吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(黑人文学)【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(自然主义)【圣才出品】
第7章自然主义7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence3. Major Features4. American NaturalistsⅡ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅢ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅣ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Jack London (1876-1916)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. SummaryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundSince people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。
2. EmergenceUnder the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.2. 出现受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。
3. Major Features(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.3. 主要特征(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。
②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。
Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国的女性作家)【圣才出品】
第12章美国的女性作家Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Author:_____Title:_____（南京大学2007研）Well,and what if she was?She still had ears.It was like Cornelia to whisper around doors.She always kept things secret in such a public way.She was always being tactful and kind.Cornelia was dutiful;that was the trouble with her.Dutiful and good:“So good and dutiful.”said Granny,“that I’d like to spank her.”【答案】Katherine Anne Porter;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall【解析】题目节选自凯瑟琳的《被遗弃的老祖母》。
2.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of,among others, novelist_____,playwright_____,and short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】journalist,essayist【解析】南方文艺复兴开始于20世纪20年代，代表作家包括福克纳，凯瑟琳·安·波特，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，卡森·麦卡勒斯等。
3.The New Criticism first emerged in1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work.The name is given by John Crowe Ransom’s collection ofcritical essays_____.【答案】The New Criticism【解析】“新批评”一词，源于美国文艺批评家约翰·克劳·兰塞姆（John Crowe Ransom）1941年出版的《新批评》（The New Criticism）一书。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 垮掉的一代)【圣才出品】
第11章垮掉的一代Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Gary Snyder has been placed next to Allen Ginsberg among the Beat Generation. He seems to think that the job of the poet is to catch sight of_____,which resides nowhere but in_____.【答案】the poetic;the natural world【解析】加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder），二十世纪美国著名诗人、“垮掉派”代表人物之一。
他喜欢沉浸于自然，在大自然中，他既是劳动者也是思考者，因此他的诗“更加接近于事物的本色以对抗我们时代的失衡、紊乱及愚昧无知”。
2.Such literary and cultural developments in the early twentieth century,as “Angry Young Men”in England,“__________”in America and“Nouveau Roman”in France seem to share the belief that the world is absurd and life meaningless,which may be labeled as______developments.（人大2001研）【答案】Beat Generation;counter-cultural【解析】20世纪早期，随着文学和文化的发展，在英国出现了“愤怒的青年”，美国出现了“垮掉的一代”，在法国出现了“新小说派”。
他们都认为世界是荒诞的，而生命则毫无意义。
因此，他们被贴上了“反文化”的标签。
3.Write down the name of the author of the following work.（厦门大学2011研）“In my hungry fatigue,and shopping for images,I went into the neon fruitsupermarket,dreaming of your enumerations!”【答案】Alan Ginsberg【解析】该段引自美国“垮掉的一代”的诗人金斯堡的《加利福尼亚超市》，并首次发表在其作品集Howl and Other Poems（《嚎叫和其他诗》）中，诗中描述了作者经过加利福尼亚一家超市时的所见所想。
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学第1章约翰·史密斯1.1 复习笔记I. Historical Introduction (历史背景)(1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.(2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.(3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements.(4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. (1) 直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(超验主义)【圣才出品】
第3章超验主义3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Growth and Development2. Major Concepts3. Significance4. WeaknessesⅡ. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)1. Life2. Literary Achievements3. “The American Scholar”Ⅲ. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)1. Life2. Relations with Emerson3. Walden4. General commentⅠ. Overview1. Growth and Development①New England Transcendentalism was in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil.②The Transcendental Club, was formed in 1836 and published their journal The Dial.Ⅰ. 概述1. 产生和发展①新英格兰超验主义从本质上说是清教徒基础上的浪漫唯心主义。
②超验主义俱乐部成立于1836年，并发表了他们的期刊《日晷》。
2. Major Concepts①It stressed the power of intuition. As romantic idealism, it placed spirit first and matter second.②It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. It emphasized the significance of the individual.2. 主要概念①它强调直觉的力量。
作为浪漫唯心主义，它认为精神第一，物质第二。
②它把自然当作精神或上帝的象征，强调个人的重要性。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 现代诗歌)【圣才出品】
第8章现代诗歌Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was_____.【答案】The Waste Land【解析】《荒原》（The Waste Land）是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品。
2.Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honored with the_____Prize in1922,1925and1928.【答案】Pulitzer【解析】美国诗人埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊(Edwin Arlington Robinson)一生创作了很多作品，他于1922年、1925年和1928年三次赢得普利策奖。
3.Robert Frost’s second volume of poems was_____.【答案】North of Boston【解析】罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人，1914年他出版了他个人的第二部诗集《波士顿以北》（North of Boston）这本诗集获得很高的评价。
4.In1915,_____published his Prufrock and Other Observations.【答案】Thomas Stearns Eliot【解析】1917年T·S·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot）出版了他的第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其他观感》（Prufrock and Other Observations）。
Ⅱ.Multiple Choice1.The following excerpt is taken from a poem by_______.（大连外国语2007研）A.Carl SandburgB.Wallace StevensonC.T.S.EliotD.Ezra PoundWhile my hair was still cut straight across my foreheadI played about the front gate,pulling flowers.You came by on bamboo stilts,playing horse,You walked about my seat,playing with blue plums.And we went on living in the village of Chokan:Two small people,without dislike or suspicion.At fourteen I married My Lord you.I never laughed,being bashful.Lowering my head,I looked at the wall.Called to,a thousand times,I never looked back.【答案】D【解析】题中诗句选自美国著名诗人Ezra Pound的诗歌The River-Merchant’s Wife:ALetter。
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第14章黑人文学14.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Literary Development(1) Oral traditions(2) Literature in written form(3) Harlem RenaissanceⅡ. Langston Hughes (1902-1967)1. Life2. Literary AchievementsⅢ. Richard Wright (1905-1960)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. James Baldwin (1924-1987)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Ralph Ellison (1914-1994)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. Toni Morrison (1931-2019)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundBlacks have made significant contributions to all aspects of American life, especially during and after World War Ⅱ, and black writers have produced literature of impressive scope and quality.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景黑人在美国生活的方方面面做出了巨大贡献，尤其是在二战期间和二战之后。
黑人作家创作了兼具深度和广度的令人印象深刻的文学作品。
2. Literary Development(1) Oral traditions①The earliest black literature was oral in the form of songs, ballads, and spirituals.②With freedom after the Civil War came the blues.③After World War I came jazz.2. 文学发展(1) 口头文学传统①黑人文学最早是口头的，以歌曲、民谣和圣歌的形式呈现。
②内战结束后，自由之风带来了布鲁斯。
③一战结束后出现爵士乐。
(2) Literature in written formA. PoetryBlack poetry had its beginnings in the late 18th century. The first half of the 19th century saw more poems written by slave poets such as George Moses Horton. B. Slave narrativeIn 1760 a black slave Briton Hammon wrote his autobiography. The abolitionist movement and the Civil War encouraged black writers to express themselves explicitly in literary works. Hence slave narratives came in large numbers. They frequently provide vivid accounts of human sufferings and hardship as they were autobiographical records of the slaves’ miserable experiences.C. FictionWilliam Wells Brown (1816-1884), an escaped slave, published the first Afro-American novel entitled Clotel; or The President’s Daughter in 1853. Charles W. Chestnutt (1858-1932) began publishing the novels which established him as an important literary figure. He was the first black novelist to find a regular white audience in America.(2) 书面形式文学A. 诗歌黑人诗歌在18世纪晚期开始出现。
19世纪上半期出现了像乔治·摩西·霍顿这样的奴隶诗人开始写诗。
B. 奴隶叙事文学1760年黑奴哈蒙写了他的自传。
废奴主义运动和内战激励了黑人作家在文学作品中明确的表达自己的思想。
因此，奴隶叙事文学开始涌现。
他们经常生动地描写人类的痛苦与苦难，因为他们写的大都是关于奴隶悲惨经历的自传。
C. 小说威廉·韦尔斯·布朗(1816-1884)是一位逃跑的奴隶，1853年出版了第一部非洲美国小说《克洛托尔；或总统之女》。
之后查尔斯·W·切斯纳特(1858-1932)开始出版小说，并成为一位重要的文学人物。
他是将黑人小说带给美国白人读者的第一人。
(3) Harlem RenaissanceHarlem area was originally a Dutch district in New York City. During the 1920s, whites left Harlem and blacks moved in and Harlem became their cultural capital. By 1925, Hughes, together with other black writers, had formed a group in Harlem for the purpose of exchanging ideas, and eventually sharing large popularity for their work. They break from their literary heritage and to initiate a new trend in black literature. One of the most noticeable elements of Harlem Renaissance writing is its use of dialect and folklore and its identification with the spirit of jazz.(3) 哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆最开始是纽约市的荷兰区。
20世纪20年代期间，白人离开了，大批黑人搬进来，哈莱姆成了黑人的文化首都。
1925年，休斯和其他几位黑人作家在哈莱姆成立了一个团体以便交流思想，最终他们的作品受到了极大地欢迎。
他们打破文学传统，倡导黑人文学的新形式。
哈莱姆文艺复兴最显著的特点之一就是使用方言、民间传说和对爵士精神的认同。
Ⅱ. Langston Hughes (1902-1967)1. LifeHughes was born in Missouri. In 1921he entered Columbia University but dropped out next year. In 1923, he traveled to Africa. In 1930 he published his first novel Not Without Laughter. He won Harmon Award for literature in 1931 and then traveled in the South and Haiti. In 1935 he became one of the key speakers at the American Writers’ Conference. He has won many awards and honors for his writings which have been translated into more than 25 languages.2. Literary AchievementsMajor works include:The Weary BluesThe Ways of White FolksSimple Speaks His MindMontage of a Dream DeferredThe Best of SimpleSimple’s Uncle Sam“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”“As I Grew Older”“Dream Variation”Ⅱ. 兰斯顿·休斯(1902-1967)1. 生平休斯出生在密苏里州。
1921年进入哥伦比亚大学但次年便退学。
1923年他去非洲旅行。
1930年出版了他的第一部小说《不是没有笑的》。
1931年荣获哈蒙金质文学奖，之后到南部和海地游历。
1935年，休斯成为美国作家大会的关键发言人之一。
他的作品为他赢得了许多奖项和荣誉，被翻译成25多种语言。
2. 文学成就主要作品包括：《疲惫的布鲁斯》《白人的行径》《辛普尔倾诉衷情》《缓梦蒙太奇》《辛普尔集锦》《辛普尔的山姆叔叔》《黑人谈河》《当我长大》《梦的变奏》Ⅲ. Richard Wright (1905-1960)1. Life。