第11讲实战口译笔记示范(经贸合作专题)
第11讲经贸合作专题Passage 1：几个自贸区的发展Words and Expressions北美自由贸易区（《北美自由贸易协定》）NAFTA（North American FreeTrade Agreement)三边贸易trilateral trade受益者beneficiary中国-东盟自贸区China-ASEAN Free Trade Area双边贸易额bilateral trade volume上海自由贸易试验区Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone激发经济活力jumpstart the economy; unleash economic vitality 制度红利dividends from institutional reformsPassage 2: 谈谈中国经济的几个问题Words and Expressions人力资源和社会保障部Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security城镇登记失业率registered urban unemployment rate消化过剩产能reduce excess capacity, tackle over-capacity加强节能环保strengthen energy conservation and environ-mental protection 职业生涯规划career planning自主创业start one's own business; be self-employed后顾之忧concern养老care for the old; senior care; elderly care养老保险pension; old-age insurance公立养老院public nursing home; public care home;government-funded seniors' home; retirementhome with public funding朝阳产业nascent industry; new and burgeoning industry; promising industry;be growing and thriving今天，我想就大家关心的热门话题谈谈我的看法。
第一，我想谈谈经济增长速度放缓的问题。
不少人都在问，为什么政府主动调低经济增长速度，其实7 .2％的增速背后有着它的逻辑。
根据人力资源和社会保障部的反复测算，要保证新增就业1000万人、城镇登记失业率在4％左右，需要7.2％的经济增长。
// 主动放缓经济增长步伐有利于腾出更多精力来调整结构，消化过剩产能，加强节能环保，留出可持续发展空间。
过去我国GDP每增长1个百分点，就会拉动大约100万人就业。
经过这几年经济结构的调整，尤其是随着服务业的加快发展，目前大概GDP增长1个百分点，能够拉动130万，甚至150万人就业。
第二，我想谈谈就业这个要紧的问题。
2002年以来，虽然我国在解决就业问题上取得了巨大的成就，但由于人口基数庞大，每年新增劳动力众多，我国就业的供求矛盾一直存在。
今后一个时期，我国每年需就业的城镇劳动力将超过2400万人，但目前每年只能提供大约1200万个就业岗位。
// 高校毕业生就业难问题也十分突出。
今年，我国应届毕业生创下历史新高，达到699万人。
而国内所能提供的岗位缺口很大。
从劳动力市场的实际反应来看，大学生求职成功的机会相对而言越来越小。
“毕业即失业”成了大学毕业生最大的担忧。
我认为，大学生应该做好职业生涯规划，调整好心态，避免“高不成，低不就”的心态。
高校应该为大学生就业牵线搭桥，组织招聘活动，让企业与学生双向选择。
政府也应该鼓励有能力、有魄力、有创意的大学生自主创业。
//第三，社会保障问题。
当前中国社会最大的后顾之忧是社会保障，而社会保障主要是养老。
现在参加城镇职工养老保险的人数大概是3亿多，但是今年累计有3800万人中断交保险，这反映出我国社保体系存在的问题。
另一方面，我国的养老服务业发展也难以满足社会需求。
// 据了解，在一些大城市，要进公立养老院要排队30年，甚至40年。
养老服务市场的加快发展迫切需要积极引导和扶持。
研究显示，2010年中国老年人市场的需求为1万亿元，到2050年左右将达到5万亿元。
养老产业在中国的发展虽然起步较晚，但却是我国未来经济发展的朝阳产业之一，蕴藏巨大商机，也将成为经济发展的重要助推力。
//参考译文：Emerging issues in China's economyToday I want to share my views on some issues that I believe are of interest to you.First, about the problem of slowing economic growth. Many people are wondering why the government voluntarily reduced the rate of economic growth. In fact, there are some reasons for achieving a 7.2% growth rate. According to calculations by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, economic growth of 7.2% is needed in order to ensure the creation of 10 million jobs and to keep the registered urban unemployment rate at around 4%. On the other hand,deliberately slowing the pace of economic growth will help us focus our attention on restructuring, reducing excess capacity, promoting energy conservation and environmental protection and making room for sustainable development. In the past, every one percentage point increase in GDP could create about 1 million jobs. Thanks to the economic restructuring in the past few years, especially with the accelerated development pace of the service sector, every one percentage point of GDP growth can now generate 1.3 million or even 1.5 million jobs.Secondly, I want to talk about the pressing issue of employment. Though great achievements have been made in resolving the employment issue since 2002, a mismatch of supply and demand persists given the large population base and substantial increases in the number of new job seekers. It is estimated that over 24 million people will need to find a job in the urban areas every year for years on end, but only about 12 million new jobs are on offer each year. Employment for college graduates is a thorny issue. A record number of 6.99 million college students will be graduating this year. In contrast, the number of job openings falls far short of demand. Feedback from the job market shows that college graduates are having a slimmer chance of finding work. "Unemployment immediately upon graduation" has become the biggest concern for young graduates. I think college students need to create a workable career plan and change their mindset. They should avoid the mindset of pursuing high-paying jobs for which they have no qualifications and shunning low-paying jobs. Colleges and universities should organize recruitment events so that potential employers and graduates can have opportunities to know each other and make choices. Government agencies should facilitate new graduates' aspirations to start their own business as long as they are capable and creative and have an enterprising spirit.The third issue I'd like to touch upon is social security. Currently, social security is the most compelling issue in China. The most important aspect of the issue is caring for the old. Now over 300 million people have joined the urban employees' old-age pension scheme, but this year, a total of 38 million people have stopped paying for old-age insurance. This suggests that the current pension scheme is inadequate. At the same time, the senior care industry in China cannot keep up with the growing demand for senior services. In some big cities, people will have to wait for 30 or even 40 years before a vacancy opens up in a public nursing home. Proper guidance and policy incentives are needed to spur the development of the senior care industry. Research showed that the demand for senior services was valued at 1 trillion yuan in 2010 and it will soar to 5 trillion yuan by 2050. The senior care industry in China may have a late start, but it is growing and thriving. Tremendous business opportunities lie in this industry and it will become an important driver of China's economic growth.。
实战口译笔记要点
林超伦讲解实战口译笔记要点笔记是高级口译的关键。
使用笔记，是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证译文的精确度，并保证其不受讲话人持续时间的影响。
如果完全依赖记忆，又没有异常的天赋，即使精力充沛的年青人，也不能胜任高级口译对精确度和耐久力的要求。
实际例子，我在工作中多次碰到过。
高级口译员没有不靠笔记的。
但是，高级口译使用的笔记与一般的概念，风马牛不相及。
请注意，每个人的记忆，思维，和反应都有各自的特点。
没有必要全部照搬我的方法。
最好用的笔记方式是你自己发展出来的，适合自己的系统。
我的介绍是为了给你开个头，起个指点方向，打开思路的作用。
比如，笔记越简单，记录就越迅速。
但笔记简单了，对短期记忆的要求就相对提高了。
所以，笔记多少为最佳，因人而易，需要摸索出适合于自己的平衡。
要点是：1. 少写多划。
划线条比写文字快。
线条形象，相当于翻译的"半成品"，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。
两种情况下应该尽量用线条：表示动作和动态的词句。
比如，以上升的斜线代表"发展"，"增加"，"进步","进一步"；以下降的斜线代表"减少"，"下降"，"恶化"等等。
表示因果或前后关系的词句。
比如，用一条线代表"因为/所以"，"…之后"，"在…之前"，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。
2. 少字多意。
养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。
中文里有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。
只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补齐其余的字。
不必多写。
比如，"中国"最多写个"中"。
"北京"最多写个"北"。
英文词也同理处理。
"politics" 最多写"poli"，"government"最多写"gov"，等等。
实战口译精华笔记整理
实战口译札记(整理版）作者：孙杨杨（一）发生巨大变化to undergo yet more changes中国将更加遵循……原则china will bring its own practices in line with ……拉动世界经济to provide substantial impetus to the world economyrequire 这个词很重要比如“这都需要在国际合作的环境中才能实现”all of the above requires an environment of international cooperation给一个比较叼的说法“中国以敞开大门，张开双手”china has thrown its door wide open, and reached out with open arms 看起来比较还不多的哦，但是一个句子利用了两个open。
表示对下一步工作的继续进行，用continue 什么工作就好了。
有利于推动……的发展be conductive to the development of sth（二）做到……的统一struck the balance of ……我们应该清楚地意识到it is clear to us that保持经济的长盛不衰perpetuate an economic boom……是有目共睹的be there for all to see经济形势不是economic situation 而是economic climate国企改革问题、大量失业待业问题、生态环境破坏问题、金融风险问题、腐败问题等需要重点记住，这里不列英语了需要尽快找到解决方法to require our immediate attention and effective solutions in the shortest time possible盲目发展blind development调控regulate这是一个把握分寸的问题this is an issue of maintaining the right balance上市seek listing on the stock market在金融全球化的潮流中急流勇进to ride the wave of financial globalization表示数量很多的 a handful of省级银行provincial level banks 重点看省级的即是怎么表示出来的法人在林超伦的翻译中是legal person，而经过我的查找，corporation和artificial person比较正确而且常见。
《国际贸易实务》课文译文Unit11.doc
第十一单元不同形式的灵活贸易第一部分新的前景我国对外开放的国际贸易政策的采用为国际上经济和技术的交流拓宽了前景。
近几年来，联邦贸易委员会在不断发展的同时使用不同形式的灵活贸易，为国际贸易发展创造了更好的条件和更多的机会。
连同正常的大宗贸易一起，大量涉及先进技术、仪器以及外汇的交易都使用灵活贸易。
通常它是一个通过出口产品得到外汇的手段。
在实际操作中很多双向贸易使用灵活贸易形式，通过与国际企业合作在世界市场中推广中国产品。
这种突破性的发展为中国的对外贸易开拓了新的前景。
第二部分有偿贸易2-1什么是有偿贸易?有偿贸易是为海外的企业(包括那些在香港和澳门的企业) 向中国企业提供技术、仪器和必要的制造材料以便其发展采集业、农业、林业和渔业等。
中国企业则会向海外合伙人提供生产出的产品作为酬劳。
但是在某些情况下，如果海外的企业很难处理掉这些产品，双方会商议其他形式的酬劳，这种酬劳叫做间接酬劳。
这种工作相当复杂并且需要许多知识，得到一个最终裁定需要很大的耐性。
2-2有偿贸易的优点有偿贸易在60年代早期出现并逐渐发展成一种常用的贸易形式。
理由非常的简单，发达国家的仪器和机器制造商非常热衷于扩大海外市场和出口贸易，通过使用有偿贸易进行出口能够获得更大的利润。
尤其在发展中国家通过提供技术和仪器获得相关的商品，并且通过有偿贸易可以有效的避免外汇兑换的麻烦，藉由使用进口的技术和仪器，能提高劳动生产力并增加输出能力。
此外，这对扩大他们的海外市场非常有利。
由于双方都能够获得利益，在70年代，这种贸易形式甚至在社会主义国家都相当流行。
80年代早期，在中国主要的联邦贸易委员会之中也得到了普遍认可。
2-3反向购买或平行交易当海外的制造商或供应商准备拿走在中国生产的定量产品作为技术和仪器的酬劳时，这种行为被称作"回购" 贸易(直接酬劳)。
但是当商品销售困难时，双方会针对供应商感兴趣的商品尝试讨论并由中国企业进行要求数量的生产。
高级口译笔记商务谈判
高级口译笔记商务谈判我们的国家有不少的外商企业，那么在进行商务谈判时，我们的翻译人员是怎么说的呢?接下来，小编给大家准备了高级口译笔记商务谈判,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
高级口译笔记商务谈判第一部分基本词汇询价 make an inquiry报价 quotation报/发盘 offer底盘 floor offer实/虚盘 firm/non-firm offer开/收盘 opening/closing price现/期货价 spot/forward price还盘 counter-offer回佣 return commission到岸价 C.I.F.(即Cost, Insurance and Freight)到岸加佣金价 C.I.F.C.(即Cost, Insurance, Freight and Commission)现货 spot goods库存有限 limited stock批发价 wholesale price零售价 retail price净利润 net profit定金 down payment分期付款 payment by installment现金结算 cash settlement信用证结算 payment by letter of credit(L/C)股东 shareholder; stockholder我方 on our part双赢战略 win-win strategy中止合同 terminate the contract提出索赔 lodge a claim要求赔偿损失 claim for a compensation of the loss/damage 贸易索赔 business claim补偿贸易 compenstion trade第二部分词语扩展商品交易会 Commodities Fair经营范围 line/scope of business独家经销代理 exclusive selling agency市场准入 market access机床 machine tools汽车零部件 auto parts电子商务 e-commerce; e-business第三部分例句请给我一个有效期为90天的C.I.F.报价，目的港为洛杉矶，报价含5%的佣金。
商务英语口译第11章
Vocabulary Work
sumptuous food fairs 丰富的美食节 market-savvy 了解市场 leading-edge museums 顶级博物馆 a tremendouse depth and variety 巨大的内涵和多样性 specialty shopping 专业商品购物 a continuum of products 不断开展的旅游产业 aboriginal tourism 原住民旅游 resource-based industries 资源产品商业
We're playing on a much more level playing field than we ever have in the history of our people.
本句直译难度大，因此采用意译，playing field 暗指 旅游业，level在此用作形容词，平坦的。联系上下 文可以得出意为原住民终于有了参与竞争的时机。
E-C Interpretation (Passage 1)
It's hard to know where to start for sightseeing and days out in Britain.
陈述句改为设问句，将不定式where to灵活处理为"从哪里 开始您的英伦观光之旅呢"，符合旅游文本吸引游客的特点。
建议：旅游翻译中特定词汇的专用翻译 如 standard 行业标准
Sight Interpretation 〔2〕
市场化水平低 low participation of market economy 海内外营销投入 overseas marketing input 海外营销机构和机制 overseas sales channels and offices 抓住营销制高点 get hold of the high-end sales channels 营销阵地前移 move the sales team forward 主流人群与高端平台 mainstream customers and high-end platforms 推广中国文化的品牌产品 promote China's branded cultural products
口译UNIT11第十一单元教案
口译UNIT11第十一单元教案UNIT 11 第十一单元Interpreting and Discourse口译与语域Unit Objective (单元目标)After reading this unit you should☆ understand the relationship between discourse and interpretation.☆ how to develop the skills of cultural communications☆ master the skills of sight interpretationWarm-up (准备)1. Two students are requested to sit at the Interpreting Desk or Booth, acting as interpreters of the class. Their performance is evaluated and graded by instructor.2.Instructor is to present a piece of news of the week.Theory of Interpretation XI (口译理论十一)Instructor is to explain the First part, “Reading Prelude” of Unit 11 of the textbook. Students should have read this part before the class.1．语域(Discourse)2．跨文化交际(Cultural Communication)Sight Interpreting (视译)1．Basic principles in sight interpretingFlexible switchAbility to predictFluent and appropriate expression2．Basic Principle and Basic Skills顺句驱动, 配合以适当的预测和调整。
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(经济专题-1)
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(经济专题-1)重点内容本次实战口译笔记示范的重点内容是经济专题的第一部分。
以下是一些关键要点：1. 宏观经济指标：在经济领域，宏观经济指标是评估一个国家经济发展状况的重要指标，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、劳动力市场、通货膨胀率等。
宏观经济指标：在经济领域，宏观经济指标是评估一个国家经济发展状况的重要指标，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、劳动力市场、通货膨胀率等。
2. 经济增长：经济增长是衡量一个国家经济健康程度的指标，通常使用年度GDP增长率来表示。
经济增长的推动因素包括投资、消费、出口等。
经济增长：经济增长是衡量一个国家经济健康程度的指标，通常使用年度GDP增长率来表示。
经济增长的推动因素包括投资、消费、出口等。
3. 国际贸易：国际贸易是指不同国家之间的商品和服务交换活动。
全球化促进了国际贸易的增长，但也带来了一些贸易争端和保护主义倾向。
国际贸易：国际贸易是指不同国家之间的商品和服务交换活动。
全球化促进了国际贸易的增长，但也带来了一些贸易争端和保护主义倾向。
4. 货币政策：货币政策是中央银行调节货币供应量和利率以实现经济政策目标的手段。
货币政策的变化对经济有着重要影响，包括通胀、利率、汇率等方面。
货币政策：货币政策是中央银行调节货币供应量和利率以实现经济政策目标的手段。
货币政策的变化对经济有着重要影响，包括通胀、利率、汇率等方面。
示例以下是一个关于经济增长的实战口译示范：来源：国际经济研究机构报告根据最新发布的数据，我国今年第一季度的GDP增长率达到了5.3%，这显示出我国经济依然保持了相对稳定的增长态势。
此次增长主要得益于投资的增加以及消费的回暖。
然而，也需要注意到我国经济增长面临的一些挑战。
贸易争端和全球经济放缓对我国出口市场造成了一定冲击，这可能对未来的经济增长带来一定的不确定性。
面对这些挑战，我国政府正在加大结构性改革的力度，以推动经济转型和可持续发展。
同时，我们也需要继续关注国际经济形势的变化，调整和优化我们的货币政策，以应对不确定性和风险。
国际贸易11
Unit 11Closing the NegotiationObjectives:●Closing the negotiation●Making the final concession and review●Drafting the contract●Signing the contractI. BrainstormingWork in pairs or in groups to discuss the given questions.1. As a negotiator, what would you do if you intend to finish the negotiation?2. Before you sign the contract, you have to review the draft of the contract. So what’s the purpose for the final review?3. How to make a final concession?4. Who will prepare the draft is very important. Do you know the reasons? And what are they?5. What do faulty documents mean? How to avoid presenting them?6. Why is quality so important to the sale of commodity?7. In order to make profits, what should be taken into account while pricing?8. Could you list some of the modes of transportation? Please make comparisons about the advantages/disadvantages of each mode?II.TextPassage OneClosing the NegotiationAs the negotiation moves to the final stage, the negotiator will expect to receive/send signals from/to the other party so as to decide whether a deal could be concluded or not.(以确定是否可以成交)Signals结束谈判的信号The actual form of signals used varies from one negotiator to another. Here are some of the examples used in practice:1. The negotiator(谈判的一方) intends to finish the negotiation while theother party doesn’t mean to. In order to conclude the deal as soon as possible, the negotiator(前者)could get in touch with the third party(与第三方进行联系), make believe that you want to reach anagreement with the third party, thus urges the other party to make a quick decision(决定).①2. The negotiator clarifies(阐明)one’s position briefly without anyargument(以无可争议的口吻/方式)and includes some phrases indicative of commitment:（包括一些表达承诺的语句）“This is the furthest we can go.” （我们只能做到这一步了）3. The negotiator answers the questions concisely, often just a simple “yes”or “no”.4. The proposal is complete and made in absolute(adj. definite and notlikely to change) terms,（谈判者提出的建议是完整的，是明确而不可更改的） there are no loose ends（未完成/未做对的部分）. （没有任何错漏之处/可再商榷之处）The negotiator has left him with no way out （没有留下出路/选择）other than to break off（中断） the negotiations, if his proposals are not accepted.5. The negotiator reassures the other party that to close the negotiation atthis moment is the wise choice, and also gives some good reasons（给出充分的理由）, such as “You should know that our cotton piece goods（棉布） enjoy high popularity in the business circle.（在商界很受欢迎）” “The mark et（市价/行市）for the essence oil（香精油）is skyrocketing（飞涨）, so we can not make any further reduction（降价）.” and so on.Tips:When a negotiator recognizes that he has received such a signal,he knows that bargain (=agreement协议/交易)is available to him/heron those terms.可以依照这些条件达成协议了The purpose of doing this is: a) to show his/her attitude towardsnegotiation. b) to tell the other party not to get bogged down on拘泥于the minor problems. c) to reach an agreement ASAP.Final concession最后的让步When both parties intend to sign the contract, they should make a final concession. The major part of the concession should be made before the deadline so that the other party has enough time to review and consider it.（对其予以审核和考虑）The minor part（次要部分）of it can be of fered at the very last moment as a “benefit”（甜头）. The final concession lays emphasis on its finality（最终性）.Final review 最后的回顾The negotiator should make a final review(作最后一次回顾) before the last negotiation. The purpose of final review is to identify(明确/确认) all the important points, make sure about the extent of the final concession of each terms,(确定每个交易条件的最后让步幅度) decide on(决定) the specific negotiating tactics(策略), clarify what has been left unsettled (弄清楚哪些问题尚未解决)and arrange for the recording of the conclusion of the deal.② (并安排交易记录的事宜)A short report or memorandum about which both parties have agreed upon is essential and should be made known to both parties. (一份经双方同意的简短的报告或纪要是必不可少的,并且要向双方公布)And it is binding upon both parties and would be used when the disputes arise. (并将在发生争议时使用)Finally, both parties should check the record (检查谈判记录)and make sure that everything(所有内容) in the record is correct and clear. Any ambiguity(含糊不清) in the record would affect the development of the negotiation.(谈判的进展)Results 谈判结果Normally speaking,（通常说来） both parties expect to reach an agreement, the result of win-win, after the negotiation; but sometimes the negotiation ends in a draw （以平局/不分胜负而告终；陷入僵局）, that is to say, there is no agreement reached. In this case, if one of the parties makes a concession, there’s the possibility for renegotiation. If not, failure is the only result.（结果只能是谈判失败）Drafting the contractOne who drafts the contract plays a leading role （起主导作用）in thenegotiation especially when both parties speak in different languages. Here are some of the reasons:（这基于以下一些原因/这是因为） First, when drafting the contract, the negotiator （起草方） could make the terms （合同条款） in compliance with （符合） domestic （自己国家的） laws and regulations. Second, when the disputes arise, it’s much easier for the negotiator （起草方） to settle the problems with domesticlawsand regulations.Third, it could makethe negotiation go smoothly and avoid too many revisions （修改）. Fourth, without giving the chance to the other party to prepare the draft, the negotiator could avoid being cheated. Sometimes when the other party prepares the draft, he might overshadow （隐含） something （内容） we can not foresee. And it seems that the other party makes a concession when we intend to modify some of the terms. So the negotiator should make every effort to take initiative （想方设法/尽力采取主动）.③ In order to draft a perfect contract, don’t forget that working in team （团队协作） is also very important. The reason is that all-round talents （通才/全才） proficient in （对…熟练的，精通的） the knowledge of trade, investment, insurance, law and so on are not very easy to be found.Try to use technical terms with concise words and expressions 尽量使用由简洁的词语构成的术语。
最新林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解
林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解在这里，我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法，以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度。
由于口译条件的限制，其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量，也没有必要这样做。
口译的听众与笔译的读者，需求不同，预期也不同。
由于使用实例讲解，无法把口译要点分门别类地举例。
我将顺着例子讲下去。
讲完之后，各项要点也就都包括其中了。
人脑思维速度极快，一闪而过的念头，解说起来会显得繁杂。
不过，我希望你能在开始时，多一点耐心。
很快你就会发现，我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂，但背后的思路，也就是说一旦使用起来，要明快得多。
开始前，提醒一下，不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的。
二者缺一不可。
以下的实例解说，均以此为基础。
讲话原文Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed.第一层次：一个箭头，加97，再加"选"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："1997年大选之后"。
第二层次：一个"工"加圆圈，提醒"工"字后面还有话。
另外，一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联。
此后一个箭头，再加"权"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："工党上台掌权"。
第三层次：一个"M"加圆圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。
从短期记忆中回顾出 "宏观经济框架"。
接着，一条横线体现关联，线后一个"改"字，于是补齐译文："对宏观经济框架进行了改革"。
最后划圈，带横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
备注：使用的4个汉字都经过"理顺"。
其中2个是一笔成字。
口译课堂笔记
口译课堂笔记1998年城镇居民的收入和消费水平发生了很大的变化，人年均收入达到5160元，比上一年上升了3.4%。
In 1998, great changes took place in the income and consumption levels of urban residents. The yearly average income amounted to 5,160 yuan, increased by 3.4% than that of the previous year.工人和职员在国营和集体企业里的收入仍是家庭的主要收入。
从事科技工作的收入在全国12个主要行业中居第二位。
他们的教育水平越高，收入也相应增加。
Incomes of workers and staff members in the state-owned enterprises and collective work-units are still the mainstay of families' income. The income of scientific and technology researchers stood second in 12 main trades in the country. Their incomes increase according to their education level.最近几年，城镇居民消费结构由温饱型向小康型转变。
1998年在服装上支出降低了4.4%，食品的质量有了提高，粮食消费相应降低。
生活节奏的加快促使了餐饮的社会化，98年居民外出用餐的比例上升了10.4%。
In recent years, the consumption pattern of urban residents has transformed from subsistence to a comfortable life. For instance, in 1998, the money spent on clothing was 4.4 percent less and the quality of food was improved while the consumption of grain relatively reduced. The accelerating rhythm of life has encouraged more socialization in food consumption. In 1998, the rate of people dining out increased by 10.4%.浦东新区的崛起使这块黄金宝地成为海外投资的热点，如今投资金额已达530亿美金。