先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第八章翻译
先进制造技术(英文)
先进制造技术（英文）课程编码：202299 课程英文译名：Advanced Manufacturing Technology 课程类别：学科基础选修课开课对象：机械工程机自动化专业开课学期：5学分：2学分；总学时：32学时；理论课学时：32学时；实践学时：学时；上机学时： 0 学时先修课程：大学英语教材：先进制造技术(英文版)，唐一平，机械工业出版社，2004年2月第1版第2次印刷，（ISBN 7-111-10803-5）参考书：【1】21st Century Manufacturing, Paul Kenneth Wright, 清华大学出版社，2002【2】先进制造技术专业英语阅读，屈利刚，化学工业出版社，2006一、课程的性质、目的和任务先进制造技术（AMT）是一门动态的、以传统的机械制造技术为基础，融合包括计算机、信息、自动控制、材料、能源、环保、管理科学等学科成果的，新技术与现代系统管理交叉的新兴课程，并且随着新科技、新理念的不断出现而不断更新、充实和发展。
先进制造技术是机械类本科学生掌握和了解现代制造技术发展情况和技术前沿的基础选修课程，既是基础英语教学的后续英语教学课程，也是一门双语教学的学科基础课程。
通过本课程学习，使学生尽快熟悉机械专业的技术词汇，广泛阅读专业文献，全面了解先进制造技术的最新发展动态，更新制造技术理念。
本课程的任务是：1．了解目前制造业中先进的制造技术和制造工艺；2．了解国内外先进制造技术的发展趋势；3．了解先进制造技术的应用情况和场合；4．初步掌握使用英语进行专业交流能力。
二、课程的基本要求在熟悉机械专业的技术词汇的基础上，培养学生具有查寻最新的技术资料和广泛阅读本专业领域最新文献及使用英语进行专业交流等能力。
三、教学内容及学时分配四、习题及课外教学要求1）结合本科生导师的研究内容，利用因特网查阅相关的文献资料2）选择一个主题，参加课堂上模拟的“21世纪制造业前沿国际论坛”，使用英语进行专业交流，并作为课程考核一部分。
先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第二章翻译
先进制造技术（英文版第三版）唐一平，第二章翻译P21计算机网络是一个热门的话题，这些天，各大报纸，流行杂志，专业杂志，甚至广播和电视都在谈论“性”和“国家信息基础设施，信息高速公路”。
让我们想象一下，一个国际信息高速公路可能看起来像：来自世界各地的?用户将能够连接到网络。
会有大学，政府机构和高速接入，全球商业设施。
?网络将使用标准的通信协议。
通信协议是建立一系列的法规数据交换的一致性（处理器和终端之间提供访问），不管什么品牌的电脑使用，无论是操作系统，无论计算机的尺寸。
?用户在这样的全球网络将能够交换电子邮件另一个消息传递的瞬间，在几秒或几分钟否则。
网络可以让不只是一对一的通信，但也将提供工具，让相隔距离个人组和时间进行讨论。
?网络将提供一个简单的，用户登录的标准方法世界各地的计算机上。
个人将利用这不仅从他们的家中或办公室，但也会利用网络在旅行的时候，他们可以回家。
?导航工具将很容易为个人巡航网络，看大学，商家提供的信息，图书馆，基础，和个人。
?指数）Q工具允许用户去浏览大型数据库，快速定位感兴趣的文档。
?用户将能够检索和播放电影，声音，和多媒体文件。
P22?网络将支持实时通信：人们可以互相交谈在线（打字，或者，使用合适的设备，通过音频链接），甚至会利用网络游戏的实时虚拟现实游戏。
?最后，网络将是一个双向的公路。
用户并不认为自己是消费者；相反，工具会使人成为一个信息提供者相对容易。
个人可以发布简历，他们写了论文，他们的家庭照片，他们的作品。
互联网是一个真正的，功能，全球数据网络。
所以，互联网可以被描述为一个“网络。
最快，最有能力的网络世界不会很有用的如果没有有价值的信息，为人们检索。
互联网不仅是人对人的电子邮箱中；它也是一个知识库^各种信息，“发布”信息的全球供应商。
中有一些信息是如何在网络中交换：许多大学都建立校园信息系统，或cwises，作为一种在一个地方，巩固校园信息和计算服务。
最cwises是通过互联网访问。
6.5 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing
第一部分6.5 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing6.5.1 IntroductionIndustrial countries are beginning to face one of the consequences of the rapid development of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer goods and shortening of product lifecycles have caused an increasing quantity of used products being discarded. In Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets, computer equipment, radios, and measuring devices, and 3 million tons of automobile equipment are thrown into the national garbage center each year. In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house-holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day. According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill sites in the past 10 years. The report also infers that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. Facing this environmental problem, both the government and industrial companies are making more strict regulations to promote environmentally friendly products and technology. For example, the governments of Germany and the US require that manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of their products. The Green Plan of Canada was proposed in 1990 to reduce the stabilization of CO2, and other greenhouse emissions by the year 2000. Some governments have set up official eco-labeling schemes, intended to inform customers of environmentally friendly products. All of these regulations intend to minimize the environmental impact of products.Products affect the environment at many points in their lifecycles. These environmental effects result from the interrelated decisions made at various stages of a product’s life. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line, its environmental attributes are largely fixed. Therefore, it is necessary to support the design function with tools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental consequences (such as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each phase. Environmentally conscious design and manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of manufacturing that includes the social and technological aspects of the design, synthesis, processing, and use of products in continuous or discrete manufacturing industries. The benefits of ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. Environmentally conscious technologies and design practices will also allow manufacturers to minimize waste and to turn waste into a profitable product.6.5.2 OverviewAlthough manufacturing industries contribute significantly to prosperity, they also generate approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous waste and 0.7 billion tons of hazardous waste each year. Fig 6.5.1 shows the waste generated during raw material extraction, material processing, manufacturing, and material reprocessing from end-of-life products. Historically, much effort focused on the proper treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste from industries. Unfortunately, this reactive environmental protection approach cannot completely solve the problems of potential toxic or hazardous materials releasing from products or the waste stream into the environment. To effectively protect the environment, pollution control must be incorporated into every aspect of manufacturing.Fig 6.5.1 Mineral Waste Material Supply, Utilization, and Disposal System As opposed to the traditional “end-of-pipe” treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the product’s environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the product’s competitiveness in the environmentally conscious market place. There are two general approaches to ECD&M. In the first approach (zero-wasted lifecycle), it is assumed that the environmental impact of a product during its lifecycle can be reduced to zero. The cycle can be absolutely sustainable, and the product may be designed, manufactured, used, and disposed of without affecting the environment. The emphasis in this approach is to create a product cycle that is as sustainable as possible. Sustainable production means that products are designed, produced, distributed, used and disposed of with minimal (or none) environmental and occupational health damages, and with minimal use of resources (material and energy). The sustainability of a system can be considered as the ability of that system to be maintained or prolonged. The second approach (incremental waste control lifecycle) is based on the premise that there is a certain amount of negative impact from the current process cycle. This impact can be reduced or cleaned based on some improvement in technology that is named as incremental waste lifecycle control. This approach is to reduce the negative impact of hazardous materials through clean technology. A “cleaner technology” is a source reduction or recycling method applied to eliminate or significantly reduce hazardous waste generation.Research on ECD&M can be categorized into two areas, namely, environmentally conscious product design and environmentally conscious process design, also called environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM). Whitmer II, Olson, and Sutherland developed a hierarchy comprised of environmentally conscious products (Fig 6.5.2). At the first level of the hierarchy, theoverall objectives for the system are considered when creating an environmentally conscious product. At the second level, the four groups represent a post-use process that can be employed to achieve the objectives. The third level consists of the five design factors that can facilitate the post-use processes and in turn accomplish the overall goal. This hierarchy shows the method of retiring products, whether the designers intend to have the product discarded in a landfill, or whether they plan to reuse or recycle part or all of the product.Fig 6.5.2 Hierarchy for Designing an Environmentally Conscious ProductThe principle of ECM is to adopt those processes that reduce the harmful environmental impacts of manufacturing, including minimization of hazardous waste and emissions, reduction of energy consumption, improvement of materials utilization efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety. Sandia National Laboratories’ Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Programs Department describes ECM as “the deliberate attempt to reduce ecological impacts of industrial activity without sacrificing quality, cost, reliability, performance, or energy utilization efficiency.” The activities of ECM emphasize largely extracting the useful product from raw materials, the avoiding of waste generation at the Source, or using waste to create other products. In addition, ECM involves refining operating procedures, replacing existing processes and developing new, waste-free processes, finding innovative ways to redesign products, and increasing recycling.第二部分6.5.3 Recycling and Disassembly ModelingIn the ECD&M literature, many researchers emphasize the importance of recycling end-of-life (EOL) products and the role of product disassembly for effective recycling. Recycling is defined by Jovane et al. as “recovering materials or components of a used product to make them available for new products.” Another definition was given by Bancroft as “the use of product design to facilitate the recovery and reuse of materials in the product.” These definitions infer “closing the loop” of materials and components after usage by reusing them for raw materials or secondary materials at different stages of the product’s lifecycle.(1) RecyclingWolf and Ellen reported that the paper industry recycles as much as 50% of its output. However, in the plastics industry, only a small portion is recycled. Wolf and Ellen also reported that there were 58 billion pounds of plastic resin sold in the United States and less than 1% of this was recycled. Ishii, Eubanks and Marco proposed a design for a product retirement model for recycling EOL products. The authors used the concept of “clump,” which is a collection of components and/or subassemblies that share a common characteristic based on the designer’s intent. One intangible benefit arising form recycling is the “green” image. The other significant benefit of recycling EOL products would result form reusing whole parts or subassemblies. For example, electronic materials (such as gallium, germanium, silicon and indium) can be profitably recycled because of their high production cost. Many industrial processes have been proposed for extracting these valuable elements from electronic components.Recycling requires that materials and fastening methods in the clump are compatible with existing technologies. Henstack reviewed recycling practices for various metal-based items, which focuses on steel scrap in automobiles. The study has generated some general principles of design for recyclability, including simplifying mechanical disassembly, avoiding self-contaminating combinations of materials, standardizing materials used, and separating high copper content items from steel items.Two engineering problems associated with design for recyclability are dismantling techniques and recycling costs. Simon pointed out that dismantling required the knowledge of the destination or recycling possibility of the component parts disassembled. However, from the time a product is designed to the time it reaches the end of its life, techniques will have advanced in recycling and reengineering. This phenomenon reveals the difficulties of recycling EOL products. Simon suggested two guidelines for dealing with this problem: 1) remove the most valuable parts first and 2) maximize the “yield” of each dismantling operation.Wittenburg proposed the concept of a recycling path of components and materials, as envisaged by BMW. It entails a “cascade model” of decreasing values, in which attention is first focused on the disassembled parts suitable for reuse that have the highest value. The Decree on Electronic Waste and the Decree on Used Cars forced manufacturers to reclaim waste, to reuse the recyclable fraction, and to dispose of the residue. In the automobile industry, BMW is the leader in design for recycling and disassembly. The Z1 model is a two-seat automobile with an all-plastic skin that can be removed from the metal chassis in 20 minutes. The doors bumpers, and front, rear, and side panels are made of recyclable thermoplastics produced by GE. The BMW 3251 also uses recyclable plastic parts and target-markets to environmental conscious customers. Through these efforts, BMW has identified some guidelines that make disassembly and recycling easier.Material recognition is another interesting approach of recycling. It requires a technology capable of identifying materials including the proportion and type of filler materials used. Ideally, the technology should be cheap, hand-held for use on different components, and significantly durable for use in a workshop-type environment. A number of researchers have been working in this area with varying success. Shergold indicated that the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTlR)-based equipment that Rover and Bird developed is good at identifying plastics and some filler materials.It is not possible or economical to recycle a product completely; there-fore, the aim of recycling is to maximize the recycle resources and to minimize the mass and pollution potential of the remaining products. Zussman, Kriwet, and Seliger proposed three objectives that should be considered du-ring the design evaluation: 1) maximization of profit (benefits-costs) over a product's lifespan, 2) maximization of the number of parts reused, and 3) minimization of the amount (weight) of landfill waste.(2) DisassemblyIt has been recognized that disassembly of used products is necessary to make recycling economically viable in the current state of the art of reprocessing technology. Disassembly is defined by Brennan, Gupta, and Taleb as “the process of systematic removal of desirable constitute parts from an assembly while ensuring that there is no impairment of the parts due to the process.” There are both economic and environmental sound reasons for disassembly.Many issues and research need to be addressed in the area of disassembly. The most significant technical challenge is how to design a product for easy disassembly. Designing a product with “easy” disassembly constraints as well as “easy” assembly constraints is likely to be a very difficult task. In the past, products and machines were designed with only the assembly operations considered. Some of the problems to be addressed during design stages are the following: •Ease of separation. Design for ease of separation, handling, and cleaning of all product components.•Fasteners. New fasteners should be developed, and the existing ones should be improved. Screws, glues, and welds should be replaced by other fastening methods. Taking apart a snap-fitted or pop-in, pop-out product is much easier and requires less energy than taking apart a welded product.•Modularity design. The importance of using assemblies in a product’s design is to ease dealing with a product after its useful life (that is, designing with a base part).•Material selection. The variety of material types must be minimized to increase the recyclability of the product. Highly recyclable materials such as aluminum and thermoplastics should be encouraged, while the use of thermo sets, which cannot be recycled, should be minimized.Research from the CIM Institute by Rose and Evans focused on disassembly-oriented lifecycle analyses where recyclability of the product was evaluated under possible future trends in recycling technology and economy. At the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, an evaluation procedure has been proposed to support product design according to conflicting design for disassembly criteria. Each criterion is weighted and the final decision made taken on the basis of scaling all relevant criteria. Leonard reported that two basic methods of disassembly were used: reverse assembly and brute force. For reverse assembly, if a fastener is screwed in, then it is screwed out; if two parts are snap-fit together, then they are snapped apart. For brute force, parts are just pulled or cut.Seliger, Zussman, and Kriwet stated that some obstacles make disassembly difficult for today’s manufactured product. First, it is difficult to gain all the information necessary to plan the disassembly. Parts of the product might have been modified during repair, and wear can make joined elements difficult to remove. In addition, many consumer products are not designed for ease of disassembly. Engineers have done an outstanding job of meeting functional requirements and federal emission regulations. Traditionally, the engineers concentrated on improving productivity and made the product easier to be assembled. Fastening processes, such as welding and adhesive bonding, are permanent-type systems. However, engineers will now have to incorporate recyclability and disassembly into their designs when creating future products.Disassembly sequence is another problem encountered in the design for disassembly. The problems associated with the disassembly sequence are 1) freeing the part of all attachments, 2) finding the succeeding part in the disassembly sequence, and 3) disassembly of the succeeding part. 第三部分6.5.4 Environmental EngineeringAll aspects of environmental problems are considered in environmental engineering, such as water and wastewater, environmental hydrology, environmental hydraulics and pneumatics, air, solid waste, noise, environmental modeling, and hazardous waste. Sincero defined environmental engineering as “the application of engineering principle’s, under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and to the enhancement and protection of public health and welfare.” As the US environ-mental policy expanded from clean air to cradle-to-grave solid and hazardous waste management environmental engineering research helped us better understand how pollutants migrate through soils, groundwater, and air, and developed treatment technologies to minimize their impact on natural and human environment.The water resource management system includes water pollution. wastewater disposal, and the measurement of water quality, supply, and treatment. Crook presented guidelines for water reuse. These guidelines were developed to encourage and facilitate the orderly planning, design, and implementation of water reclamation. The air resource management system includes air pollution control and the measurement of air quality. The solid waste management system includes solid waste collection and landfill design. Williams indicated that source reduction, recycling and composting, waste-to-energy facilities, and landfills are the four basic approaches to waste management.(l) Pollution PreventionThe term “pollution prevention” was coined in 1976 by the 3M Co. and is based on the technological and management advances program. The purposes of this program are l) to reduce environmental releases and 2) to lower costs in production from previous methods associated with pollution. The Pollution Prevention Act defined pollution prevention as “source reduction.” Considering this definition, it may infer that the creation of pollutants may be reduced or eliminated through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water or other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation. Pollution prevention is described as a “waste management hierarchy.” There are four preferences in the waste management hierarchy. The highest preference of the hierarchy is to reduce waste at the source of generation through the use of less toxic raw material, equipment changes process redesign, better housekeeping, and materials management. The second preference is reuse and recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced at the source. The third preference is waste treatment, and the least preferred a1ternative is disposal. Two methods of source reduction can be used: product changes and process changes. These two methods reduce the volume and toxicity of production wastes and end products during their lifecycles.The pollution prevention techniques used in industry are waste minimization and clean technology. Waste minimization includes source reduction and environmentally sound recycling. Source reduction is defined as many practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal. Fig 6.5.3 shows source reduction methods. Clean technology uses less raw materials, energy, and water, generates less or no waste (gas, liquid, and solid), and recycles waste as useful materials in a closed system. The clean technology used in pollution prevention, can be categorized into five groups: improved plant operations in-process recycling, process modification, materials and product substitutions, and material separations.Fig 6.5.3 source reduction methods(2) Design for EnvironmentDesign for Environment (DFE) is defined by Lenox Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as “the systematic process by which firms design products and processes in an environmentally conscious way.” Another definition provided by Fiksel and Wapman is “the systematic consideration during new production and process development of design issues associated with environmental safety and health over the full product life cycle.” The scope of DEE encompasses many disciplines, including environmental risk management, product safety, occupational health and safety, pollution prevention ecology, re-source conservation, accident prevention, and waste management.Horvath et al. provided three main goals of DFE: 1) minimize the use of nonrenewable resources, 2) effectively manage renewable resources, and 3) minimize toxic release to the environment. The elements of DEE include: metrics, practices, and analysis methods. Mizuki, Sandborn, and Pitts explained that DEE requires the coordination of several design and data-based activities such as environmental impact metrics, data and database management; and design optimization (including cost assessments). The environ-mental metric is defined by Veroutis and Fava as “an algorithmic interpretation of levels of performance within an environmental criterion.” The environmental criterion is the environmental attribute of the product (that is, the energy to heat water for a specific function, grams of CO2 produced to deliver the above energy, chemical oxygen demand generated in the wastewater degree of risk of exposure to a toxic substance, and so on). The New Jersey Department of Environment Protection (NJDEP) conducted a major lifecycle assessment of the environmental impact of producing and disposing of packaging materials. NJDEP analyzed the specific pollutants released form packaging materials. The Hewlett-Packard Co. also provides the tools of DFE for the company's use; DFE guidelines, product assessments, and product stewardship metrics. The product stewardship metrics include material conservation and waste reduction, energy efficiency, and design for environmental and manufacturing process emissions. (3) Lifecycle Engineering and Lifecycle AssessmentLifecycle engineering (LCE) may also be referred to as lifecycle design (LCD). An outstanding analysis of lifecycle design that provides design sup-port from the environmental point of view was provided by Alting. Lifecycle design is based on the early product concept, including product and market research, design phases, manufacturing process, qualification, reliability issues, customerservice, maintainability, and supportability issues. Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six phases in the product lifecycle: need recognition, design development, production, distribution, use, and disposal. Ali of the phases must be considered during the conceptual stage, where it is possible to inexpensively change solutions to accommodate the requirements in each phase and in the total lifecycle.Lifecycle assessment is a family of methods for assessing materials, ser-vices I products processes, and technologies over the entire product life. The definition of product lifecycle assessment, developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, is as follows: Lifecycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, to access the impact of those energy and material uses and releases to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire lifecycle of the product, process, or activity, encompassing extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, reuse, maintenance; recycling and final disposal.Zust and Wagner explained four phases of the product lifecycle: 1) product definition, 2) product development, 3) product manufacturing and marketing, and 4) product usage. At each of these phases there exists a definition of objectives activities and deliverables for the next phase. Keys described that during the conceptual model phase, various designs and simulation models of the product are generated. From these conceptual models, requirements specifications and analyses will evolve decisions for breadboard and brassbound models. Also, Hewlett-Packard Co. addressed the lifecycle issue by prototyping software, defining development and phases, and standardizing modules and packages.第四部分(4) Green Product DesignGreen product design is expanded from pollution prevention. Green products-products that can reduce the burden on the environment during use and disposal-have additional marketing appeal. Green product design refers to green engineering design, defined by Navinchandra as “the study of and an approach to product and process evaluation and design for environmental compatibility that dose not compromise products’ quality or function.” This approach is comprised of two parts: l) the evaluation of de-signs to assess their environmental compatibility and 2) the relationship between design decisions and the green indicators. The aim of green engineering design is to develop an understanding of how design decisions affect a product's environmental compatibility. Navinchandra further stressed the need for green design for the following reasons: 1) environmental legislation, 2) corporate image and public reception, 3) demanding consumers, and 4) rising waste disposal costs.The Office of Technology Assessment focused on four objectives of green design in its report:1) Design for pollution prevention: refers to activities by manufacturers and consumers that prevent the generation of waste in the first place (that is, using less material to perform the same function, or designing durable products to extend the product service life).2) Design for better materials management: refers to activities that allow product components or materials to be recovered and reused in their highest value-added application (that is, designing products that can be readily disassembled into constituent materials, or using materials that can be recycled together without the need for separation).3) Design for re-manufacturing and recycling: refers to reducing virgin material extraction rates, waste generated from raw material separation and processing, and energy uses associated with manufacturing. It can also divert residual material from municipal waste| relieving pressure on overburdened landfills..4) Design for composting and incineration: refers to making products entirely out of biodegradable materials. For example, starch-based polymers (which are inherently biodegradable) easily compost, and film can substitute for plastic in a variety of applications.(5) Future TrendsBased on a previous survey, we discuss some suggestions of the future trends in ECD&M. Hopefully, the discussion will be beneficial for guiding other researchers’ topic selections. The ECD&M approach represents a fundamental change in the decision-making processes of most manufacturers. Historically I the selection of waste management methods was based on pure economic analyses of the quantifiable and measurable costs, and economical benefits. This approach ignores the very large number of qualitative factors affecting the selection of the appropriate technologies in decision making. ECD&M, on the other hand, is a complex, multidisciplinary, and multifunctional activity method to determine potentially large numbers of waste minimization technologies available in the industry, for example, changes in the product, changes in the input materials to the production process, changes in operating practices, and recycling. It requires the coordination of several designs and data-based activities, such as environmental impact analysis, data and database management and design optimizations.Many researchers have recognized the importance of ECD&M, and a considerable amount of research in this area has been conducted. While some research issues have been well addressed and the results are being used by the industry, other emerging issues are under initial investigation. These research issues are likely to be the focus in the years to come. This section provides a brief discussion of these issues to stimulate the interest of the research community.Disposition of End-of-Life Discrete Electromechanical ProductsMore research is required for the recycling of EOL discrete electromechanical products， while traditional continuing item products have attracted significant attention for environment impact. Great amounts of discrete electromechanical products have caused urgent concerns of their disposal and recycling problems. So far, there is not a generic method for recycling all different types of the electromechanical products; however, the production rate of such products is rising dramatically year by year. The lifecycle of such products has become shorter in the past decades. For example, the lifespan of personal computers has shortened from several years to several months. Due to wide diffusion of consumer goods, such as televisions, VCRs, microwaves, and the shortening of product lifecycles, a generic recycling method for electromechanical products is urgently needed.Pitts and Mizuki addressed the disposition problem of electronic products (such as CRTs and printed circuit boards) because these items cannot be recycled easily. Rodi developed a resource recovery model for EOL electronics that includes three parts: assessment, feasibility analysis, and implementation. The assessment allows an organization to efficiently organize the information on the suppliers, materials, quantities，and characteristics of its EOL waste. Feasibility analysis allows the organization to analyze the information gathered in the assessment phase for economic and environmental impacts. Implementation sets the operating parameters for the organization.Zhang and Kuo developed a disassembly model for electromechanical EOL products that is embedded on a graph representation by generating disassembly sequences. Information exchange within the disassembly model is done through four phases: l) disassembly representation and。
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完形填空（1）The spokes of the wheel are made from various kinds of CAPACS involved in the activity .Each CAPACS has a communication link to the controlled database so that it will capture the data to form its own distributed database 。
Values are added the distributed database to meet the needs and requirements of its expected users. The application of CAPACS to the manufacturing process enables the total system to increase productivity，reduce waste, and produce things it would not otherwise be able to make. As a result, new technologies， demands for products of higher quality and lower production costs, and the needs for improved technology in a competitive society have caused extensive use of CAPACS。
先 进 制 造 技 术 Advanced manufacturing technology
(2) 实体造型与仿真
(3) CAD系统的集成化
减速机三维数字化模型
2、CAE技术
计算机辅助工程分析（Computer Aided Engineering ,CAE）技 术，是指在零件或整机的数字化特征建模完成之后，运用有限 元及边界元等数值分析方法，对零件或整机对其未来的工作状 态和运行行为进行结构、动力、运动及各种物理场耦合等一系 列分析、模拟的计算机辅助分析方法,其目的是及早发现设计缺 陷、优化结构并证实未来的产品功能和性能的可用性和可靠性。 它与CAD和CAM技术构成了当今计算机技术在机械设计及制造 领域最重要的三大支撑技术。
在世界经济史上，英国是第一个被称为“世 界制造中心”的国家，从1760年至1830年工业 革命期间，英国制造业在全世界的比重从 1.9%上升到9.5%，后来又达到19.9%，英国以 占世界2%的人口控制了全世界工业生产的 30%～50%和接近五成的制成品贸易。当时， 英国无论在贸易、商业、金融、技术和管理等 方面在世界经济上都是第一位。特别是在1820 年，英国的工业比重占全世界工业的50%，其 进出口占世界贸易总量的27%。
计算机辅助设计（Computer aided design） 计算机辅助工艺规划（Computer aided process planning，CAPP） 计算机辅助工程（Computer aided engineering，CAE） 计算机辅助制造（Computer aided manufacturing，CAM） 现代数控机床、柔性制造系统（Flexible manufacturing system，FMS）等
第二部分 主要现代制造技术
一、CAD/CAE/CAM技术
二、虚拟设计制造技术
三、柔性制造 四、其它先进制造技术
《先进制造技术》翻译作业及报告评阅书-2013
翻译及讲述内容
序号
翻译水平
（50）％
报告组织
（20％）
语言表达
（20％）
时间把握
（10％）
总评成绩
33
4.1 Introduction to Manufacturing System
PartⅠ
34
PartⅡ
35
PartⅢ
36
PartⅣ
37
PartⅤ
38
PartⅥ
39
4.2 Industrial Robots
总评成绩
23
3.4 Precision Manufacturing
PartⅠ
24
PartⅡ
25
PartⅢ
26
PartⅣ
27
PartⅤ
28
PartⅥ
29
3.5 Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing
PartⅠ
30
PartⅡ
31
PartⅢ
32
PartⅣ
评阅人年月日序号学号PartⅠ65
PartⅡ
66
PartⅢ
67
PartⅣ
评阅人年月日
PartⅣ
15
PartⅤ
16
PartⅥ
17
PartⅦ
18
PartⅧ
19
3.3 Nanotechnology and Micro-machine
PartⅠ
20
PartⅡ
21
PartⅢ
22
PartⅣ
评阅人年月日
序号
学号
姓名
翻译及讲述内容
序号
翻译水平
先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第四章翻译
4、计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造在我们的工业社会的历史，许多发明已经申请专利和新技术的发展。
惠特尼的可互换零件的概念，瓦特的蒸汽机，和福特的装配线不过是一些发展，我们的工业时期最值得注意的。
所有这些发展都影响了制造我们所知道的，在我们的历史书，这些人得到了应得的认可。
或许单个的发展影响制造更快更明显比以往任何技术是数字计算机。
由于计算机技术的出现，制造的专业人士都想自动化设计过程和使用数据库开发自动制造过程。
计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造（CAD／CAM），如果成功实施，应该去掉“墙”，历来存在之间的设计和制造的部件。
CAD／CAM是指在设计和制造过程中使用计算机。
由于CAD / CAM的到来，其他方面发展：（1）计算机图形（CG）。
（2）计算机辅助工程（CAE）。
（3）计算机辅助设计与绘图（CADD）。
（4）计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）。
这些附带条件都是CAD／CAM的概念的具体方面。
CAD / CAM本身是一个更广泛，更具包容性的术语。
它的核心是自动化和集成manufacturing.111CAD／CAM的一个关键目标是产生的数据可以用于制造产品而开发的，产品设计的数据库。
当成功实现了CAD ／CAM，涉及到一个共享P40一个公司的设计和制造的部件之间常见的数据库。
交互式计算机图形学（ICG）是CAD／CAM的重要作用。
通过ICG的使用，设计开发一个图形设计在存放电子构成的图形图像数据的产品形象。
图形图像可以在一个二维（2-D），提出了三维（3-D），或固体的格式。
ICG图像使用等基本几何特征的点，线，圆，曲线构造。
一旦创建，这些图像可以很容易地编辑和以各种方式包括放大，缩小，旋转操作，和运动。
ICG系统主要有三部分组成（图中）：（1）硬件，包括计算机和各种外围设备；（2）软件，包括计算机程序和技术手册的系统（流行的CAD ／CAM软件使用ICG目前包括了AutoCAD，Pro/E，，UG，CATIA等）和I-DEAS和；（3）人的设计师，最重要的三个组成部分。
(完整)先进制造技术(英文版第三版)唐一平,第五章翻译
P655数控数控（NC）是一种控制运动的方法通过直接插入代码指令的机器部件，以数字和字母，进入系统.系统自动解释这些数据并将其转换成输出信号。
这些信号，反过来，控制各种例如机器的部件，通过旋转主轴和关闭，改变工具，移动工件或工具沿着特定路径，或转向切削液的开和关.为了感谢机床数字控制的重要性，让我们简要回顾一个过程如何如工历来是开展。
在研究一部分的工作图纸，操作员设置合适的工艺参数（如切削速度，切削深度进给,切削液,等等）,确定加工操作顺序要执行，夹在工件夹具的工件（如卡盘或夹头），并与部分的收益。
根据零件的形状和规定的尺寸精度，这方法需要熟练的操作人员。
后面的加工过程可能依赖于特定的操作；由于人类的可能性错误,甚至部分由同一操作者产生可能不完全相同。
零件的质量，因此，依赖于特定的操作或（甚至同一运营商）在一周或一天的时间一天。
因为增加关注提高产品质量和降低制造成本,这种变异（和对产品质量的影响）不再可接受的。
这种情况可以通过数值控制消除加工操作。
数值控制的重要性可以通过进一步的说明下面的例子。
假设几个孔被钻的一部分图5所示位置。
1.P66在加工这部分传统手工方法，操作者位置钻头相对于工件，使用参考点通过三种方法显示在图中给出。
然后操作员进行钻孔.让我们先假设100个部分,都有形状和尺寸精度的同时，也要钻。
显然,这操作将是乏味的，因为操作者必须经过相同的动作反复。
此外，概率高，各种原因，一些零件加工将与众不同。
现在让我们假设这个生产运行过程中，这些组成部分的顺序是改变了,和十的部分现在需要不同位置的孔.的机械师现在必须重新定位工作台；此操作将时间消费是错误的。
这样的操作可以由数控机床很容易进行能够生产部分多次准确地处理不同的部分(通过加载不同的部分程序，将描述后）.在数值控制操作下，有关的所有方面的数据加工操作，如位置,速度，饲料，和切削液，可以存储在磁性介质上，随着时间变化从磁带到硬盘.的数控控制概念,具体信息可以向这些存储设备到机床的控制面板。
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P1178高速切削（HSC）8.1定义在某些情况下，高速切削加工是指在高的切削速度（主轴转速）和/或以高进给率实现短加工时间。
然而，一个合理的分类，必须考虑被加工材料（软或硬加工），切削材料和金属去除rate.111英语术语HSC（高速切削）通常用于高速加工甚至在德语国家。
为此，它将在下面的讨论。
8.2引言高速切削高速加工是由所罗门在上世纪30年代。
基于金属切削的所罗门在钢制的研究，在切削速度为440米/分有色轻金属（钢），1600米/分钟（青铜），2840米/分钟（铜）和高达6500米/分钟（铝），基本结果是事实，从一个特定的切削速度上升的加工温度开始下降（图）。
科学证据还发现，切削力随着切削速度的提高先增加然后下降到一个平稳的趋势后达到。
此外，研究表明，随着切削速度的提高，芯片的流动逐渐变成不连续的芯片。
美国的研究在上世纪60年代早期表明，生产力的急剧增加和产品成本的降低可以预期如果重型刀具磨损和机械振动的问题是可以克服的。
在一项研究中发现，切削速度高于6500米/分钟打开新的有趣的方面加工铝。
最密集的研究为切屑形成的理论。
P118只有当应用在机床在上世纪80年代初，它继续高速切削机理研究高速电主轴的发展成为可能。
高速加工应用的重点，使自己在这项新技术带来的好处。
要特别提到的应用是模具制造，航空航天技术，光学和精密机械加工以及汽车、家电等行业。
虽然高速加工不一定是生产的高精度部件的方法，还可以进步到高精度加工领域。
RA值0.2 ^ IM和RZ值低3果酱并不少见。
由于高的表面质量可以在许多情况下，消除后续精加工完全或部分。
一个例子是汽轮机制造刀片已经不再单独和铣削磨削加工。
另一个典型的例子是模具制造，表面可以产生非常接近的最终精度要求在尺寸和形状偏差以及表面质量。
这减少了人工返工时间P119（图8.2）。
手动工作80%、成本降低高达30%的时间节省相当的现实。
而HSC技术发现其在航空航天工业的应用现状第一次使用，不仅来自工具和模具制造，而且高精度零件的生产，以及薄壁零件（表8.1）。
作为一个功能的材料进行加工，切削速度比常规区高约5至10倍，为可以看出，fig.8.3。
在HSC铣削，并不一定意味着使用主轴转速很高，因为，如果用大直径铣刀，高速加工可在较低的速度进行。
在淬火钢材料的整理，当我们采用HSC，切削速度和进给量，大约有4到6的值比传统的切割值大于倍。
高强混凝土的应用越来P120更高生产力的外壳加工，小型和中型零件从粗加工到精加工，有时甚至要精。
高速切削加工中的应用8.38.3.1高速切削技术高速切削，在生产力和效率的诸多优点，目前发现它的方式进入加工的各个领域。
让我们来比较一下车削和铣削过程的运动学背景。
在旋转，在运动机制是基于一个旋转的工件，这是应对巨大的困难得多，重量和安全快速旋转的工件夹紧以很高的速度，从而对HSC的使用条件比铣削general.121因此相当少的合适，高速车削不具有广阔的工业应用。
不像铣削，其中短芯片有利于高速加工，在高的切削速度钻井生产长芯片必须出洞。
这是不可能的快速放电的芯片，因为它是在铣削。
在钻井过程中，热量由钻头和钻孔壁吸收，没有对整体硬质合金钻头，使切削液直接去接触内冷却高速钻削加工是不可能的P121切削刃与材料machined.131钻井被定义为一种高速程序如果切削参数超过传统的由至少2个因素之间的位置。
高速钻孔进一步使用的工具的开发和使用机器的趋势显著影响HSC。
因此，HSC的主要焦点是铣削过程。
因此以下考虑致力于铣削加工技术。
在引言中提到的，高速加工只会有一个完美的相互作用在机床，工具成功，工件和刀具装夹技术，切削液，切削参数，如主轴转速，切削速度和进给量。
高速飞机部件的加工，如铝剂和肋骨，其切割有时需要高达95%的总能量或努力的过程。
切削速度可以达到目前从1000到7000米/分钟的范围内，最大的饲料达30米/分钟。
由于较低的切削力，也可以适当的加工等轻合金在汽车工程（铝镁铸件）在高的切削速度和进给量。
特别艰难的硬质合金（金刚石）和多晶金刚石已被切割材料。
高速钢铸件，尤其是精铣，正变得越来越重要，因为生产时间大大减少，由于更高的进给率。
硬度值从46到63 HRC，高速铣削可取代昂贵的模具加工技术是通过选择合适的铣刀和选择合适的工艺参数。
可磨锻和拉深模具几乎成最终形态。
如果工件轮廓铣削要求频繁突变的铣削路径方向，然后机器就必须降低其速度经常是必要的，再加速。
作为一个可能的机器性能的功能，在时间和可衡量的轮廓误差可以被检测到的重大损失。
由于可能会出现与铣削路径方向的突变组合的相对高的接触宽度问题，P122特别是在一部分轮廓急性内角落，导致较差的切削条件，和，反过来，更高的负载，因此刀具磨损。
”8.3.2 HSC的机器如果机床刀具工件系统的所有元素都是最佳匹配的高速加工是可能的。
他严格的运动学和动力学的要求，必须由不同使用需求的模块化方式，以机器制造的创新解决方案的目的相应的机械设计实现，如花岗岩铸件的帧，和先进的驱动和控制technology.151为此，在行业高速铣削技术的实施导致了各种各样的高速加工中心机，对于不同的加工任务，如轻合金加工在航空业，切需要一个伟大的能量消耗，或淬硬钢加工模具在工具和模具制造业。
一个高速机械系统的重要组件，组件将简要讨论。
滚珠轴承电主轴已被证明是有效的主轴由于其良好的动态性能。
进给驱动器中，机电伺服直线电机是显性的，但线性直接驱动，使更高的进给率（＞100米/分钟）和加速度值5到10克（50-100米/ S2）仅处于实验阶段。
小型和中型的HSC的机器，机器的框架是由花岗岩，其阻尼性能比灰铸铁高6到10倍，其热膨胀系数仅为1 / 3到1 / 5的钢。
大型机的刚度大，要求必须通过适当的焊接钢结构的实现方法。
在这个领域，创新设计了基于并联机构进行所谓的非直角坐标轴的概念（形，鼎）介绍，无论是结构刚度和热stability.161P123关于轴的配置，三大轴X，Y和Z，作为一项规则，尺寸为直角直线轴。
除了这些，循环和旋转轴实现从3过渡到五轴铣削不同变种。
非直角坐标轴的概念（例如hexapods）特别适用于五轴铣削由于相应的控制技术，极端的进给率（＞100米/分钟）和加速度值高达3克。
在安全性方面的要求，由于高速度，混凝土机械的需求特别措施保护操作人员。
高被动安全的工作空间相应的设计实现，这通常是封装。
然而，过程监控，附件也必须提供使突然关掉机器在即将发生的故障案例。
在下面的内容中，介绍了典型的高速切削机床。
1。
高速加工中心及2500高速加工中心，桥机、门式，而不是整个桥，但只有交叉幻灯片进行纵向运动，则说明fig.8.4，其技术参数如表8.2所示。
滑座，固定在横杆上，进行交叉运动。
因为只有较低的负载是旅行在这个设计中，与这些机器，可以达到很高的快速移动和定位的速度，大大减少非生产性的空闲时间。
水平主轴单元进行粗加工。
整理中，高P124高速机动，能自动更换使用。
在三轴导轨直线导引系统设计循环，线性滚柱轴承。
进给运动是实现预夹紧滚珠丝杠，结合频率控制的交流伺服电动机。
运营中心配备两替代CNCS（机控制）。
模块化结构的工具系统可以根据现有的加工任务的修改。
所需的工具从刀库要求（连锁），这是固定的侧向上桥。
2。
赫姆勒C 500 V的工具和模具制造HS铣床HERMLE C 500（5图）是一个最小的机器，工具和模具制造（fig.8.6），它提供了最大的旅行必要的安装空间（表8.3）。
设计遵循一个龙门approach-x和7-axes工具中，在工件轴和使恒工效高度独立的工件高度。
使用机床铸件的花岗岩，它是可以达到非常高的阻尼能力和较低的热膨胀系数（fig.8.7）。
该机的特点是通过适当的运行，定位精确和稳定，短和术前定位，加快7米/ S2和快速进给速度可达35米/分钟值P126自动换刀在摄像模式下进行，和20个工具（HSK 63）存储在磁盘上（位置），从而使一个芯片5美国芯片的时间3。
运动的SKM 400的赫克特公司设计和推出市场的SKM 400，并联机构开拓应用（鼎）为盒状的轻金属和钢工件高度动态的加工，最大长度600毫米（fig.8.8）。
L？1P127专利脚架设计意味着工作主轴是水平移动空间由于耦合运动机构。
在轴的平移运动（纵向，横向和垂直）仅用工具工作主轴进行。
因此，一个广泛的设计和多种类型的工件侧面是可能的（回转，回转工作台等）（fig.8.9）。
目前的组件，如柱，床，滑，滑座与导轨，成为完全不必要的，换句话说，良好的动态特性，更高的刚度和成本的显著降低和更少的组件实现。
该机的特点是采用改进的遍历轴平均穿越100米/分钟和10米/ S2由于该组件的质量减少的速度穿越UPS速度动态参数。
8.3.3刀具高速铣削高速切削要求特殊资格的材料和切削刀具的设计和尺寸。
事实上，成功取决于高速加工最重要的是在足够的切削材料的选择。
因此，PCD和金刚石涂层硬质合金是采用P128铝加工标准。
铸铁和钢的加工硬化，村料的使用，所以在细粒-新的发展和超细晶粒硬质合金和金属陶瓷，各有适当的涂料，以及高耐热晶须增强陶瓷切削materials.181关于工具的设计，在我的ISC，以下两个问题是至关重要的：刀具不平衡。
可接受的离心力。
工具失衡可能以很高的速度超过切削过程的切削力产生的力量。
然而，明确的后果只能被发现在非常高的不平衡值。
预期的负面影响刀具寿命和主轴轴承的负荷考虑指定的不平衡质量水平。
高速铣削刀具必须以这样一种方式，刀体和夹紧元件不打破甚至在限速上限速度设计。
因此，新开发的米尔斯是高速切削对离心试验台进行测试。
fig.8.10演示一脸和肩膀的可转位铣刀。
这个工具，允许的切削速度下离心试验确定。
允许转速、切削速度是在一个安全系数从 2 r/min确定故障离心试验中，一个可转位的夹紧螺钉断裂P129插入的W&S轻快itaaun 吕UI V ^ ctivww W ^ II。
刀具制造商，这被认为是比刀体破裂危险性较小。
在任何情况下，对造血干细胞的机器被动安全（封装，安全玻璃等）要高，因为操作错误也可能导致刀具断裂，太。
还必须确保在允许的速度数据是相应工具相关。
在HSC 机机床主轴安装轧机一般短圆锥空心轴实现并具有良好的运行和交换的准确性以及因夹紧力放大的离心力的作用下。
此外，其型夹（收缩卡盘，液压膨胀卡盘等）和连接必须考虑。
它可能的情况下，应用组件和组件降低允许r/minfig.8.11显示力卡盘安装结束米尔斯高速切削加工刀具和模具制造。
对于大型模具的加工，如压花模为汽车行业，镶齿刀具（铣刀和可转位刀片）191用于粗加工。
生成剖面轮廓线，用铲齿成形铣刀，如球头米尔斯或环面铣刀。