缓冲溶液(Buffer solutions)剖析
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缓冲溶液课件

[B ] lg 或 pH pK a [HB]
-
亨德森方程的意义
[B ] pH pK a lg [HB]
pH值取决于共轭酸的pKa值与缓冲比 当缓冲比等于1时,pH=pKa 具有有限的抗酸、抗碱及抗稀释作用 由亨德森方程可推出:
nB pH pK a lg nHB
例1、 0.60L缓冲溶液中含有0.35mol HOAc 和0.25molNaOAc,计算溶液的pH值。
△pH=0.09
§3.3 缓冲容量
衡量缓冲溶液缓冲能力的尺度。 使单位体积的缓冲溶液的pH值改变1个单位 时,所需加入一元强酸或一元强碱的物质的 量。符号β。 n β pH
[HB][B ] β 2.303 c
(c=[HB]+[B-])
影响缓冲容量的因素
[HB][B ] β 2.303 c
4 3 2
加碱前:0.3×0.2 加碱后:0.06-0.005
0.2×0.2 mol 0.04+0.005 mol
nb 0.04 pH1 pK a lg 9.26 lg 9.08 na 0.06 nb 0.045 pH 2 pK a lg 9.26 lg 9.17 na 0.055
例2、配制pH=5.10缓冲溶液100mL,需要 0.10 mol· L-1HAc和0.10 mol· L-1NaAc的体积 各多少?
解: 设需 HAc 溶液的体积为 V a , NaAc 溶液 的体积为Vb,则Va = 100 - Vb
Vb Vb pH pK a lg 4.75 lg Va 100- Vb Vb lg 0.35 100- Vb
Vb=69(mL), Va=3l(mL)
NaHCO3 Na 2 HP O4 Na 蛋白质 血浆: , , CO 2 (溶解) NaH2 P O4 H 蛋白质 KHCO3 K 2 HP O4 KHbO2 KHb 红细胞: , , , CO 2 (溶解) KH 2 P O4 HHbO2 HHb
3第三章缓冲溶液

第三章 缓冲溶液(Buffer Solution)
第一节 缓冲作用 第二节 缓冲溶液的pH值 第三节 缓冲容量
引言
生物体液都有各自相对稳定的pH值。比如血液 pH=7.35~7.45,超过此范围,就会引起酸中毒 或碱中毒。而生物体自身代谢一些酸碱物质, 如柠檬酸、乳酸等,体外也要引入酸碱物质, 但体液pH值并不以这些酸碱性物质的摄入而改 变--体液的缓冲作用。
第三节 缓冲容量(buffer capacity)
一、缓冲容量(β)的定义
使单位体积(1升或1毫升)缓冲溶液的pH值改变1
个pH单位时,所需外加一元强酸或一元强碱的物
质的量(mol)。
OH-
HB HB
pH
db da
dpH dpH H+
pH
HB HB
缓冲容量是溶液的一个状态参数,当溶液的状 态发生变化时,缓冲容量也发生变化。
同理,当体内碱性物质增多并进入血浆时,平
衡正向移动,H2CO3浓度降低,而HCO3-浓度增 大,此时则由肺部控制对CO2的呼出,以及由肾 脏加速对HCO3-的排泄,保持血浆的pH 恒定。
Henderson-Hasselbalch方程的意义
提供了计算缓冲溶液pH值的工具。
计算时注意: 式中Ka为缓冲系中共轭酸的酸常数。 [B-]、[HB]是平衡浓度,但因CHB、CB-都较大, B-对HB的同离子效应,使CHB ≈[HB], CB-≈[B-], 具体计算时平衡浓度可近似用配制浓度代替。
缓冲溶液有限稀释时, Ka与缓冲比均不变,pH不变,即 缓冲溶液也有抗稀释的作用。
对溶液稀释过程pH变化的控制
pH pH
7
6
a)
HCl
5
4
第一节 缓冲作用 第二节 缓冲溶液的pH值 第三节 缓冲容量
引言
生物体液都有各自相对稳定的pH值。比如血液 pH=7.35~7.45,超过此范围,就会引起酸中毒 或碱中毒。而生物体自身代谢一些酸碱物质, 如柠檬酸、乳酸等,体外也要引入酸碱物质, 但体液pH值并不以这些酸碱性物质的摄入而改 变--体液的缓冲作用。
第三节 缓冲容量(buffer capacity)
一、缓冲容量(β)的定义
使单位体积(1升或1毫升)缓冲溶液的pH值改变1
个pH单位时,所需外加一元强酸或一元强碱的物
质的量(mol)。
OH-
HB HB
pH
db da
dpH dpH H+
pH
HB HB
缓冲容量是溶液的一个状态参数,当溶液的状 态发生变化时,缓冲容量也发生变化。
同理,当体内碱性物质增多并进入血浆时,平
衡正向移动,H2CO3浓度降低,而HCO3-浓度增 大,此时则由肺部控制对CO2的呼出,以及由肾 脏加速对HCO3-的排泄,保持血浆的pH 恒定。
Henderson-Hasselbalch方程的意义
提供了计算缓冲溶液pH值的工具。
计算时注意: 式中Ka为缓冲系中共轭酸的酸常数。 [B-]、[HB]是平衡浓度,但因CHB、CB-都较大, B-对HB的同离子效应,使CHB ≈[HB], CB-≈[B-], 具体计算时平衡浓度可近似用配制浓度代替。
缓冲溶液有限稀释时, Ka与缓冲比均不变,pH不变,即 缓冲溶液也有抗稀释的作用。
对溶液稀释过程pH变化的控制
pH pH
7
6
a)
HCl
5
4
分析化学第3章缓冲溶液

酸碱指示剂一般是有机弱酸或有机弱碱,其共轭酸碱形 式具有明显不同的颜色。
甲基橙
+
N
(CH3)2
H NN
(CH3)2
SO3-
OHH+
N
pKa = 3.4
酚酞
HO
OH
C OH COO-
O OH-
H+ pKa = 9.1
NN
SO3-
OC
COO-
3.5.1 酸碱指示剂的作用原理及变色范围
作用原理 HIn
酸色
3.4 缓冲溶液 buffer solution
3.4.1 缓冲溶液的定义与种类 3.4.2 缓冲溶液的pH计算 3.4.3 缓冲容量、缓冲指数、及有效缓冲范围 3.4.4 缓冲溶液的选择 3.4.5 标准缓冲溶液
讨论
3.4.1 缓冲溶液的定义与种类
定义 分类
缓冲溶液是指具有稳定某种性质的溶液体系。
(pKa = 9.25) 2.303c NH3 NH4
题解 = 0.043 mol·L-1
例3 用0.02000 mol L-1 EDTA滴定25.00mL浓度为0.02000 mol L-1 的Zn2+溶液,欲加入10 mL pH = 5.0 HAc-NaAc缓冲 溶液(pKa = 4.74),为使滴定前后的pH改变不超过0.3 个单位,应配制总浓度为多大的缓冲溶液?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH
H3PO4 pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21 , pKa3 = 12.32
问题:如何配制全域pH缓冲溶液(系列)?
缓冲溶液的计算
欲将pH值控制在某个范围内(△pH),缓冲溶液所能 容纳外加的强酸或强碱的浓度(△a或△b)的计算:b[A]2 Nhomakorabea10
pH及缓冲溶液(pH and Buffer solution).

由於變色的pH值範圍大,故所以示劑只能 給予一約略之pH值。
pH meter
pH meter是測量一由參考電極、待測試溶 液及一對H+敏感的玻璃電極間所形成的集 中電池的e.m.f (electron motive force)的儀 器。
依溶液之pH值產生一電位差而這電差的變 化並不受鹽、蛋白質、氧化劑或還原劑的 影響,故可測量的溶液種類可以很廣。
pOH=5.12
pH = 14 -5.12 =8.8
= 4.76 + 0.097 = 4.86
當我們加入1ml 0.1mol/l的HCl進入上述溶液中時
[CH3COOH] = (4/10) x 0.1 + ( 1/10) x 0.1 = 0.05 mol/l [CH3COO- ] = (5/10) x 0.1 - (1/10) x 0.1 = 0.04 mol/l pKa (Acetic Acid at 25oC ) = 4.76 pH = 4.76 + log (0.04/0.05) = 4.66 pH值的變化為0.2
(﹝ HA ﹞若精算的話=0.1 x 36/40)
pH = -log10-2.88 = 2.88
單一鹼性物質解離之 pH計算
A- + H2O -x
﹝HA﹞﹝ OH -﹞
Kb =
10-14+4.76 ﹝ A- ﹞﹝ H2O﹞
HA + OH +x +x
X2 =
0.1
X =(10-9.23 ‧10-1)1/2=10-5.12
線。 能以pH meter (酸鹼測定儀) 作出二質子酸的滴定曲線
並可求出該酸的pKa1、pKa2。
酸鹼物質與緩衝溶液
pH meter
pH meter是測量一由參考電極、待測試溶 液及一對H+敏感的玻璃電極間所形成的集 中電池的e.m.f (electron motive force)的儀 器。
依溶液之pH值產生一電位差而這電差的變 化並不受鹽、蛋白質、氧化劑或還原劑的 影響,故可測量的溶液種類可以很廣。
pOH=5.12
pH = 14 -5.12 =8.8
= 4.76 + 0.097 = 4.86
當我們加入1ml 0.1mol/l的HCl進入上述溶液中時
[CH3COOH] = (4/10) x 0.1 + ( 1/10) x 0.1 = 0.05 mol/l [CH3COO- ] = (5/10) x 0.1 - (1/10) x 0.1 = 0.04 mol/l pKa (Acetic Acid at 25oC ) = 4.76 pH = 4.76 + log (0.04/0.05) = 4.66 pH值的變化為0.2
(﹝ HA ﹞若精算的話=0.1 x 36/40)
pH = -log10-2.88 = 2.88
單一鹼性物質解離之 pH計算
A- + H2O -x
﹝HA﹞﹝ OH -﹞
Kb =
10-14+4.76 ﹝ A- ﹞﹝ H2O﹞
HA + OH +x +x
X2 =
0.1
X =(10-9.23 ‧10-1)1/2=10-5.12
線。 能以pH meter (酸鹼測定儀) 作出二質子酸的滴定曲線
並可求出該酸的pKa1、pKa2。
酸鹼物質與緩衝溶液
缓冲溶液

缓冲溶液的pH
• 缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液的pH可以用亨德森-哈塞尔巴尔赫方程来估算。 以弱酸HA为例,HA的解离常数被定义为: • 取对数后可得到: • 即亨德森-哈塞尔巴尔赫方程。式中HA指缓冲对组分中 的弱酸,A^-指其共轭碱。显然由此式可知,当组分中 酸性物质与碱性物质浓度相等时(此时称作halfneutralization),溶液,pH=pKa。所以一般配制缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液 时常选取pKa与溶液要控制的pH值相近的弱酸。但由于 离子强度的影响,缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液的pH与理论值稍有不同。如 缓冲溶液 两种在组分浓度相同的磷酸氢二钠-磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶 缓冲溶 液的pH是7.4(磷酸pKa2=7.96)。 • 用两种或两种以上调节范围相互重叠的缓冲物质配制的 缓冲溶液可以获得更大的缓冲范围。 缓冲溶液
缓冲溶液的应用
• 缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液有许多用途,例如人体血液中含 有磷酸二氢根-磷酸氢根、碳酸-碳酸氢钠等 多对缓冲对,维持血液的pH在7.35至7.45之 间,以维持酶的活性。 • 在工业上,缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液常被用于调节染料的 缓冲溶液 pH。缓冲溶液 缓冲溶液还可以被用于pH计的校正 。 缓冲溶液
• 缓冲溶液是为了控制反应体系的pH,保证 反应正常进行的一个重要条件。 • 缓冲溶液中保持pH不变的作用称为缓冲作 用,缓冲作用的原理与同离子效应有密切 的联系。利用同离子效应,缓冲溶液就能 在一定范围内抵抗少量强酸、强碱和较多 水的稀释,而保持pH的基本不变。 • 缓冲溶液中发挥作用的弱酸和弱酸盐(或 弱碱和弱碱盐)称为缓冲对。缓冲对的浓 度越大,加入强酸或强碱时其浓度值及浓 度比值越小缓冲溶液的体系将被破坏。所 以说缓冲对的浓度越大,缓冲溶液的缓冲 容量越大。
常见缓冲溶液
成分 盐酸—柠檬酸钠 柠檬酸—柠檬酸钠 乙酸—乙酸钠 K2HPO4—KH2PO 4 Na2HPO4—NaH2PO4 硼酸—氢氧化钠 1—5 2.6—5.6 3.7—5.6 5.8—8 6—7.5 9.2—11 pH调节范围 调节范围
缓冲溶液(Buffer solutions)剖析

Upon addition of 100 ml of HCl 1 M :
[CH3CO2H] = (1 + 0.1) / 1.1 = 1.0 M and [CH3CO2-] = (0.3 - 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.18 M pH = 4.76 + log (0.18 / 1) = 4.02
Upon addition of 100 ml of NaOH 1 M :
• Example :
A weak acid and its conjugate base
CH3CO2H / CH3CO2- (pH=4.76) We can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of acid to salt.
[CH3CO2H] = (1 - 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.82 M [CH3CO2-] = (0.3 + 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.36 M
pH = 4.76 + lg (0.36 / 0.82) = 4.40
One liter of neutral water
Upon addition of 100 ml of HCl 1 M : [H3O+] = 1 / 1.1 = 0.091 M pH = -log (0.091)= 1.04
buffers are also important in industry.
Thank you!
chloride; ❖ enough hydroxide ions to make the solution
basic.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
[CH3CO2H] = (1 + 0.1) / 1.1 = 1.0 M and [CH3CO2-] = (0.3 - 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.18 M pH = 4.76 + log (0.18 / 1) = 4.02
Upon addition of 100 ml of NaOH 1 M :
• Example :
A weak acid and its conjugate base
CH3CO2H / CH3CO2- (pH=4.76) We can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of acid to salt.
[CH3CO2H] = (1 - 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.82 M [CH3CO2-] = (0.3 + 0.1) / 1.1 = 0.36 M
pH = 4.76 + lg (0.36 / 0.82) = 4.40
One liter of neutral water
Upon addition of 100 ml of HCl 1 M : [H3O+] = 1 / 1.1 = 0.091 M pH = -log (0.091)= 1.04
buffers are also important in industry.
Thank you!
chloride; ❖ enough hydroxide ions to make the solution
basic.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
缓冲溶液双语buffer solution

NaH2PO4——Na2HPO4
7.35~7.45
H 2CO3 H HCO
3
Which direction of the balance will shift to? acidic materials H+ increase shift to the left
How does the body to adjust the products? H2CO3 increase HCO3- decrease
fibre
main source of alkaline matter
The blood pH must maintain ranging from 7.35~7.45.
人体血液必须保持在pH值为7.35~7.45之间。
alkalescence 弱碱性 acid-base balance
酸碱平衡
Research has found that the metabolite of fruits
and vegetables are alkaline matters.
研究证明:蔬果在人体内的代谢终产物是碱性物质。
If everyone will fall ill from eating acidic food?
The acid metabolite is more than alkalines in the human body. 人体内酸性代谢产物比碱性代谢产物更多。
Next:
How to prepare a buffer solution?
alkalosis
buffer capacity 缓冲容量
If the foreign is outside of the buffer capacity,
最新医用基础化学第四章缓冲体系幻灯片

β= d n a ( b ) =2.303×[HB][B-]/c总 V dpH
将式(4.8)右边分子、分母同乘c总=[HB]+[B-], 得:
2 .3[ 0 H [H ] 3 [ B ] B B ] [H [] B [ B ]B ] [H ] [ B B ]
2 .3[ 0 H [H ] 3 [ B ] B B ] [H [] B [ B ]B ] [H ] [ B B ]
1.pH值取决于Ka
及缓冲比,而且与
原始公式
pHpKalg[[共 共轭 轭酸 碱]]
温度有关 2.同一缓冲系,pKa值
一定。改变缓冲比,
第一种表达形式 pHpKalgc共轭碱 c共轭酸
第二种表达形式 pHpKalgnB nHB
则pH值不同,当缓冲 比=1时, pH=pKa
3.解释了缓冲溶液抗稀 释的原因,加水稀释时, 物质量比不变。但 大量
缓冲溶液总浓度和缓冲比是影响缓冲容量的两个重要因素 (1)缓冲比一定时,总浓度越大,缓冲容量越大 (2)当c总一定时,缓冲比越偏离1时, β越小;当缓冲
比=1时, β最大
总浓度一定时,缓冲比为 1时, 缓冲容量最大。
最 大 2 .3 01 1 3 1 1 11 c总 0 .5c7 总6
三、 缓冲范围 当缓冲溶液的总浓度一定时,缓冲比愈接近1,
缓冲容量作为缓冲能力大
d n a ( b ) 小的尺度。 β = V dpH β越大,缓冲能力越强;
β 越小,缓冲能力越弱。
β的单位为mol•L-1•pH-1
二、影响缓冲容量的 因素 总浓度和缓冲比
是影响缓冲容量的两个重要因素
可导出缓冲容量与缓冲溶液的总浓度 c总=[HB]+[B-] 及[B-]、[HB]的关系
将式(4.8)右边分子、分母同乘c总=[HB]+[B-], 得:
2 .3[ 0 H [H ] 3 [ B ] B B ] [H [] B [ B ]B ] [H ] [ B B ]
2 .3[ 0 H [H ] 3 [ B ] B B ] [H [] B [ B ]B ] [H ] [ B B ]
1.pH值取决于Ka
及缓冲比,而且与
原始公式
pHpKalg[[共 共轭 轭酸 碱]]
温度有关 2.同一缓冲系,pKa值
一定。改变缓冲比,
第一种表达形式 pHpKalgc共轭碱 c共轭酸
第二种表达形式 pHpKalgnB nHB
则pH值不同,当缓冲 比=1时, pH=pKa
3.解释了缓冲溶液抗稀 释的原因,加水稀释时, 物质量比不变。但 大量
缓冲溶液总浓度和缓冲比是影响缓冲容量的两个重要因素 (1)缓冲比一定时,总浓度越大,缓冲容量越大 (2)当c总一定时,缓冲比越偏离1时, β越小;当缓冲
比=1时, β最大
总浓度一定时,缓冲比为 1时, 缓冲容量最大。
最 大 2 .3 01 1 3 1 1 11 c总 0 .5c7 总6
三、 缓冲范围 当缓冲溶液的总浓度一定时,缓冲比愈接近1,
缓冲容量作为缓冲能力大
d n a ( b ) 小的尺度。 β = V dpH β越大,缓冲能力越强;
β 越小,缓冲能力越弱。
β的单位为mol•L-1•pH-1
二、影响缓冲容量的 因素 总浓度和缓冲比
是影响缓冲容量的两个重要因素
可导出缓冲容量与缓冲溶液的总浓度 c总=[HB]+[B-] 及[B-]、[HB]的关系
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acidic.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
The buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions, otherwise the pH would drop markedly.
Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won’t change very much ——but because of the equilibrium involved, it will fall a little bit.
• A basic buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Basic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts.
• Example:
A weak base and its conjugate acid
• Example :
A weak acid and its conjugate base
CH3CO2H / CH3CO2- (pH=4.76) We can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of acid to salt.
A buff changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to it and its pH is not affected by dilution.
❖ Removal of the hydrogen ions by reacting with hydroxide ions
Acidic buffer solutions
Basic buffer solutions
Acidic buffer solutions
Example:a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate
contains these important things: ❖ lots of un-ionised acetic acid; ❖ lots of acetate ions from the sodium acetate; ❖ enough hydrogen ions to make the solution
chloride; ❖ enough hydroxide ions to make the solution
basic.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
❖ Removal by reacting with ammonia
Most, but not all, of the hydrogen ions will be removed. The ammonium ion is weakly acidic, and so some of the hydrogen ions will be released again.
Buffer solutions
outline
1 Definition 2 Classification 3 How buffers work 4 Buffer calculations 5 Preparation a buffer solution 6 Uses of the buffers
➢ Acidic buffer solutions ➢ Basic buffer solutions
• An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt.
❖ Removal of the hydroxide ions by reacting with hydrogen ions
Basic buffer solutions
Example:a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride solutions
contains these important things: ❖ lots of unreacted ammonia; ❖ lots of ammonium ions from the ammonium
Adding a base to this buffer solution
❖ Removal by reacting with acetic acid
Because most of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesn't increase very much.
NH3 / NH4+ (pH=9.25) We also can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of base to salt.
❖ A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it otherwise the pH will change. Acidic and basic buffer solutions achieve this in different ways.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
The buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions, otherwise the pH would drop markedly.
Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won’t change very much ——but because of the equilibrium involved, it will fall a little bit.
• A basic buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Basic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts.
• Example:
A weak base and its conjugate acid
• Example :
A weak acid and its conjugate base
CH3CO2H / CH3CO2- (pH=4.76) We can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of acid to salt.
A buff changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to it and its pH is not affected by dilution.
❖ Removal of the hydrogen ions by reacting with hydroxide ions
Acidic buffer solutions
Basic buffer solutions
Acidic buffer solutions
Example:a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate
contains these important things: ❖ lots of un-ionised acetic acid; ❖ lots of acetate ions from the sodium acetate; ❖ enough hydrogen ions to make the solution
chloride; ❖ enough hydroxide ions to make the solution
basic.
Adding an acid to this buffer solution
❖ Removal by reacting with ammonia
Most, but not all, of the hydrogen ions will be removed. The ammonium ion is weakly acidic, and so some of the hydrogen ions will be released again.
Buffer solutions
outline
1 Definition 2 Classification 3 How buffers work 4 Buffer calculations 5 Preparation a buffer solution 6 Uses of the buffers
➢ Acidic buffer solutions ➢ Basic buffer solutions
• An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt.
❖ Removal of the hydroxide ions by reacting with hydrogen ions
Basic buffer solutions
Example:a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride solutions
contains these important things: ❖ lots of unreacted ammonia; ❖ lots of ammonium ions from the ammonium
Adding a base to this buffer solution
❖ Removal by reacting with acetic acid
Because most of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesn't increase very much.
NH3 / NH4+ (pH=9.25) We also can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of base to salt.
❖ A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions that you might add to it otherwise the pH will change. Acidic and basic buffer solutions achieve this in different ways.