2020考研英语阅读冲刺模拟题及答案解析(5)
考研英语模拟题整理版 五
考研英语考试中心模拟题整理版五Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using__1__ therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans __2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or __3__an pill, hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__ experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have__6__ of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. But __7__the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists __8__together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia, __10__that if scientists understood its __11__causes, they could develop better treatments.Most, but not all, insomnia is thought to __12__other health problems, from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems. Other diseases __14__, the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more __15__among women, especially after their 50s. Smoking, caffeine and numerous __16__drugs also affect sleep.The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research, some__17__to specific disorders and others __18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was__19__the panel’s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__ at insomnia.1. ［A］unproven ［B］unknown ［C］improper ［D］imperative2. ［A］fall ［B］lie ［C］seem ［D］become3. ［A］prescribe ［B］pop ［C］abuse ［D］experiment4. ［A］And ［B］Though ［C］Thus ［D］But5. ［A］peculiar ［B］anonymous ［C］mysterious ［D］unexpected6. ［A］signals ［B］symptoms ［C］signs ［D］symbols7. ［A］in addition to［B］except for ［C］owing to ［D］for all8. ［A］pulled ［B］collected ［C］brought ［D］drawn9. ［A］on ［B］for ［C］up ［D］in10. ［A］noting ［B］notifying ［C］nosing ［D］nominating11. ［A］undertaking［B］underlining ［C］underlying ［D］undermining12. ［A］cause ［B］accompany ［C］follow ［D］attend13. ［A］short ［B］case ［C］essence ［D］turn14. ［A］inside ［B］outside ［C］aside ［D］besides15. ［A］common ［B］popular ［C］frequent ［D］regular16. ［A］conscription［B］description ［C］subscription［D］prescription17. ［A］aimed ［B］targeted ［C］designated ［D］designed18. ［A］examining ［B］inspecting ［C］verifying ［D］assessing19. ［A］conducting ［B］awaiting ［C］receiving ［D］considering20. ［A］assigned ［B］charged ［C］directed ［D］attendedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage 1Timothy Berners-Lee might be giving Bill Gates a run for the money, but he passed up his shot at fabulous wealth—intentionally—in 1990. That’s when he decided not to patent the technology used to create the most important software innovation in the final decade of the 20th century: the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wanted to make the world a richer place, not a mass personal wealth. So he gave his brainchild to us all.Berners-Lee regards today’s Web as a rebellious adolescent that can never fulfill his original expectations. By , he hopes to begin replacing it with the Semantic Web—a smart network that will finally understand human languages and make computers virtually as easy to work with as other humans.As envisioned by Berners-Lee, the new Web would understand not only the meaning of words and concepts but also the logical relationships among them. That has awesome potential. Most knowledge is built on two pillars: semantics and mathematics. In number-crunching, computers already outclass people. Machines that are equally adroit at dealing with language and reason won’t just help people uncover new insights; they could blaze new trails on their own.Even with a fairly crude version of this future Web, mining online repositories for nuggets of knowledge would no longer force people to wade through screen after screen of extraneous data. Instead, computers would dispatch intelligent agents, or software messengers, to explore Web sites by the thousands and logically sift out just what’s relevant. That alone would provide a major boost in productivity at work and at home. But there’s far more.Software agents could also take on many routine business chores, such as helping manufacturers find and negotiate with lowest-cost parts suppliers and handling help-desk questions. The Semantic Web would also be a bottomless trove of eureka insights. Most inventions and scientific breakthroughs, including today’s Web, spring from novel combinations of existingknowledge. The Semantic Web would make it possible to evaluate more combinations overnight than a person could juggle in a lifetime. Sure scientists and other people can post ideas on the Web today for others to read. But with machines doing the reading and translating technical terms, related ideas from millions of Web pages could be distilled and summarized. That will lift the ability to assess and integrate information to new heights. The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee predicts, will help more people become more intuitive as well as more analytical. It will foster global collaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives, so we have a better chance of finding the right solutions to the really big issues—like the environment and climate warming.1.Had he liked, Berners-Lee could have _____.［A］created the most important innovation in the 1990s［B］accumulated as much personal wealth as Bill Gates［C］patented the technology of Microsoft software［D］given his brainchild to us all2.The Semantic Web will be superior to today’s web in that it _____.［A］surpasses people in processing numbers［B］fulfills user’s original expectations［C］deals with language and reason as well as number［D］responds like a rebellious adult3.To search for any information needed on tomorrow’s Web, one only has to _____.［A］wade through screen after screen of extraneous data［B］ask the Web to dispatch some messenger to his door［C］use smart software programs called “agents”［D］explore Web sites by the thousands and pick out what’s relevant4.Thanks to the Web of the future, _____.［A］millions of web pages can be translated overnight［B］one can find most inventions and breakthroughs online［C］software manufacturers can lower the cost of computer parts［D］scientists using different specialty terms can collaborate much better5.The most appropriate title for this text is.［A］Differences between Two Webs［B］The Humanization of Computer Software［C］A New Solution to World Problems［D］The Creator and His Next CreationPassage 2Like the disco era it dominated, stagflation has a distinctive beat: slow growth, rising inflation, high oil prices and weak labour markets. In the 1970s this nasty combination haunted the global economy. Could it be making a comeback?Today’s world economy does seem to be playing some similar tunes. In the statementaccompanying its latest interest-rate hike on May 3rd, America’s Federal Reserve fretted about both price pressure and a slowdown in spending. On May 4th, the European Central Bank (ECB) kept interest rates unchanged, but worried aloud about oil prices and slowing growth.The evidence is mounting that global growth has slowed. In America, output grew by an annualised 3.1% in the first three months of , the slowest pace for two years. More recent figures, from weak retail sales to soggy consumer confidence, suggest this soft patch may be getting softer by the day. In Britain, the latest numbers—in retail sales and manufacturing—point to weaker growth. And in the euro zone, sluggish economies are looking ever more lethargic.Yet even as growth is slowing, price pressures are looming. In America, consumer prices rose 3.1% in the year to March, up from 1.7% a year ago. In Britain, inflation jumped unexpectedly in March. And in the euro zone, consumer prices are still rising faster than the 2% goal that the European Central Bank targets. With output slowing and inflation stubborn, it is small wonder that the concerns about stagflation are back in fashion.In fact, today’s version of stagflation bears scant resemblance to the 1970s. In 1979, for instance, America’s core inflation, which excludes oil and food, was rising at over 7% a year, while the economy grew barely more than 1%. Recent core inflation, at 2.2%, is only just above the central bank’s comfort zone, while GDP growth is pretty close to the economy’s sustainable rate. There is a bit of “flation”, in other words, but not much sign of “stag”. The euro zone, by contrast, has plenty of stagnation, but—despite the ECB’s nervousness—there is little sign that its inflation is getting out of control.Just because things are not as bad as the 1970s does not, by itself, give much cause for comfort, however. How far history repeats itself hinges on two other factors. The first is central bankers’determination to retain their credibility as inflation fighters. The 1970s stagflation resulted, in large part, from extended periods of loose monetary policy pursued to accommodate the demand-crippling effect of oil shocks by printing money. The credibility-obsessed folk at the ECB clearly have no intention of repeating that mistake.But the Fed’s (federal reserve) governors have played a riskier game. They have, thus far, run an extremely loose monetary policy—even after this week’s rise, real interest rates are barely positive. But thanks to the central bank’s reserve of inflation-fighting credibility, long-term inflation expectations have barely shifted. At issue is how long that remains the case. At the very least, the measured march to higher rates must continue unabated.The other wild card combines labour costs and productivity growth. In the 1970s, productivity growth fell sharply and unexpectedly. Added to this, strong trade unions, little international competition and those accommodating central bankers created a pernicious wage-price spiral. There is little of this dynamic today. Although productivity growth has slowed from its recent peaks, it has not slumped. Global competition has left little room for excessive wage demands. This suggests that a return to classic stagflation is unlikely.1.The first sentence in Paragraph 2 means today’s world economy seems to be _____.［A］following a familiar business cycle pattern［B］characterized by continuous change［C］affected by uncontrollable inflation［D］ a combination of output slowing and inflation2.Slow economic growth nowadays is evident in all of the following EXCEPT _____.［A］soggy consumer confidence［B］weak retails sales［C］low interest rate［D］slow output growth3.The stagnation in the 1970s, as mentioned in the passage, resulted from _____.［A］the decreasing flow of currency［B］slow march to higher rates［C］economy’s sustainable rate［D］vicious wage-price spiral4.Now a return to classic stagflation is unlikely because _____.［A］price pressure is easing in spite of slow economic growth［B］inflation rate has not gone out of control［C］the central bank has strict monetary policy［D］productivity growth has been steadily rising5.The author’s attitude towards the current economic situation seems to be _____.［A］objective［B］optimistic［C］pessimistic［D］confusedPassage 3With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vicewas manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.1.Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?［A］Democratic ideas started with education.［B］Federalists were opposed to education.［C］New education helped confirm people’s social status.［D］Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.2.The difference between “gentleman-in-waiting”and “journeyman”is that _____ .［A］education trained gentleman-in-waiting to climb higher ladders［B］journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to him［C］gentleman-in-waiting belonged to a fixed and high social class［D］journeyman could do practically nothing without education3.According to the second paragraph, land-grant College _____.［A］belonged to the land-owning class［B］enlarged the scope of education［C］was provided only to the poor［D］benefited all but the upper class4.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”?［A］Manners. ［B］Education. ［C］Moral. ［D］Personality.5.The best title for the passage is _____.［A］Education and Progress［B］Old and New Social Norms［C］New Education: Opportunities for More［D］Demerits of Hierarchical SocietyPassage 4Your first introduction to the so-called “precautionary principle”may have come from your mother. She may have told you it was “better to be safe than sorry”as she advised you to buckle your seat belt or admonished “when in doubt, throw it out”, as you speculated on the odds of getting food poisoning from the leftover turkey you forgot to refrigerate the night before. Such precautionary advice makes sense. But the modern-day precautionary principle—which is generally taken to mean that environmental and health policies that deal with known hazards are insufficient; we need new policies based on what “might”cause harm, even if there’s noscientific evidence a hazard exists—is not nearly so benign.It is this precautionary principle that dominates the currently raging debate about trace levels of so-called “hormone-disrupting chemicals”in the environment. At a number of recent international conferences and in a widely publicized book, Our Stolen Future, it has been suggested that the release into the environment of synthetic chemicals—especially chlorine and related compounds—has been responsible not only for an increase in chronic diseases like cancer, but even more ominously, for an increase in reproductive and developmental problems. The suggested response? Stop the technology and ban all the chemicals just in case—and do so immediately. The scientific evidence for the charges? Spotty, ambiguous and filled with gaps—and the advocates of precautionary principle acknowledge it.But under the precautionary principle, scientifically questionable observations of wildlife and incomplete human data are sufficient to sound the alarm. In short, since no data exist to prove there isn’t a problem, we should assume there is. So as is typical in situations where the scientific evidence is extremely tentative but the potential for arousing fear is great, the precautionary principle is invoked. Our Stolen Future uses the word “might”30 times, —as in, “those exposed prenatally to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may have abnormal hormone levels as adults, and they could pass on persistent chemicals they themselves have inherited—both factors which could influen ce the development of their own children.” Still, just the hint of possible harms is seductive and the precautionary principle plays well to the crowd, placing environmental advocates on the side of the public, and portraying opponents as indifferent, even hostile to public health.There are however, at least two reasons why the precautionary principle itself is a hazard, both to our health and our high standard of living, and why it should not be applied to regulatory policy. First, if we act on “mays”and “coulds”, we will have less time, less money, and fewer resources left to deal with the real public health challenges that confront us. We should not let the distraction of purely hypothetical threats cause us to lose sight of known or highly probably ones. Second, the precautionary principle assumes that no detriment to health will result from a proposed new regulation. For example, what are the known health risks from the current, regulated use of chlorine? None. How great are the benefits? Enormous. What new health risks would we encounter if we were to ban chlorinated compounds because they might make alligators less virile? Plenty. Chlorine is the essential cornerstone of modern industrial chemistry. We need chlorine to make the pesticides that enable us to have a food supply rich in cancer-fighting fruits and vegetables. We need it to produce lifesaving pharmaceuticals. And we need it to disinfect our nation’s water supply. So what’s to be done in those instances when the risks are hypothetical and the costs of eliminating a tec hnology are substantial? Go back to what mother said: “When in doubt, throw the precautionary principle out.”1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces her topic by_____.［A］justifying a principle ［B］making an assumption［C］posing a contrast ［D］having quotations2. Which of the following may disagree with advocates of precautionary principle?［A］Chemicals in the environment cause serious damage to human health.［B］The final solution is to immediately ban the technology and chemicals.［C］The scientific evidence for environmental harm is disputable.［D］More time and money should be spent in dealing with known diseases.3.In the public’s eyes,_____.［A］environmental advocates are indifferent to public health［B］health policies are insufficient to deal with unknown hazards［C］many diseases have no environmental component［D］new policies based on what might cause harm may cause harm themselves4. The precautionary principle itself is a hazard, because _____.［A］to stop a supposedly risky technology does more harm than good［B］there is no scientific evidence that a hazard truly exists［C］hypothetical threats distract our attention from the truth［D］tentative theories are likely to misinform the public5.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the present-day environmental issue?［A］Better to be safe than sorry.［B］When in doubt, throw it out.［C］No doubt about the need for action.［D］No trouble, no fuss.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to15,000 years ago). 42. ___________Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________ ［A］For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.［B］By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.［C］Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.［D］The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.［E］Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.［F］One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.［G］Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.Part CDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. (46) Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. (47)Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake”. Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. (48)They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions.(49)We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value.（50）Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?答案1.A2.B3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.C9.B 10.A11.C 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.C总体分析本文主要介绍了对失眠的研究工作。
2020年考研英语(二)真题 试题详细解析
2020年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析SectionI Use of EnglishI【答案】[C] tricky【解析】首段首句给出文章话题中心”成为一名好父亲或母亲是每一位父亲或母亲想要做的事情”，但第二句话话锋一转”但是定义什么是好父母无疑很，因为孩子们会对同类型的抚养模式做用不同的回应，“因此可排除p leasant、instructive这两个纯褒义词，tedious"冗长的“感情色彩过于消极，也排除，t ric k"y 复杂的符合语义逻辑要求，故为正确答案！2【答案】[C] for example【解析】上文表明，“孩子们会对抚养模式有不同的回应”，空格处所在句指出，“冷静，遵守规则的孩子，与更年少的孩子相比，对于不同的抚养模式，会做出更好的同应”，这两句话符合抽象具体”的逻辑关系，故for example为正确答案。
3【答案】[A]Fortunately【解析】第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂”，第二段首句指出“另外一种类型的父母很容易“第一段关键词"tricky"与本句中"easier"这两个词形成隐性的转折关系，"fo rtunately"符合逻辑关系的要求，故选为正确答案。
4【答案】[D] describe【解析】空格处所需动词与"parent"形成语义上的动宾关系，而第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂＂，第二段首句指出幸运地是，另外一种类型的父母很容易”，这两句话之间话题一致，逻辑关系相反，因此可推测该空格处所填入的动词应该与"define"语义相近，故"describe"描述为正确答案。
5【答案】[D]while【解析】该题考查句间逻辑关系，空格所在句表明“每位父母想变得有耐心”，下一句指山”这不是容易的＂，这两句话存在“一肯－否＂的特征，形成对立关系，因此空格处应该填入表示“让步”概念的词故while为正确答案。
2021年考研英语翻译最新模拟题及答案详解(五)
2021年考研英语翻译最新模拟题及答案详解(五)Text 9Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us?(46)Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability?There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make.(47)Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth’s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history.Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramaticallyalter population trends.(48)While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels.(49)The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances—the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system.The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth infood output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods.(50)The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.参考译文46. 这种变化会来自要彻底扭转地球贫困化趋势、恢复未来希望的全球性进取心呢，还是由环境的不断恶化导致经济衰退和社会动荡所引发?47. 要缔造一个环境能持续支撑的未来，就必须调整世界经济，大力转变人类的繁衍行为，并根本改变价值观和生活方式。
考研英语(小作文)模拟题【20题】(含参考例文)
【1】Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)【2】You are preparing for an English test and have ordered a reference book from a bookstore. After you read the book, you found that it is a pirated one (盗版书). Write a letter to the sales department of the bookstore to .1) state your case,2) depict the negative effect, and3) ask for compensation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)【3】Suppose you ordered a hair dryer online at the cost of $22, but only received an empty package box. Something must be wrong. Write a letter to1) complain about it, and2) ask for a refund or another delivery. You should write about 100 words.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.【4】Self-recommendationWrite an e-mail of about 100 words based on the following situation:You want to apply for a part-time job in your university as a teaching assistant. Write a self-recommendation to earn a chance of an interview for yourself.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.【5】Declining a Job OfferWrite a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation:You have received a job offer from the ABC Company. However, you are not going to work in that company. Write a letter to decline the offer and explain your reasons.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.参考例文（1-5）【1】Dear Mr. Smith,It is a long time not to see each other. On behalf of the Students’ Union, I am writing this letter with a sincere invitation of your coming to act as the judge of our English speech contest to be held in our university on May 5.The topic of this contest is "Perspectives towards the Internet". The venue has been scheduled in the multi-functional conference hall of the main building. Please arrive here before 10 a.m. on Sunday.I know you are busy with your teaching, but it will be great help for us if you can come here. For any change and further information, you can directly contact me by the number of 12345678. I am looking forward to your reply.Yours respectfully，Li Ming知识点解析本文书信格式完整、正确，书信的目的明确、清楚。
2020考研英语真题模拟试卷阅读篇
2020考研英语真题模拟试卷阅读篇留给我们的复习时间不多了，俗话说实践见真章，诸位考生，2020考研英语真题试卷模拟卷你做过了吗？文都考研现在给大家带来了模拟卷的阅读题，大家先试着做一做，相关答案与解析我们稍后放出。
接下来的时间，咱们一起努力！ヾ(◍°∇°◍)ﾉﾞ2020考研英语真题模拟试卷阅读篇As Gilbert White，Darwin，and others observed long ago，all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult：some populations remain roughly constant from year to year others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity still others vary wildly，with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather，and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns，one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations havedensity-dependent growth parameters that is，rates of birth，death，and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters，with vital rates buffeted by environmental events these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses，but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing，no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth，death，and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages，if there were no density-dependent effects，the population would，in the long run，either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。
2020考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析三
2020考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析三Could the bad olddays of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cutsin March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up fromless than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil pricescalls up scarymemories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, whenthey also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning ofgloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time aswinter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in theshort term。
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oilnow accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, soeven quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pumpprices than in the past。
2020年考研英语阅读模拟试题：理学类(5)
2020年考研英语阅读模拟试题：理学类(5)The once radical notion that birds descended from dinosaurs——or may even be dinosaurs， the only livingbranch of the family that ruled the earth eons ago——has got stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. Remarkable similarities in bone structure between dinos and birds werethe first clue. Then came evidence， thanks to a series of astonishing discoveries in China's Liaoning province over the past five years， that some dinosaurs may have borne feathers. But a few scientists still argued that the link was weak; the bone similarities could be a coincidence， they said. And maybe those primitive structures visible in some fossils were feathers——but maybe not. You had to use your imagination to see them.Not anymore. A spectacularly preserved fossil of ajuvenile dinosaur， announced by a team of paleontologistsfrom the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and New York City's American Museum of Natural History in the latest issue of Nature， is about as good a missing link as anyone could want. “It has things that are undeniably feathers，” exults Richard Prum， of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum，an expert on the evolution of feathers. “But it is clearly a small， vicious theropod similar to thevelociraptors that chased the kids around the kitchen in Jurassic Park.”The find helps cement the dinosaur-bird connection， butit also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place. For the better part of a century，biologists have assumed that these specialized structures evolved for flight，but that's clearly not true. “The feathers on these dinosaurs aren't flight-worthy， and the animals couldn't fly，” says paleontologist Kevin Padian，of the University of California，Berkeley. “They're too big，and they don't have wings.” So what was the original purpose of feathers? Nobody knows for sure; they might have beenuseful for keeping dinos dry， distracting predators or attracting mates， as peacocks do today.But many biologists suspect that feathers originallyarose to keep dinosaurs warm. The bone structure of dinosaurs shows that， unlike modern reptiles， they grew as fast as birds and mammals——which dovetails with a growing body of evidence that dinos were， in fact， warm-blooded. Says Padian：“They must have had a high basal metabolic rate to grow that fast. And I wouldn't be surprised if they had some sort of skin covering for insulation when they were small.” Says Norell：“Even baby tyrannosaurs probably l ooked likethis one.”At the rate feathered dinosaurs are turning up， it shouldn't take long to solidify scientists' understanding of precisely how and why feathers first arose and when the first birdlike creature realized they were useful for flight. Meanwhile， kids had better get used to the idea that T. rex may have started life looking an awful lot like Tweety Bird.注：(1)本文选自New York Times;05/07/2001， p56， 2p， 1 map， 2c注：(2)本文习题命题模仿对象1999年真题text2(1、2、3、5)和text4第3题(4)1. We learn from the beginning of the passage that________________.[A] scientists are split as to whether birds descended from dinosaurs[B] the bone similarities between birds and dinosaurs are a coincidence[C] fossils have proven that birds evolved from dinosaurs[D] the idea that birds are connected with dinosaurs has always been taken seriously2. Speaking of the recently-announced fossil of ajuvenile dinosaur， the author implies that ______.[A] it shows vividly how dinosaur flies[B] it brings new mystery to paleontologists[C] it further proves the link between birds and dinosaurs[D] it solves the puzzle of birds‘ evolution3. In the view of Kevin Padian， the feathers on those dinosaurs ____________.[A] were of no practical value[B] were useful for flight[C] could protect dinosaurs from their natural enemy[D] were good for insulation4. The original purpose of feather was___________.。
2020年考研英语二真题答案及解析
Directions ：Read the following text.Choose the best word (s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)今年完形填空的难度系数很小，基本无生词，长难句也很少。
讲的是家长对孩子要有耐心，属于比较生活的话题。
下面我们一起来看一下答案及解析。
1.【答案】D tricky【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。
文章首段首句为主题句：每位父母都想成为好的父母。
空格句开头为but ，句意上出现了转折，“但是如何定义好的父母是个难题”，since 后给出了原因，“因为不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的”。
tricky 意为“棘手的，困难的”，符合句意。
2.【答案】B for example【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。
前面说了不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的，此句为例证，如果换一种养育方式，一个冷静而听话的孩子可能会比他的弟弟或妹妹反应更好些。
所以用表示举例分析的for example 最合适，其他选项另外、偶尔、意外地都不合适。
3.【答案】A Fortunately【解析】此处考察副词词义辨析+上下文语境。
空格所在句指出：还有一类父母描述起来会容易一些，这类就是非常耐心的父母。
第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，这里在上下文文义上是个转折，幸运地是/还好，有一类父母比较容易定义，并且各个年龄段的孩子都可以从他们的养育方式中获益。
故选Fortunately ，其他选项偶尔，对应地，最终地都不合适。
4.【答案】C describe【解析】此处考察动词词义辨析+上下文语境。
第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，第二段出现转折说但是有一类父母很好描述/定义，describe 与define 相呼应，故选C 符合句意。
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2020考研英语阅读冲刺模拟题及答案解析（5）Roger Rosenblatt’’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’’s recent work,for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenb latt’’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors?Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largelycontemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivityhe even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works &mdash yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealismdoes this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.[A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt __________.[A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as __________.[A] pedantic and contentious.[B] critical but admiring.[C] ironic and deprecating.[D] argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion ofRosenblatt’’s book EXCEPT：__________.[A] rhetorical questions.[B] specific examples.[C] comparison and contrast.[D] definition of terms.5.T he author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to __________.[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’’s work.[答案与考点解析]「答案」A「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。