吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(黑人文学)【圣才出品】

第14章黑人文学

14.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. Overview

1. Background

2. Literary Development

(1) Oral traditions

(2) Literature in written form

(3) Harlem Renaissance

Ⅱ. Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

1. Life

2. Literary Achievements

Ⅲ. Richard Wright (1905-1960)

1. Life

2. Literary Career

Ⅳ. James Baldwin (1924-1987)

1. Life

2. Literary Career

Ⅴ. Ralph Ellison (1914-1994)

1. Life

2. Literary Career

Ⅵ. Toni Morrison (1931-2019)

1. Life

2. Literary Career

Ⅰ. Overview

1. Background

Blacks have made significant contributions to all aspects of American life, especially during and after World War Ⅱ, and black writers have produced literature of impressive scope and quality.

Ⅰ. 概述

1. 背景

黑人在美国生活的方方面面做出了巨大贡献，尤其是在二战期间和二战之后。黑人作家创作了兼具深度和广度的令人印象深刻的文学作品。

2. Literary Development

(1) Oral traditions

①The earliest black literature was oral in the form of songs, ballads, and spirituals.

②With freedom after the Civil War came the blues.

③After World War I came jazz.

2. 文学发展

(1) 口头文学传统

①黑人文学最早是口头的，以歌曲、民谣和圣歌的形式呈现。

②内战结束后，自由之风带来了布鲁斯。

③一战结束后出现爵士乐。

(2) Literature in written form

A. Poetry

Black poetry had its beginnings in the late 18th century. The first half of the 19th century saw more poems written by slave poets such as George Moses Horton. B. Slave narrative

In 1760 a black slave Briton Hammon wrote his autobiography. The abolitionist movement and the Civil War encouraged black writers to express themselves explicitly in literary works. Hence slave narratives came in large numbers. They frequently provide vivid accounts of human sufferings and hardship as they were autobiographical records of the slaves’ miserable experiences.

C. Fiction

William Wells Brown (1816-1884), an escaped slave, published the first Afro-American novel entitled Clotel; or The President’s Daughter in 1853. Charles W. Chestnutt (1858-1932) began publishing the novels which established him as an important literary figure. He was the first black novelist to find a regular white audience in America.

(2) 书面形式文学

A. 诗歌

黑人诗歌在18世纪晚期开始出现。19世纪上半期出现了像乔治·摩西·霍顿这样的奴隶诗人开始写诗。

B. 奴隶叙事文学

1760年黑奴哈蒙写了他的自传。废奴主义运动和内战激励了黑人作家在文学作品中明确的表达自己的思想。因此，奴隶叙事文学开始涌现。他们经常生动地描写人类的痛苦与苦难，因为他们写的大都是关于奴隶悲惨经历的自传。

C. 小说

威廉·韦尔斯·布朗(1816-1884)是一位逃跑的奴隶，1853年出版了第一部非洲美国小说《克洛托尔；或总统之女》。之后查尔斯·W·切斯纳特(1858-1932)开始出版小说，并成为一位重要的文学人物。他是将黑人小说带给美国白人读者的第一人。

(3) Harlem Renaissance

Harlem area was originally a Dutch district in New York City. During the 1920s, whites left Harlem and blacks moved in and Harlem became their cultural capital. By 1925, Hughes, together with other black writers, had formed a group in Harlem for the purpose of exchanging ideas, and eventually sharing large popularity for their work. They break from their literary heritage and to initiate a new trend in black literature. One of the most noticeable elements of Harlem Renaissance writing is its use of dialect and folklore and its identification with the spirit of jazz.

(3) 哈莱姆文艺复兴

哈莱姆最开始是纽约市的荷兰区。20世纪20年代期间，白人离开了，大批黑人搬进来，