of the clothing。
The study focused specifically on the pleats in the sleeve n of the garment。
analyzing the gray scale curve of the sleeve image and the corresponding nship een the gamma curve and the pleat。
The aim of this research is to provide a more objective n index for garment structural design and pleating effects.Clothing structure design involves a series of processes thatare used to render clothing through cutting。
fabric pleating。
and joining together。
The goal is to accurately capture the desired design effect by determining the structure's plane state through the use of design renderings。
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外文翻译模板精品好文档，推荐学习交流华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号：201001000826姓名：郑蓓所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电力1002指导教师：刘英培原文标题：Simulation of PMSM Vector Control System based on Non-linear PID and Its Easy DSP Realization2014年4月10日基于非线性PID永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真及其DSP实现摘要本文给出空间矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）的基本原理，以及构建两条闭合回路矢量控制永磁同步电机（PMSM）的仿真模型方法。
同时，在速度闭环对于新型非线性PID控制器进行了研究。
仿真结果表明它具有无超调和小速度脉动良好的动态和静态性能。
此外，利用在MATLAB中嵌入式目标为TI C2000（C2000 ETTI）的工具，我们将SVPWM仿真模型转换成可执行代码，并下载到TMS320F2812，实现基于DSP永磁同步电机的开环控制。
这种方法避免了繁琐的编程工作，缩短了系统开发周期，实现了同步模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的目标。
1 引言永磁同步电机被广泛使用在交流伺服系统，因为它有如快速响应，出色的操控性能，尺寸小和重量轻等优点。
最近，SVPWM技术逐渐取代了传统的SPWM。
SVPWM的目的是产生磁通矢量来接近交流电机实际气隙磁通圆，通过在逆变器装置调整切换时间和控制电功率的通断模式。
相较于SPWM，SVPWM 技术降低了谐波含量和开关损耗，其直流电压利用率也提高了很多。
此外，它很容易被数字化。
因此，我们在本文应用SVPWM技术。
原文出处及作者：Wang Song; Shi Shuang-shuang; Chen Chao, "Simulation of PMSM vector control system based on non-linear PID and its easy DSP realization," Control and Decision Conference, 2009.CCDC '09. Chinese , vol., no., pp.949,953, 17-19 June 2009ETTI C2000提供结合Simulink和TI DSP一起进行系统开发的方法。
首先，把所支持的Simulink模块 TMS320F2812组成一个模型文件。
然后，修改实时车间，以便配置参数自动转换成模型文件到C代码。
实时车间的用法是可以在CCS创建项目，编译，链接和将可执行文件下载到目标系统F2812。
本文实现了在实验板F2812进行实时测试。
结果表明，这个新颖而简便的方法，可以实现在相同的Simulink环境里在线仿真硬件和软件。
2 SVPWM的原理定子磁通空间矢量以一个恒定的速度以及不变的幅度旋转，当它是由3相正弦电压供给时。
同时，移动磁通矢量形成了一个圆形的空间旋转磁场。
同样是真正的电压矢量。
当磁通矢量在空间中旋转一个时期，电压矢量也旋转经过一定时间的切线的磁链圆。
因此，它的轨迹与磁链圆重合。
SVPWM的是一种使用8空间电压矢量生成磁链圆接近定子磁链圆电机的技术。
图1显示了一个典型的3相电压型逆变器电路。
如果我们定义在上桥臂晶体管的状态上和下是关闭为1，否则为0，则在逆变器中有八个通断模式。
变频器的八个输出电压如图2所示。
开关模式（000）和（111）分别是零电压向量«Skip Record If...»（000）、«Skip Record If...»（111），而另一些是所谓有效的非零电压矢量，其振幅是1.5V dc。
给定一个任意的输出电压矢量，我们可以通过与其相邻的有效电压向量合成它。
例如，区间1的一个输出电压矢量可表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(2) 其中T s、T4、T6分别是«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»的运行时间。
图1 三相电压型逆变器图2 电压空间矢量3 系统模型3.1 永磁同步电机数学模型[1]我们使用d-q旋转坐标系，将其固定在转子轴分析永磁同步电机的稳态和动态性能，研究表明它比其他坐标更加方便。
在d-q旋转坐标，电压方程为表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(3)磁通的方程可描述为：«Skip Record If...»(4) 转矩方程为：«Skip Record If...»(5) 用（3）中«Skip Record If...»和«Skip Record If...»替换（4）中的，特此，我们得到（5）如下：«Skip Record If...»(6) 永磁同步电机具有运动方程：«Skip Record If...»(7) 下表1中列出了上述方程中涉及参数。
表1 方程中的参数3.2 SVPWM仿真模型[4]在论文[4]中，构建SVPWM模型的方法是成熟的。
在此基础上，我们做一个更可行的模型在加入死区时间后。
图3示出的SVPWM仿真模型有五个模块：扇区判断，XYZ计算，有效向量的运行时间，晶体管的运行时间以及SVPWM脉冲的产生。
图3 SVPWM模型3.3 非线性PID控制器的结构PID控制器已在电气传动，伺服控制，化学工程与其他领域获得广泛应用因为其简单的控制原理以及很强的适应性。
在PID控制器中，积分效应还可以降低系统的稳态误差，提高其稳定性能。
但是，如果过大，就会导致积分饱和以及较大超调。
至于微分效应，它能捕捉敏感信号误差的趋势，这意味着微分具有一定程度的可预测性。
然而，微分只能作用于动态的过程，因为它可以表示为误差的增量，以时间增量的比值。
此外，它对噪声非常敏感，这很容易导致系统不稳定。
随着被控对象的变化和更高的控制精度的需求，常规PID控制算法很难获得良好的控制效果。
永磁同步电机，作为我们的研究对象，是具有高非线性，强耦合，时变特点的系统。
因此，选择一个复合控制策略是必要的。
如非线性PID，模糊PID 和微分先行PID。
在本文中，我们选择在速度环的非线性PID。
非线性PID模型如图4所示，它由一个PID控制器，一个PI控制器和开关装置构成。
取速度误差作为切换条件。
当它小于在一定值时，选择PI控制器工作，否则，选择PID控制器。
这种方法不仅可以降低脉动速度和超调，同时也显著加快了仿真速度。
非线性PID控制器的参数列于表2。
图4 非线性PID控制器表2 非线性PID控制器的参数3.4 整个系统的仿真模型结合上述的块，完成两个闭环矢量控制仿真模型的永磁同步电机，如图5所示。
PI控制器在电流回路中的参数是为KP=8和KI=3，死区时间是2 s。
图5 双环矢量控制仿真模型4 仿真与实验结果在模型中使用永磁同步电机参数列于表3。
表3 永磁同步电机参数设置400rad/ s作为参考速度以及无负荷起动电机，则在0.02秒添加7N.m 负载转矩。
该模拟时间为0.08s和SVPWM载波周期是0.0001s。
图6和图7分别显示了在PI控制策略和非线性PID控制下速度和转矩的波形。
图7告诉我们，在施加非线性的PID后几乎没有任何超调，以及实际转速跟踪参考速度快且准确。
此外，该速度脉冲在增加负载转矩后非常小。
图8表示三相电流的波形。
图6 PI控制下速度和转矩波形图7 非线性PID控制下速度和转矩波形图8 三相电流5易于实现DSP的开环系统本实验采用CCS3.1软件和MATLAB R2007a，硬件是大盛实验箱和IPM-PS21267。
通过ETTI C2000建立在MATLAB/ Simulink的模型，在那之后，我们需要手工配置一些模拟/配置参数。
在求解器选项中，选择固定步长和离散式。
在实时车间，选择目标文件作为CCSlink_ert.tlc并且在实时车间/链接为CCS改变项目选项来调试。
然后，连接JTAG仿真和PC实验箱。
最后，单击工具/实时车间/构建模型，它可以生成可执行代码并自动下载到目标F2812。
本文说明了通过在SIMULINK中建立一个模型，它可以产生F2812 SVPWM脉冲的简单方便方法。
死区时间为2 s的仿真模型显示在图9中。
在图9中，不同的V d，V q产生的SVPWM脉冲占空比不同。
该SVPWM脉冲，通过扩展接口J77在大盛实验箱中产生，我们可以通过示波器观察到。
PWM3和PWM4的波形显示在图10。
把PWM3和PWM4放到同一水平线以便得到死区时间。
图11示出了死时间是2μs。
图9 F2812中的SVPWM脉冲产生模型图10 PWM3和PWM4的波形开环控制系统的结构显示在图12。
供应在IPM的IGBT与SVPWM脉冲由F2812产生的，然后电机将转动。
图11 死区时间2μs图12 开环控制系统结构6结论在本文中，提出了一种新型的基于非线性PID控制和 SVPWM的PMSM两条闭合环矢量控制系统。
仿真结果表明，系统性能已经通过应用非线性PID控制器和矢量控制策略改进。
该系统具有无超调，快速响应和更低速度脉动的优势。
此外，它是不敏感的负载转矩。
在本文的最后一部分，我们提出了一个简单的方法，在ETTI C2000的基础上，该方法可以输出 SVPWM脉冲F2812。
它避免一行一行编辑DSP代码。
因此，它可以大大提高系统开发速度，同步实现模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机控制系统。
未来的工作将集中在两个方面。
第一种是继续对永磁同步电机控制策略的研究，旨在提高控制精度和鲁棒性。
另一种是通过将编码器和其他以形成闭环保护电路，在ETTI C2000的基础上下载到F2812，实现交流伺服系统的数字化的永磁同步电机。
7参考文献[1].Guo Qing-ding, Sun Yi-biao, Wang Li-mei, The Modern AC Servo System ofPMSM[M],China Electric Power Press , Beijing, 2006.[2].Li Zhen-fang, Su Tao, Huang Xiao-yu, DSP Program Development DSP--MATLAB Debug and Direct Goal Code Generation [M]. Xi’an Electronics and Technology University Press, Xi’an, 2007.[3].Wang Xiao-ming, Wang Ling, The DSP Control on Motor [M]. BeihangUniversity Press_Beijing_2004.[4].Wang Zhengguang, Jin Jianxun, Guo Yonguang, Modeling and Simulation ofPMSM Control System Based on SVPWM, Proceeding of the 27th ChineseControl Conferece, 2008, 724-729.[5].Xu D G, Wang H, Shi J Z. PMSM Servo System with Speed and TorqueObserver. Annual Power Electronics Spe-cialists Conference, 2003, 34(1):241-245.[6].Ke Zhao, Hanying Gao, Abdolrezali, Li Sun, Study on a Novel Control System ofPMSM, Proceeding of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control andAutomation, 2006, 8231-8236.。