英语修辞学Lecture 4
高级英语第四版第二课修辞
高级英语第四版第二课修辞摘要：一、引言二、比喻的定义与作用三、明喻和隐喻的实例分析四、如何运用比喻进行有效修辞五、总结正文：【引言】在本篇文章中，我们将探讨高级英语第四版第二课中的修辞手法——比喻。
通过了解比喻的定义、作用以及如何运用，我们将能够更好地在写作和口语中表达思想和情感，从而提高语言表达能力。
【比喻的定义与作用】比喻是一种常见的修辞手法，它通过将一个事物（本体）与另一个具有相似性的事物（喻体）相联系，以便更生动、形象地表达本体的特点或抽象概念。
比喻的作用在于使抽象或难以理解的事物变得具体、形象，从而使读者更容易理解。
【明喻和隐喻的实例分析】1.明喻：明喻是一种直接、明确地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“她的笑声像银铃般清脆。
”在这个例子中，本体是“她的笑声”，喻体是“银铃”，通过将两者相联系，形象地表达了笑声的清脆特点。
2.隐喻：隐喻是一种较为含蓄地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“时间是无声的审判者。
”在这个例子中，本体是“时间”，喻体是“无声的审判者”，通过将两者相联系，暗示了时间的无情和公正。
【如何运用比喻进行有效修辞】1.选择恰当的喻体：在运用比喻时，要选择一个与本体具有相似性且能为读者所熟知的喻体。
2.确保喻体与本体之间的联系清晰：使用比喻时，要注意确保读者能够明确地理解本体与喻体之间的联系。
3.避免过多的比喻：过多的比喻可能会使文章显得累赘，失去表达效果。
因此，在运用比喻时，要适可而止。
【总结】比喻是一种强大的修辞手法，通过将抽象或难以理解的事物与具体、形象的事物相联系，能够使文章更加生动、有趣。
英语修辞学课件
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
As firm as a rock As mute as a fish As strong as a horse As brave as a lion As obstinate as a cow As white as snow As black as ink / pitch As changeable as the weather As wet as a drowned rat As blind as a bat As fat as a pig As proud as a peacock As fresh as a rose
Type One: like
w Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. w Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out.
Metaphor
A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Webster‘s New World Dictionary)
All the world‘s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor and vehicle invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.
Lecture 5 修辞与翻译
2) Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen; Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green. 美貌，体力，年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽； 义务，信念，爱情，就像树根，万古长青。
飞走了。
4. 夸张 (Hyperbole)
夸张在汉语和英语里都是常用的修辞格, 用以 加强语气, 增强语言的感染力, 有意夸大或缩 小事物的某一方面, 从而获得更好ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้表达效果. 翻译中采取直译能把语言的感染力带到译文 里.
1）突然, 在我们头顶五六丈的上空, 发 出一声可怕的霹雳, 闪电像利剑一 样直插下来, 天空被彻底吹裂了,震 碎了!
1）事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭 了，他就舒服了。消灭一点，舒服一点； 消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻底舒 服。
This is the way things are: if they attack and we wipe them out, they will have that satisfaction; wipe out some, some satisfaction; wipe out more, more satisfaction; wipe out the whole lot, complete satisfaction.
1）广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火。 Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square. 2）After a happy day, she had a sleepless night 她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个 不眠之夜。
9. 递升法 (Climax) 把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、 由轻到重、由近到远、由易到难、由浅到 深等次第说下去，这种修辞手法叫递升。 这是英语语言学分支修辞学的一种重要的 修辞手法。运用这种修辞手法，能够使要 表达的思想加深，感情逐步强化，因而能 够增强语言的说服力和感染力。
英语修辞学1-4Ex答案gg
《英语修辞学》第一章----第四章练习答案Tell what figures of speech each sentence contains.1. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give up smoking.(simile)2. I stayed on Hong Kong island and found myself in a different world, where surprising quiet and the green smell of lush foliage is just steps away from the business district.(Jane Wooldridge: Hong Kong) (synaesthesia)3. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. (kate Chopin: The Dream of an Hour) (synaesthesia)4. How all my own territory would be altered, as if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike. (simile)(I had never realized until Mike’s leaving) How much my own life would be affected, as if it had been destroyed by a landslide, which took away everything I used to enjoy, leaving behind only the pain from missing Mike.我的世界里，就像发生了天崩地裂，除了迈克的离去，其余所有的记忆都被冲走了。
英语修辞学Lecture 4
4. 以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.
She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.
I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
9. 以抽象事物代替具体事物 In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach.
3. 以容器代替其中内容。 Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.
The kettle boils. （kettle substitutes for the water in it) My pocket can’t afford such a pair of shoes. You can get a good cup at Susan’s café. Sheradon is a hotel noted for its good table. The room sat silent.
E.g. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 幼小所学，终生不忘 Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
Lecture four Figure of speech 英语修辞手法
Chiasmus回文
Chiasmus is a verbal pattern语言形式 (a type of antithesis) in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed. •"You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." •"Nice to see you . . . to see you nice." •"In the end, the true test is not the speeches a president delivers; it’s whether the president delivers on the speeches." •"Do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?"
2
Simile •Life is like an onion: you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep. －Carl Sandburg Metaphor •Life is an onion...
3
Hyperbole •Here once the embattled farmers stood, and fired the shot heard the world －Ralph Waldo Emerson Understatement •I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain. －J.D. Salinger, Catcher in the Rye
修辞学 Session 4 隐喻共46页文档
56、极端的法规，就是极端的不公。 ——西 塞罗 57、法律一旦成为人们的需要，人们 就不再 配享受 自由了 。—— 毕达哥 拉斯 58、法律规定的惩罚不是为了私人的 利益， 而是为 了公共 的利益 ；一部 分靠有 害的强 制，一 部分靠 榜样的 效力。 ——格 老秀斯 59、假如没有法律他们会更快乐的话 ，那么 法律作 为一件 无用之 物自己 就会消 灭。— —洛克
60、人民的幸福是至高无个的法。— —西塞 罗
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
英语修辞学forSs Chapter 4 Figures of Speech2
4.3 The Tropes / Figures of Speech4.3.1 IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are ways of making our language figurative.•We are said to be speaking or writing figuratively when we use words in non-literal senses to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create atmosphere. For example, it is more vivid and colorful to say that stars "twinkle like diamonds" in the sky, than to say simply that they "shine brightly" in the sky. Similarly, "Imperialism is a paper tiger" is an expression more suggestive of outward ferocity and inner weakness than the literal statement "Imperialism appears to be strong but inwardly it is weak."•Like a diamond is a simile, and paper tiger is a metaphor, and with metonymy, hyperbole, personification, paradox they make up a score or more of figures of speech most commonly used today. Each figure has its own form and characteristics, and its own way of achieving effect. Sometimes two or more figures can be used together for greater impact.A knowledge of these figures, and of how they are best used will, therefore, be of help to us not only in deepening our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writer's style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves.It is difficult to be precise about how many figures existed in classical times. The numbers range from 65 to 200 or more. Many of these figures, however, were over-subtle distinctions of one type or another , and such hair-splitting refinement is not essential in our age of fast high-tech communication. In this chapter only those that are of most universal appeal, and of the greatest practical value have been chosen for discussion.4.3.2 Common Tropes / Figures of Speech1. SimileA simile makes a comparison, but is different from an ordinary, literal comparison. When we say "Jim looks like his brother Billy", we are making an ordinary literal comparison, fora) we are comparing two like elements -- Jim and Billy are both human beings; andb) we mean Jim is literally like his brother in appearance.But when we say ―Jim and Billy are as like as two peas’’ we are using a simile, fora) We are comparing two unlike elements -- human beings and peas; andb) we don't mean Jim and Billy are literally like peas, but only that they have one thing in common with peas: great similarity in appearance.• A simile, then, is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, in our "inward eye" and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as,as … so, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.•Sometimes the association is between unfamiliar and familiar things, or between abstract and concrete images. The stronger the association that is felt, the greater the force of the comparison, the stronger the power of suggestion and the sharper the image produced.simile (明喻) 用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.主体和喻体: See 李鑫华，pp8-9。
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4. 以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.
She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.
I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
Jarajan had ruled his august orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic- of which he had been named conductor for life in 1955- with a brilliant ear and an iron fist. 卡拉扬在1955 年被任命为柏林交响乐团终生指 挥，从此他就以敏锐的听觉和硬的手腕控制着这 个尊严的乐队。
A figure of speech in which an attribute of a thing closely related to it is substituted for the thing itself. It expresses an association between what is spoken and what is meant.
And as he plucked the cursed steel away,…
7. 以作者或生产者代替作品或产品 The captain…had fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.
Lend me your ears, please.
5. 以人或动物代替其特性 There is still much of the schoolboy in him.
The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.
6. 以原材料代替制成品 The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into China’s pockets.
Lecture 4
Metonymy
The word “metonymy” derives from the Greek word “metonymia”, which means “change of name”. It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.
10. 地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机 构。
Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汉宫，英国皇室)
9. 以抽象事物代替具体事物 In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach.
2. 以工具代替动作或行为者 A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.
3. 以容器代替其中内容。 Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.
The kettle boils. （kettle substitutes for the water in it)
E.g. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 幼小所学，终生不忘
Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
sweat – hard labor heart of China - Beijing The pen is mightier than the sword.
特征
1. 以事物的特征代替事物本身 A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast.
Business lobbyists on the Capitol Hill are keeping close tabs on what is known as the “Family and Medical Leave Act” 围绕国会议员进行商业游说的人士正在密切注意 着所谓的“家庭与病假法案”
8. 以具体事物代替抽象事物 Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard.
I had the musc