中国红树林生物多样性(rr)

合集下载

查阅资料分析我国红树林海岸的环境特点海岸特征及生态价值

查阅资料分析我国红树林海岸的环境特点海岸特征及生态价值中国的红树林海岸是指我国南方沿海地区如广东、广西、海南等地的一种特殊类型的海岸生态系统。

红树林是指栖息在潮间带、盐沼或湿地中且依靠潮水带来的滨海盐湖的植物群落。

红树林海岸特点明显，既具有独特的环境特点和海岸特征，同时也有着重要的生态价值。

本文将分析我国红树林海岸的环境特点、海岸特征以及生态价值。

首先，红树林海岸的环境特点主要包括以下几个方面：1.相对湿润的气候条件：红树林海岸所处地区气候湿润，年降水丰富，相对湿度较高。

2.盐碱土壤：红树林海岸所在地的海水潮间带地区土壤中含有一定的盐分，是一种特殊的盐碱土壤。

3.潮汐作用：红树林海岸是潮汐带上的生态系统，潮汐的起伏给红树林海岸带来了独特的生态环境。

4.植物多样性：红树林海岸是一个复杂的植物群落，包括红树、白树、黑树等多种红树植物。

其次，红树林海岸的海岸特征主要有：1.根系特点：红树林的根系具有盘根错节的特点，这样的根系能够抵抗海浪的冲击并牢牢地抓住土壤。

2.潮波带：红树林海岸常见的是潮波带区域，潮水的进出给植物带来新鲜的水源和养分，同时潮波带也提供了许多生物栖息的场所。

3.岸线起伏：红树林海岸的岸线起伏较大，由于潮汐的作用，海岸线会有明显的变化。

4.气候条件：红树林海岸是处于南方沿海地区的，气候湿润，温度适宜，适合红树林植物的生长。

5.丰富的生物资源：红树林海岸是一个独特的生态系统，拥有丰富的生物资源，包括多种红树植物、鱼类、鸟类、蟹类等。

最后，红树林海岸的生态价值主要表现在以下几个方面：1.生态保护：红树林海岸具有保护海岸线免受风暴、潮汐和浪涛侵蚀的能力，可以减少海岸侵蚀对生态环境的破坏。

2.碳汇功能：红树林植物可以吸收大量的二氧化碳，对缓解气候变化有重要作用。

3.水域净化：红树林海岸可以过滤水质，减少水中有害物质的含量，提高水质的纯净度。

4.生物多样性保护：红树林海岸是许多物种的重要栖息地，可以保护和维持物种的多样性。

红树林的物种多样性和生物丰富度

红树林的物种多样性和生物丰富度红树林是一种特殊的生态系统，生长在潮湿的沙质海岸地区。

它是一个独特的生物多样性热点，支持着丰富的生态系统服务和多种生物群落。

本文将探讨红树林的物种多样性和生物丰富度，以及其对环境的重要性。

一、红树林的物种多样性红树林是一个繁茂的植被系统，生长在海岸的潮间带和沿海地区。

它具有独特的适应机制，可以在高盐度、干旱和氧气不足的环境下生存和繁殖。

红树林的物种多样性非常丰富，包括了多种植物和动物物种。

1. 植物物种多样性红树林主要由红树和白树等植物组成。

红树包括了红树科、漆树科等多个科属的植物，如红树、秋茄等。

白树包括了白杨科等多个科属的植物，如白蜡木、白榄等。

不同的树种适应不同的环境条件，形成了红树林内丰富的植物群落。

2. 动物物种多样性红树林为众多动物物种提供了栖息地和食物资源。

其中，鱼类是最常见的动物群体。

它们在红树林内繁衍生息，为捕食者提供了丰富的食物源。

此外，蟹类、鸟类、软体动物等也在红树林内繁衍生息，丰富了红树林的生态系统。

二、红树林的生物丰富度红树林是一个高度生产力的生态系统，拥有丰富的生物资源和生态系统服务。

红树林的生物丰富度主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 食物链的丰富度红树林内存在着复杂的食物链关系。

红树林中的植物提供了食物和庇护所，吸引了大量的草食动物和食肉动物。

食物链中的每一个环节都是非常重要的，它们共同维持着整个生态系统的平衡和稳定。

2. 资源的多样性红树林不仅为动物提供了栖息地，还提供了丰富的资源。

红树林的植物可以被利用来制作木材、草药和饲料等。

同时，红树林还为周边社区提供了渔业资源和旅游资源，为经济发展做出了重要贡献。

3. 生态系统服务的提供红树林通过维持沿海地区的稳定性、防止风暴潮和海浪侵蚀等方式，提供了许多重要的生态系统服务。

红树林可以净化海水，吸收有害物质和沉积物质，维持水体的清洁和透明度。

此外，红树林还可以吸收二氧化碳，减缓气候变化的影响。

三、红树林的环境重要性红树林具有重要的环境功能和意义。

中国红树林生态系统生态价值评估

中国红树林生态系统生态价值评估一、本文概述《中国红树林生态系统生态价值评估》一文旨在全面、深入地探讨中国红树林生态系统的生态价值，以及其在全球和区域生态环境中的重要地位。

红树林是一种独特的湿地生态系统，因其特殊的生态环境和生物多样性，被誉为“海洋的森林”和“海岸卫士”。

在中国，红树林分布广泛，覆盖了多个沿海地区，对维护海洋生态平衡、抵御海平面上升、保护海岸线等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。

本文首先介绍了红树林生态系统的基本概念、特点及其在中国沿海地区的分布情况。

随后，文章从多个角度对红树林的生态价值进行了深入评估，包括其在维护生物多样性、净化水质、减缓气候变化、保护海岸线等方面的功能。

文章还分析了红树林生态系统面临的威胁和挑战，如环境污染、生态破坏、人类活动等因素对其造成的影响。

文章提出了保护和发展中国红树林生态系统的策略和建议。

包括加强法律法规建设、推动科研创新、提高公众环保意识、开展生态修复工程等，以期为中国红树林生态系统的可持续发展提供有力支撑。

通过本文的研究，旨在提高公众对红树林生态价值的认识和保护意识，促进中国红树林生态系统的健康、稳定和可持续发展。

二、红树林生态系统的结构与功能红树林生态系统是一种独特的滨海湿地生态系统，主要由红树植物、微生物、动物以及其所处的环境构成。

这些要素相互关联，共同维系着这一生态系统的稳定与健康。

红树植物：红树植物是红树林生态系统的基石，它们能够在盐分高、淹水频繁的环境中生长。

这些植物具有特殊的根系结构和生理机制，如“呼吸根”和“胎生”现象，使它们能在恶劣的环境中生存和繁衍。

红树植物不仅为生态系统提供物质生产，还是许多生物的栖息地。

微生物：微生物在红树林生态系统中发挥着重要作用，包括分解有机物质、促进营养循环、固定碳等。

微生物的多样性和活性对红树林生态系统的健康至关重要。

动物：红树林生态系统为众多动物提供了栖息和繁殖的场所。

从底栖生物到鸟类、哺乳动物，红树林生态系统是许多物种的生命线。

红树林

红树林简介、作用及其防护红树林（Ｍａｎｇｒｏｖｅ）是生长在陆地与海洋之间的一种系统结构稳定、生产力较高的特殊森林生态系统，是一种顶极群落景观。

红树林适应海岸潮间滩涂环境，形成了独特的形态结构和生理生态特性，在保证生物多样性与减灾防灾功能上具有不可替代的作用。

可是从上世纪的６０年代起的４０年之间，红树林面积剧减６０％，现有2.5万ｈｍ２红树林大部遭到破坏，结构受损，功能退化。

（1）本文将对红树林进行简要介绍，阐述其基本功能，并提出防护建议。

一、中国的红树林我国红树林研究是从20世纪50年代中期至60年代中期(1954—1965)开始进入群落生态学领域,从过去对红树植物只从分类学上认识它,进入到资源调查和群落分析阶段. 在之后的几十年里,我国在红树林群落生态学方面开展了大量研究工作,主要集中在红树植物群落的种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性和演替等方面。

1. 1 我国红树林的分布红树林生长在热带、亚热带海岸潮间带上部,受周期性潮水浸淹,是以红树植物为主体的常绿灌木或乔木组成的潮滩湿地木本生物群落,属常绿阔叶林,主要分布于淤泥深厚的海湾或河口盐渍土壤上. 我国红树林面积在历史上曾达25万hm2 ; 20世纪50年代为4万hm2左右; 1986年公布的面积为17 035 hm2 (植被调查) 、21 283 hm2 (林业调查)或23 000 hm2 (地貌调查) . 我国红树林主要分布在海南、广东、广西、福建和台湾等省(区)沿海及香港和澳门地区,浙江省也人工引种了部分的红树林植物. 红树林自然分布北界为27°20′N,人工引种北界为28°25′N,分别位于福建省福鼎县和浙江省乐清县,面积约1. 5万hm2 ,由北向南面积增大,种类增多. 根据全国红树林资源调查报告(2002年) ,广东、广西、海南、福建、浙江5省(区)红树林总面积为22 024. 9 hm2 ,其中,广东、广西、海南3省红树林面积分别为9 084. 0 hm2 、8 374. 9 hm2和3 930. 3 hm2 ,分别占5 省(区) 红树林总面积的41. 2%、38. 0%和17. 9% ,而且红树林集中分布在北部湾海岸(广东湛江周围及广西海岸一带)和海南省的东海岸(琼山、文昌一带) ,前者红树林面积15 730. 8 hm2 ,占红树林总面积的71. 4%;后者红树林面积2 763. 4 hm2 ,占红树林总面积的12. 5%.（2）1. 2 我国红树林植物种类及其界定红树林多生长在热带海岸潮间带. 但是,由于受温暖洋流的影响,有的可以分布到亚热带,有的因潮汐影响,在最高潮边缘而具有水陆两栖现象. 红树林中生长的木本植物都叫做红树植物,一般不包括群落周围的草本植物或藤本植物. 对于中国红树植物种数,学者之间有不同的看法. 林鹏提出了“真红树”和“半红树”的概念和判定红树植物的标准, 并界定了中国现有的红树植物的种类,指出全世界真红树只有20科27属70种,中国现已查明的真红树为12科16属27种和1个变种;郑德璋等报道我国有真红树27种(含引种成功的无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)和半红树8种;范航清认为我国有真红树26种和半红树11种;何斌源等列出我国现存的原生真红树12科14属24种(含1变种) ,以及我国红树林湿地中常见的12种半红树植物.我国原生真红树种数占世界总种数(70种)的34. 3%. 我国所有原生真红树种类都可在地处热带的海南省找到,广东、广西均有11种,香港9种,台湾8种,福建7种,澳门5种,浙江主要是引种秋茄.（2）1.3我国红树林群落结构及其演替动态红树林的种类组成和群落结构较陆地森林简单,从红树林自然分布而言,纬度较高, 尤其是未受到海流显著影响的地区(如广东大亚湾澳头港附近) ,红树植物种类及其群落结构相对比较简单,植株也比92较矮小. 海南岛的红树林以东北部的群落组成种类丰富, 结构也较复杂,岛西南部因气候干燥, 红树林分布较少, 种类不多, 群落结构也简单.在外貌结构方面,与热带雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、温带落叶阔叶林、寒温带暗针叶林等陆生植物群落的外貌结构相比,红树植物群落的组成种类在生活型谱、叶级、叶质、叶型、叶缘等方面都显得十分单调.二、红树林的作用红树林及其特殊的植物生长环境早在古代就为人们所认识。

生物多样性丰富的红树林生态系统的保护与管理

生物多样性丰富的红树林生态系统的保护与管理红树林，是指生长在潮间带或河口海湾等盐碱地带的树木群落。

作为沿海地区的天然屏障和重要生态系统，红树林在全球具有重要的生态、经济和社会意义。

然而，随着人类活动的不断扩张和自然环境的日趋严峻，红树林生态系统也面临着巨大的挑战。

因此，本文将重点探讨如何保护和管理生物多样性丰富的红树林生态系统。

一、红树林生态系统的意义红树林是世界上最神奇的植物生态系统之一，被誉为“海底雨林”。

它们既生长在海水中，也在陆地上。

它们有一系列棕色和红色组成的丰富的生态系统。

在红树林里，各种生物之间相互依存，构成完整的自然生态体系。

红树林是陆地和海洋的交界处，是大陆与海洋、湿地与干地相交的地带。

它们为沿海地区提供了重要的生态保护和环境服务功能。

红树林生态系统在海岸线的稳定、河口的防护、海洋的保护和渔业资源的供应上发挥了至关重要的作用。

二、红树林生态系统遭受的威胁由于城市化、旅游业和渔业等人类活动的不断发展，红树林面临多种威胁。

例如，城市扩张导致的土地使用变化和海水淡化，使得红树林的生态系统遭受到了破坏。

此外，工业废水的排放以及农业和城市垃圾的排放也对红树林生态系统造成了很大的威胁。

这些威胁破坏了红树林的植被和底栖动物群落，使其面临着严重的生物多样性下降和生态系统恢复的风险。

三、红树林生态系统的保护和管理为了更好地保护红树林生态系统，我们需要采取一些有效措施。

其中包括以下几个方面：1.加强对红树林的保护，扩大保护区范围我们可以采用严格保护、重点保护和控制利用的措施，从政策、法律和企业社会责任等方面保护和管理红树林。

例如，建立红树林生态保护区和禁止开发某些特定区域，例如红树林生态系统原始地带和重要的栖息地。

2.强化环境监测，完善环境监测体系必须加强监测和管理红树林生态系统，提高对大气、水、土壤和植物等环境因素的监测和管理。

需要加强生态基础数据收集、分析和应用，制定全面的监测标准和管理措施，完善红树林生态系统监测网络体系。

红树林潜在生物多样性

Indian Journal of Marine SciencesVol. 38(2), June 2009, pp. 249-256Potential microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystems:A reviewK. Sahoo, & N.K. DhalInstitute of Minerals and Materials Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Bhubaneswar-753013, Orissa, India[E.mail:nkdhal@immtbhu.res.in]Received 11 March 2008; revised 17 October 2008Mangroves provide a unique ecological niche to different microbes which play various roles in nutrient recycling as well as various environmental activities. Mangrove forests are large ecosystems distributed in 112 countries and territories comprising a total area of about 181,000 km2 is over a quarter of the total coastline of the world. The highly productive and diverse microbial community living in mangrove ecosystems continuously transforms nutrients from dead mangrove vegetation into sources of nitrogen, phosphorous and other nutrients that can be used by the plants and in turn the plant-root exudates serve as a food source for the microbes. Analysis of microbial biodiversity from these ecosystems will help in isolating and identifying new and potential microorganisms having high specificity for various applications.The present study consists literature on diversity of predominant microbes such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes from mangrove ecosystems.Keywords: mangrove, actinomycetes, nutrient recycling and diversity.IntroductionMangroves are coastal wetland forests mainly found at the intertidal zones of estuaries, backwaters, deltas, creeks, lagoons, marshes and mudflats of tropical and subtropical latitudes. The specific regions where mangrove plants grow are termed as “mangrove ecosystem”. Mangrove forests occupy several million hectares of coastal area worldwide and distributed in over 112 countries and territories comprising a total area of about 1,81,000 km2in over one fourth of the world's coastline1,2. According to Forest Survey of India (FSI)3, out of 4,87,100 ha of mangrove wetlands in India, nearly 56.7% (2,75,800 ha) is present along the east coast, and 23.5% (1,14,700 ha) along the west coast and the remaining 19.8% (96,600 ha) is found in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The largest single area of mangroves in the world lies in the Bangladesh part of the Sunderbans, covering an area of almost 6,00,000 ha including waterways. There are about 6.9 million ha in the Indo-Pacific region, 3.5 million ha in Africa, 4.1 million ha in the Americas including the Caribbean. Mangroves also survive in some temperate zones but there is a rapid decrease in the number of species with increasing latitude4,5,6. Microbial Diversity in Mangrove ecosystems Although microbial diversity is one of the difficult areas of biodiversity research, extensive exploration is required for understanding the biogeography, community assembly and ecological processes which will for isolating and identifying new and potential microorganisms having high specificity for recalcitrant compounds7,8. The present review highlights on the diversity study of potential bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in mangrove environments.BacteriaThe importance of microbially generated detritus in mangrove areas that acts as the major substrate for bacterial growth in mangrove ecosystems was outlined in a conceptual model by Bano et al9. The abundance and activities of bacteria are controlled by various physical and chemical factors such as tannin, leached from mangrove litter of the mangrove ecosystem. Increasing tannin concentration is associated with decreasing bacterial counts. Thus, tannin plays a role not only in keeping the bacterial counts low but also keeping the harmful activities of virulent pathogens down10.Nitrogen fixation in mangrove ecosystemNitrogen fixation is a process of conversion of gaseous forms of Nitrogen (N2) into combined_________________*Corresponding author:INDIAN J MAR SCI. VOL.38, No 2 JUNE 2009 250forms i.e. ammonia or organic nitrogen by some bacteria and cyanobacteria. Free living as well as symbiotic microbes known as diazotrophs which fix N2 into proteins. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms can colonize in both terrestrial as well as marine environments. N2 fixation in mangrove sediments is likely to be limited by insufficient energy sources. The low rates of N2fixation by heterotrophic bacteria detected in marine water are probably due to lack of energy sources. Nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria can be regulated by specific environmental factors such as oxygen, combined nitrogen and the availability of carbon source to support energy requirement. Energy for N2fixation can also be derived from leaves and roots decomposed by nondiazotrophic microflora that colonize dead mangrove leaves11,12. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as members of the genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Clostridium and Klebsiella were isolated from the sediments, rhizosphere and root surfaces of various mangrove species. Several strains of diazotrophic bacteria such as Vibrio campbelli, Listonella anguillarum, V. aestuarianus, and Phyllobacterium sp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of the mangroves in Mexico13. In a mangrove in Florida, biological N2fixation could supply up to 60% of the nitrogen requirement11. The main factors influencing N2 fixation are light intensity and water temperature14. It is also possible that microorganisms associated with Languncularia racemosa including Pseudomonas stutzeri15 could also be responsible for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen16,17,18. N2fixing bacteria are efficient at using a variety of mangrove substrates despite differences in carbon content and phenol concentrations19. However, their abundance may be dependent on physical conditions and mangrove community composition. N2fixing Azotobacter, which can be used as biofertilizers, were abundant in the mangrove habitats of Pichavaram20. Two halotolerant N2fixing Rhizobium strains were isolated from root nodules of Derris scandens and Sesbania species growing in the mangrove swamps of the Sunderbans21. When the non N2 fixing bacteria were removed from the rhizosphere it was found that the N2fixing activity dropped, indicating that other rhizosphere bacteria could also contribute to the fixation process13. The non-N2 fixer, Staphylococcus sp., isolated from mangrove roots also promotes N2 fixation by Azospirillum brasilense22.Phosphate solubilising bacteriaPhosphate solubilizing bacteria which act as potential suppliers of soluble forms of phosphorus have a great advantage for mangrove plants. Certain bacteria exhibit high phosphatase activity, capable of solubilizing phosphate23. In an arid mangrove ecosystem in Mexico, nine strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Xanthobacter agilis, Vibrio proteolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. tay/orae, E. asburiae, and Kluyvera cryocrescens were isolated from black mangrove (Aviciena germinant) roots. Further three strains viz. B. licheniformis, Chryseomonas luteola and Pseudomonas stutzeri were isolated from white mangrove (Languncularia racemosa) roots. This is the only report of the phosphate-solubilizing capacity of bacteria belonging to the genera Xanthobacter, Kluyvera and Chryseomonas, and of their presence in mangrove roots. The mechanism responsible for phosphate solubilization, in at least six of the above bacterial species, probably involved production of organic acids. Some of the organic acids might act as chelators displacing metals from phosphate complexes15.Sulfate reducing BacteriaMangrove sediments are mainly anaerobic with an overlying thin aerobic sediment layer. Degradation of organic matter in the aerobic zone occurs principally through aerobic respiration whereas in the anaerobic layer decomposition occurs mainly through sulfate-reduction24,25. Sulfate reduction accounts for almost 100% of the total emission of CO2 from the sediment26. Sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a temperate coastal marine sediment from shallow, brackish water in Denmark could degrade up to 53% of the total organic matter27. In Goa’s mangroves, eight species of sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans aestuarii, Desulfovibrio salexigens, Desulfovibrio sapovorans, Desulfotomaculum orientis, Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, Desulfosarcina variabilis, and Desulfococcus multivorans were isolated and tentatively classified within four different genera. These strains are nutritionally versatile and they have the ability to metabolize a wide range of simple compounds including lactate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and benzoate. The ability to use several different substrates may allow these microbes to compete effectively for nutrients in the mangrove environment28. In mangrove sediments, availability of iron and phosphorus may depend on the activity of sulfate- reducing bacteria25.SAHOO & DHAL: MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 251All sediments (associated or not associated with the plants) in Florida's mangroves contained a significant population of sulfate reducing bacteria that were able to fix N211.Photosynthetic anoxygenic bacteriaPhotosynthetic anoxygenic bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (or other reduced inorganic sulfur) instead of water as an electron donor in the photosynthetic reaction. Photosynthetic bacteria of the mangrove sediments include two major groups viz., purple sulfur bacteria (family Chromatiaceae, strains belonging to Chromatium sp.) and purple non-sulfur bacteria (family Rhodospirillaceae, strains belonging to Rhodopseudomonas sp.). Sulfur rich mangrove ecosystems, which have mainly anaerobic soil environments, provide favorable conditions for the proliferation of these bacteria. It has been reported in few papers about the presence of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in mangrove environments and one reason behind this may be that some of these bacteria are slow growers and difficult to handle in the laboratory. Nevertheless, representatives of the families Chromatiaceae (purple sulfur bacteria) and Rhodospirillaceae (purple nonsulfur bacteria) were found in Indian mangrove sediments29,30. The predominant bacteria in the mangrove ecosystem of Cochin (India) were identified as members of the genera Chloronema, Chromatium, Beggiatoa, Thiopedia, and Leucothiobacteri31,32. Large populations of Chromatium grew in enrichment cultures made of Florida's mangrove sediments. In mangroves on the coast of the Red Sea in Egypt, 225 isolates of purple nonsulfur bacteria belonging to ten species, representing four different genera, were identified. The strains were isolated from water, mud, and roots of Aviciena marina samples. Nine of the ten species inhabited the rhizosphere and root surface of the trees. The most common genera such as Rhodobacter and Rhodopseudomonas were detected in 73% and 80% of the samples respectively33. Some of the photosynthetic anoxygenic bacteria were also diazotrophic. Although there is yet no published evidence, one can hypothesize that photosynthetic anoxygenic bacteria, the predominant photosynthetic organisms in anaerobic environments, may contribute to the productivity of the mangrove ecosystems. Methanogenic BacteriaMethanogenic bacteria are probably an important component of the bacterial community in mangrove ecosystems. In an Indian mangrove ecosystem, the methanogenic bacteria population in the sediments fluctuated during the year from 3.6×102 to 1.1×105 cfug-1wet sediment, depending on temperature, pH, redox potential, and salinity of the water and sediments34. The presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria limits the proliferation of these bacteria35, a strain of the methanogenic bacterium, Methanococcoides methylutens36, and four strains of unidentified thermotolerant methanogenic bacteria37 were isolated from sediment of a mangrove forest. Methane may have been oxidized under anoxic conditions as occurred in hypersaline microbial mats38and anoxic marine sediment39. Another mangrove ecosystem cleared for aquaculture also showed significantly more methanodynamic activity (a dynamic system of methane production, oxidation, and emission)40. These results suggest that the potential of mangrove soils to emit methane was higher when there is anthropogenic activity41.A methanogenic bacterium, Methanococcoides methyJuteus, was isolated and characterized from the sediment of mangrove environment of Pichavaram, Southeast India42. Methanogenic bacteria were high during summer and pre-monsoon and low during monsoon and post-monsoon43.Enzyme producing bacteriaAbout 71% of bacterial strains produce L-asparaginase. It is an enzyme drug of choice used in combination therapy for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Since extraction of L-asparaginase from mammalian cells is difficult, microorganisms have proved to be a better alternative for L-asparaginase extraction, thus facilitating its large scale production. Mashburn and Wriston successfully purified Escherichia coli L-asparaginase and demonstrated its tumouricidal activity. Halophilic bacteria (Halococcus) isolated from mangrove sediments, produce L-asparaginase44. Arylsulfatase, an important enzyme that participates in the metabolism of sulphuric acid esters, produced predominantly by Bacillus, followed by Vibrio. One hundred and eight strains of bacteria show chitin degrading activity45.FungiMangrove areas or mangals are home to a group of fungi called “manglicolous fungi”. These organisms are vitally important for nutrient cycling in these habitats46,47and are able to synthesize all theINDIAN J MAR SCI. VOL.38, No 2 JUNE 2009 252necessary enzymes to degrade lignin, cellulose, and other plant components48,49,50,51. Hyde listed 120 species from 29 mangrove forests around the world52. These included 87 Ascomycetes, 31 Deuteromycetes, and 2 Basidiomycetes. In mangrove communities, over a hundred species of fungi were identified. About 48 fungal species were found in decomposing Rhizophora debris in Pichavaram, South India53. Most of the studies involving fungi are of a descriptive nature, designed for taxonomic and inventory interests. Fungal hyphae are commonly found on and in decomposing mangrove leaves and wood. In a mangrove from the coast of the Indian Ocean, Hyde identified 67 species of marine fungi and found an additional 20 unidentified species associated with mangrove roots and dead branches54. In addition to degrading lignin and cellulose, the fungi Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium moniliforme, Cirrenalia basiminuta, an unidentified hyphomycete and Halophytophthora vesicula isolated from the dead leaves of Rhizophora apiculata also show pectinolytic, proteolytic, and amylolytic activity55. These fungi begin the decomposition of vegetative material and thereby allow secondary colonization by bacteria and yeasts that further decompose the organic matter56. In an Indian mangrove, the first colonizers of fallen mangrove leaves were fungi and thraustochytrids (fungi-like unicellular protists). It is possible that both thraustochytrids and fungi tolerate high levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves of mangroves that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms57, Despite the great wealth of systematic information, there is a little knowledge about the role of mangrove fungi in nutrient recycling58. A few researchers have studied the physiology and biochemistry of manglicolous fungi. Many of the species produce interesting compounds. For example, most of the soil fungi produce lignocellulose-modifying exoenzymes like laccase55. Preussia aurantiaca synthesizes two new depsidones (Auranticins A and B) that display antimicrobial activity59.ActinomycetesActinomycetes play a quite important role in natural ecological system and they are also profile producers of antibiotics, antitumor agents, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and immunomodifiers which have been widely applied in industry, agriculture, forestry and pharmaceutical industry. The actinomycetes population density is less common in marine sediments relative to terrestrial soils60. In the past, the research work on actinomycetes was mainly concentrated on that of common habitats. Actinomycetes resources under extreme environments (including extreme high and low temperature, extreme high or low pH, high salt concentration etc.) have received comparatively little attention from microbiologists. The mangrove environment is a potent source for the isolation of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. An antibiotic compound-beta-unsaturated gama-lactone from Streptomyces grisebrunneus, showing wide-range anti-microbial activity, was isolated and identified61. Besides this, the Streptomycetes produce cellulase that degrades cellulolytic waste materials62. The actinomycetes, inhabiting the sediments and molluscs of Vellar estuary are the potential sources of extracellular enzymes involved in the marine environment. This would suggest that bioprospecting of enzymes of industrial needs can be made from these marine actinomycetes63. There is a scope for the use of S. galbus as an ideal organism for the industrial production of extracellular L-glutaminase and this can be pursued further64. Different strains of actinomycetes isolated from the sediments of the Vellar estuary, viz. S. alboniger, S. vastus, S. violaceus, S. moderatus and S. aureofasciculus elucidates interesting information on the antibiotic producing properties and possesses bioactive properties and can be utilized in future for isolating the bioactive compounds for human walefare65. It has been reported that S.albidoflavus has antitumor properties isolated from the Pichavaram mangrove environment66. Actinopolyspora sp. isolated from the west coast of India, showed good antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria like S. aureus, S. epidermis, B. subtilis and fungi such as A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. f1avus, F. oxysporum, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. where as it did not show any antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, E. aerogens and fungi like C. albicans and Cryptococcus Sp.67.Other potential usefulness of microbes from mangrove ecosystemsBesides these above microbes, there is the presence of other potential microbes in mangrove ecosystems on which much studies has not been done yet. In addition to processing nutrients, mangrove bacteria may also help in processing industrial wastes. Iron-reducing bacteria were common in mangrove habitatsSAHOO & DHAL: MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 253in some mining areas68. Eighteen bacterial isolates that metabolize waste drilling fluid were collected from a mangrove swamp in Nigeria69. Interestingly, four additional bacterial strains isolated from the same swamp depress growth rates of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species and could, therefore, decrease normal rates of organic decomposition70. Other mangrove bacteria are parasitic or pathogenic. Bdellovibrios capable of parasitizing Vibrio sp. are common in an Australian mangrove habitat71. Also in Australia, Bacillus thuringiensis, which showed insecticidal activity against mosquito larvae of Anopheles maculatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, has been isolated from mangrove sediments72,73. Nine species of purple non-sulfur bacteria have also been found in mangroves of Egypt33. Growth of the purple sulfur bacteria in these habitats was limited by low light and sulfide. Certain bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas mesophilica, P. caryophylls and Bacillus cereus exhibit magnetic behaviour which may be called magnetobacteria isolated from mangrove sediments of Pichavaram, Southeast India74. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts in the degrading materials such as polythene bags and plastic cups were recorded up to higher in comparison with fungi in an Indian mangrove soil. The microbial species found associated with the degrading materials were identified as five Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria, and eight fungal species of Aspergillus. The species that were predominant were Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus (Gram+ve), Moraxella, and Pseudomonas (Gram-ve) and two species of fungi (Aspergillus gloocus and A. niger). Among the bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. degraded 20.54% of polythene and 8.16% of plastics in one-month period. Among the fungal species, Aspergillus glaucus degraded 28.80% of polythene and 7.26% of plastics in one-month period. This work reveals that the mangrove soil is a good source of microbes capable of degrading polythene and plastics75. Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were isolated by enrichment techniques from soil and water samples collected from an oil spill site in the Niger delta area of Nigeria. The isolates included species of Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Serratia, Proteus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Candida, Geotrichum and Rhizopus76. Amanchukwu et al. demonstrated similarly that lower concentrations (1.5-6.0%) of hydrocarbons were highly utilized by Schizosaccharomyces pombe than higher concentrations (12%)77. Mangrove reforestation and conservation using Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) Mangrove greenbelts were known to offer some protection against destructive ocean events, such as tsunamis and tropical cyclones, but they have not always been valued for that function. It may be possible to use PGPB to speed up the development of mangrove plantlets for reforestation of the damaged areas or even to create artificial mangrove wetlands out of wastelands. PGPB promotes the plant growth by mechanisms such as N2fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore synthesis, or biocontrol of phytopathogens78,79,80,81. PGPB specific to mangrove ecosystems are unknown. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed that, in seawater in vitro, a dense population of Azospirillum brasilense and A. alopraeferens successfully colonized black mangrove roots, establishing an association with the plant within four days82. Inoculation of black mangrove plantlets with the cyanobacterium M. chthonoplastes yielded copious root colonization in a thick mucilaginous sheath which resulted in an increased in N z fixation83 and nitrogen accumulation in inoculated seedlings84. Many studies of plant-growth promotion by beneficial bacteria have reported the advantage of using mixed cultures of microorganisms over pure cultures80,81. It can be concluded that PGPB will effectively promote the growth of mangrove plantlets which will be helpful in mangrove reforestation.ConclusionMangrove ecosystems provide shelter and nurturing sites for many marine microorganisms. Conservation strategies for mangroves should consider the ecosystem as a biological entity, which includes all the physical, chemical, and ecological processes that maintain productive mangroves. Despite of various studies on the biogeography, botany, zoology, ichthyology, environmental pollution and economic impact of mangroves, little is known about the activities of microbes in mangrove waters and sediments. Due to the presence of rich source of nutrients mangroves are called the homeland of microbes. Extensive exploration, identification, isolation and screening is suggested in search of new leads for microbial drugs. AcknowledgementThe authors are thankful to the Director, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly RRL), Bhubaneswar for his valuable comments and valid suggestions during manuscript preparation.INDIAN J MAR SCI. VOL.38, No 2 JUNE 2009254References1 Alongi D M, Present state and future of the world'smangrove forests. Environ. Cons., 29 (3) (2002) 331-349.2 Spalding M, Blasco F & Field C, World Mangrove Atlas.Okinawa, Japan: The International Society for MangroveEcosystems, (1997) 178.3 State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun,1999.4 Chapman V J, Wet coastal ecosystems. Elsevier, (1977) 428.5 Tomlinson P B, Biogeography. In: Ashton P.S., Hubbel S.P.,Janzen D.H., Raven P.H., Tomlinson P.B. (eds) The botany ofmangroves, Cambridge University Press, New York, (1986)40-62.Bandaranayake, W.M., Traditional and medicinal usesof mangroves. Mang. and Salt Marsh., 2 (1998) 133-148.6 Bandaranayake W M, Traditional and medicinal uses ofmangroves. Mang. and Salt Marsh., 2 (1998) 133-148.7 Curtis T P, Solan W T & Scannell J W, Estimatingprokaryotic diversity and its limits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,USA, 99 (2002) 10494-10499.8 Das S, Lyla P. S. & Khan S A, Marine microbial diversityand ecology: importance and future perspectives; GeneralArticle, Curr Sci., 90(10) (2006) 25.9 Bano N, Nisa M U, Khan N, Saleem M, Harrison P J,Ahmed S I & Azam F, Significance of bacteria in the flux oforganic matter in the tidal creeks of the mangrove ecosystemof the Indus river delta, Pakistan. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 157(1997) 1-12.10 Kathiresan K, Ravikumar S, Ravichandran D &. Sakaravarthy K,Relation between tannin concentration and bacterial counts in amangrove environment. In Gautam, A (ed.), Conservation &Management of Aquatic Resources. Daya Publishing House, NewDelhi (1998) 97-105.11 Zuberer D A & Silver W S, Biological dinitrogen fixation(Acetylene reduction) associated with Florida mangroves.Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 35 (1978) 567-575.12 Zuberer D A & Silver W S, N 2-fixation (acetylenereduction) and the microbial colonization of mangrove roots.New Phytol., 82 (1979) 467-471.13 Holguin G, Guzman A & Bashan Y, Two new nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees: theirisolation, identification and in vitro interaction withrhizosphere Staphylococcus sp. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 101(3) (1992) 207-216.14 Toledo G, Bashan Y & Soeldner A, Cyanobacteria and blackmangroves in Northwestern Mexico: colonization, anddiurnal and seasonal nitrogen fixation on aerial roots. Can. J.of Microbiol., 41 (1995a) 999-1011.15 Vazquez P, Holguin G, Puente M E, Lopez-Cortes A &Bashan Y, Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associatedwith the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastallagoon. Bioi. Fertil Soils, 30 (2000) 460-468.16 Krotzky A & Werner D, Nitrogen fixation in Pseudomonasstutzeri. Arch. Microbiol., 147 (1987) 48-57.17 Alongi D M, Boto K G & Robertson A I, Nitrogen andPhosphorus cycles. In Robertson A I. & D. M. Alongi (eds),Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. Washington DC: Ameri.Geophy. Uni., 41 (1992) 251-292.18 Alongi D M, Christoffersen P & Tirendi F, The influence offorest type on microbial-nutrient relationships in tropicalmangrove sediments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 171 (1993)201-223.19 Pelegri S P & Twilley R R, Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) during leaf-litter decomposition of two mangrove species from South Florida, USA. Mar. Biol, 131 (1) (1998) 53-61. 20 Ravikumar S, Nitrogen-fixing azotobacters from the mangrove habitat and their utility as bio-fertilizers. Ph.D. thesis, Annamalai University, India. (1995) 120. 21 Sengupta A, & Chaudhuri S, Halotolerant Rhizobium strains from mangrove swamps of the Ganges River Delta. Indian J. Microbiol., 30 (1990) 483-484. 22 Holguin G & Bashan Y, Nitrogen-fixation by Azospirillum brasilense is promoted when co-cultured with a mangrove rhizosphere bacterium (Staphylococcus sp.). Soil Biol. and Biochem. 28 (12) (1996) 1651-1660. 23 Sundararaj V , Dhevendran K, Chandramohan D & Krishnamurthy K, Bacteria and primary production. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 3 (1974) 139-141. 24 Nedwell D B, Blackburn T H & Wiebe W J, Dynamic nature of the turnover of organic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sediments of a Jamaican mangrove forest. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 110 (1994) 223-231. 25 Sherman R E, Fahey T J & Howarth R W, Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: iron, phosphorus and sulfur dynamics. Oecologia, 115 (1998) 553-563. 26 Kristensen E, Holmer M & Bussarawit N, Benthic metabolism and sulfate reduction in a south-east Asian mangrove swamp. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. 73 (1991) 93-103. 27 Jorgensen B B, The sulfur cycle of a coastal marine sediment (Limfjorden, Denmark). Limnol. Oceanogr. 22 (1977) 814-832. 28 Lokabharatbi P A, Oak S, & Chandramohan D, Sulfate reducing bacteria from mangrove swamps. Their ecology and physiology. Oceanol. Acta., 14(2) (1991)163 - 171. 29 Vethanayagam R R, Purple photosynthetic bacteria from a tropical mangrove environment. Mar. Biol., 110 (1991) 161-163. 30 Vethanayagam R R & Krishnamurthy K, Studies on anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sp. from the tropical mangrove environment. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 24 (1995) 19-23. 31 Dhevendaran K, Photosynthetic bacteria in the marine environment at Porto-Novo, Cochin. Fish Technol. Soc., 21 (1984)126-130. 32 Chandrika V, Nair P V R & Khambhadkar L R, Distribution of phototrophic thionic bacteria in the anaerobic and micro-aerophilic strata of mangrove ecosystem of Cochin. J. Mar. Biol Assoc. India 32 (1990) 77-84. 33 Shoreit A A M, EI-Kady I A & Sayed W F, Isolation and identification of purple nonsulfur bacteria of man gal and non-mangal vegetation of Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Limnologica, 24 (1994) 177-183. 34 Mohanraju R & Natarajan R, Methanogenic bacteria in mangrove sediments. Hydrobiol., 247 (1992) 187-193. 35 Ramamurthy T, Raju R M & Natarajan R, Distribution and ecology of metbanogenic bacteria in mangrove sediments of Pichavaram, east coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 19 (1990) 269- 273. 36 Mobanraju R, Rajagopal B S, Daniels L & Natarajan R, Isolation and characterization of a methanogenic bacterium from mangrove sediments. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 5 (1997) 147-152. 37 Marty D G, Description de quatre souches methanogenes thermotolerantes isolees de sediments marins ou intertidaux. C R Acad Sci III , 300 (1985) 545-548.。

深圳福田红树林保护区生物多样性监测报告

深圳福田红树林保护区生物多样性监测报告一、简介二、研究目的本次研究的目的是监测深圳福田红树林保护区的生物多样性，包括植物、动物和微生物，以了解其现状和长期变化趋势，并为保护区的生态环境保护和发展提供科学依据。

三、研究方法1.植物监测：采用样点法，随机选取30个样点，并对每个样点内的植物进行物种鉴定和数量统计。

2.动物监测：采用诱捕法和直接观察法相结合，捕捉和观察保护区内的鸟类、爬行类（蛇、蜥蜴等）、兽类（猴子、水獭等）和昆虫等动物。

3.微生物监测：采用土壤样品和水样进行微生物多样性监测，通过分析土壤和水中的细菌和真菌群落结构来评估微生物多样性。

四、监测结果1.植物多样性：经过植物监测，共鉴定出保护区内植物物种250余种，包括红树林、湿地植物和陆地植物等。

其中，红树林的面积占保护区总面积的70%以上。

2.动物多样性：经过动物监测，共鉴定出保护区内鸟类90多种，爬行类和兽类20多种，昆虫众多。

其中，有部分为珍稀濒危物种，如白鹭、虎头蛇、香獐等。

3.微生物多样性：经过微生物监测，发现保护区内的土壤和水体中分布着丰富的微生物种类，包括细菌和真菌等。

这些微生物对于保护区内生态系统的平衡和稳定起着重要作用。

五、结论和建议1.深圳福田红树林保护区具有丰富的生物多样性，包括植物、动物和微生物等。

但有部分物种存在濒危和受威胁的情况，需要加强保护措施。

2.保护区的红树林是维持生物多样性的关键，需要加强红树林的保护和恢复工作，包括防止非法砍伐和破坏，减少土地开发等。

3.鸟类是保护区内的重要组成部分，特别是渡鸟对保护区的生态功能有重要影响，需要加强对鸟类的保护和研究。

4.加强保护区的巡护力度，严禁非法捕杀和破坏保护区内的动植物。

5.继续监测保护区的生物多样性，建立长期监测体系，了解其变化趋势，为科学合理地制定保护和管理措施提供参考。

六、总结通过本次生物多样性监测报告，我们了解到深圳福田红树林保护区拥有丰富的生物资源，但也存在一定的濒危和受威胁物种。

中国红树林保护成就与存在问题-中国生物圈保护区

中国 37 种红树植物和半红树植物中有近 50% 的种类已处于不同程度的珍稀濒危状态。
群落退化、小种群濒危
中国乡土红树林宜林滩涂面积只有约0.6万公顷，不得不用外来速生树种进行困难滩涂红树林造林。
前淹后断的红树林
我国的红树林发育不超过 6000 年。海平面升高 23mm/ 年的今天，堤前红树林“前淹后断”，总体趋于衰退。
省（区）
广东广西海南福建浙江合计
保护地数量（个） 13 5 8 3 1 30
保护红树林面积（公顷）
9049.83 4498.11 3998.74 847.27
11.18 18405.13
占全国红树林总面积比例（%）
论文（2.53万公顷）湿地调查（3.45万公顷）
35.75
26.25
17.77
保护地级别
保护地数量（个）
保护红树林面积（公顷）
国家级
6
11092.30
省级
5
4521.40
县市级
9
1881.20
小计
20
17494.90
国家级
7
623.17
省级湿地公园 3
287.06
小计
10
910.23
30
18405.13
占全国红树林总面积比例（%）
论文（2.53万公顷）湿地调查（3.45万公顷）
可口革囊星虫
中国鲎
访问性游泳动物
入侵物种与外来物种
互花米草
入侵物种互花米草在一些海区包围了乡土红树林。中国近17年来新增红树林的80%是外来速生树种无瓣海桑。外来物种拉关木的扩张性较强，应引起高度重视。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

1 2 3 4 5
泌盐红树植物
其它子系统丰富
a. b. c. d. 鸟类底栖藻类兽类、蛇等
藻类
中国红树林区大型藻类有4门，28属中国红树林区大型藻类有4门，28属55 种，其中蓝藻门有10属17种，红藻门种，其中蓝藻门有10属17种，红藻门有5属13种，褐藻门有1属2种，绿藻门 13种，褐藻门有1 有13属23种。以鹧鸪菜属 13属23种。以鹧鸪菜属（Caloglossa）、卷枝藻属（Bostrychia）、浒苔属（Enteromorpha）和鞘丝藻属（Lyngbya）的一些种类占优势。
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
15.R. stylosa 红海榄 15.R.
+
+
+
+
5.Euphorbiaceae
16.Excoecaria agallocha海漆 16.Excoecaria agallocha海漆
+
+
+
+
+
+
6.Meliaceae
17.Xylocarpus granatum木果楝 17.Xylocarpus granatum木果楝
水椰群系
水椰群落
其他
卤蕨群落海漆群落榄李群落
四、主要生态作用与经济利用
1.通过网罗碎屑的方式促进土壤的形成，抵抗潮汐和洪 1.通过网罗碎屑的方式促进土壤的形成，抵抗潮汐和洪水的冲击，保护堤岸； 2.过滤陆地迳流和内陆带出的有机物质和污染物； 2.过滤陆地迳流和内陆带出的有机物质和污染物； 3.为许多海洋动物（包括渔业、水产生物）提供栖息和 3.为许多海洋动物（包括渔业、水产生物）提供栖息和觅食的理想生境； 4.是为近海生产力提供有机碎屑的主要生产者； 4.是为近海生产力提供有机碎屑的主要生产者； 5.植物本身的生产物，包括木材、薪炭、食物、药材和 5.植物本身的生产物，包括木材、薪炭、食物、药材和其它化工原料等； 6.红树林是可以进行社会教育和旅游的自然和人文景观。 6.红树林是可以进行社会教育和旅游的自然和人文景观。开展红树林研究不仅有重要的理论意义，还有现实的经济意义。
种名
Barringtonia racemosa玉蕊 racemosa玉蕊 Cerbera manghas海芒果 manghas海芒果 Dolichandron spathacea海滨猫尾木 spathacea海滨猫尾木 Pluchae indica阔苞菊 indica阔苞菊 Hernandia sonora莲叶桐花 sonora莲叶桐花 Pongamia pinnta水黄皮 pinnta水黄皮 Pemphis acidula水芫花 acidula水芫花 Hibiscus tiliascus黄槿 tiliascus黄槿 Thespesia populnea杨叶肖槿 populnea杨叶肖槿
+
海南 7.Myrsinaceae 8.Palmae 9.Rubiaceae 18.Aegiceras corniculatum桐花树 18.Aegiceras corniculatum桐花树 19.Nypa fruticans水椰 19.Nypa fruticans水椰 21.Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea瓶花 21.Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea瓶花木 + + + + + + + +
香港 +
澳门 +
广东 +
广西 +
台湾
福建 +
浙江
10.Sonneratiaceae 22.Sonneratia alba杯萼海桑 22.Sonneratia alba杯萼海桑 23.S. caseolaris海桑 23.S. caseolaris海桑 24.S. hainanensis海南海桑 24.S. hainanensis海南海桑 25.S. ovata卵叶海桑 25.S. ovata卵叶海桑 11.Sterculiaceae 26.Heritiera littoralis银叶树 26.Heritiera littoralis银叶树
高渗透压
红树植物适应高盐度生境，主要是依靠其渗透压高。有人报告说白骨壤的渗透压可以高到160大气压力，虽然后来的资料证可以高到160大气压力，虽然后来的资料证明红树植物的渗透压没有这样高，通常只有30－60大气压，例如海桑平均是32.0， 30－60大气压，例如海桑平均是32.0，红茄冬是33.0，白骨壤是34.5-62.0大气压。红茄冬是33.0，白骨壤是34.5-62.0大气压。它们比之一般的陆生植物已是高得很多（后者只有5 10个大气压）。（后者只有5-10个大气压）。
省/地区海香澳广广台福浙南港门东西湾建江
+ + + + + + +
8.Bruguiera cylindrica 柱果木榄 9.B. gymnorrhiza 木榄 10.B. sexangula 海莲 10. 11.B. s.var.rhynochopetala尖瓣海莲 11. var.rhynochopetala尖瓣海莲 4.Rhizophoraceae 12.Ceriops tagal 角果木 12. 13.Kandelia candel 秋茄 13.Kandelia 14.Rhizophora apiculata 红树 14.Rhizophora
海南
+ + + + + + + + + + 10
香港
澳门
广东
广西
台湾
+
福建
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + 3
+ + + 8
+
9.Verbenaceae
Premna obstusifolia钝叶臭黄荆 obstusifolia钝叶臭黄荆 10
合计
4
2
7
1
三.中国红树林的群落多样性
胎生现象
显胎生的木榄
角果木
海莲
红海榄、角果木－显胎生
隐胎生
根系多样性
红树植物根系示意图
红树型
白骨壤型
木榄型Βιβλιοθήκη 澳洲木果楝型木果楝型
红海榄的支柱根
红茄冬的支柱根
木榄的膝状呼吸根
海莲林内根系
银叶树的板状根
海桑笋状呼吸
白骨壤的指状呼吸根
榄李表面根
旱生结构
a. b. c. d. 叶渗透压单宁光合与盐分代谢
木榄群系红树群系秋茄群系角果木群系桐花树群系白骨壤群系海桑群系水椰群系此外，尚存少量群落，如榄李群落、银叶树群落。
木榄群系
海莲群落
木榄群落
红树群系
正红树群落
红海榄群落
秋茄群系
秋茄群落
角果木群系
角果木群落
桐花树群系
桐花树群落
白骨壤群系
白骨壤群落
海桑群系
无瓣海桑群落
卵叶海桑群落
红树植物生长于土壤干旱生境下, 红树植物生长于土壤干旱生境下,而叶又展布于赤日炎炎和强风高热的空气中,叶片表现出特殊的构造: 炎和强风高热的空气中,叶片表现出特殊的构造:
1. 叶通常厚革质或有些肉质,全缘叶通常厚革质或有些肉质, 2. 表皮组织有厚膜而且角质化,有光泽表皮组织有厚膜而且角质化, 3. 气孔常深藏于表皮下,前室为瓮状气孔常深藏于表皮下, 4. 贮水组织常具存,且有时巨大贮水组织常具存, 5. 叶脉尖端扩大而成贮水的管胞 6. 长形的石细胞或韧皮状机械细胞具存于栅栏组织之间 7.有些种类的叶下面密被茸毛 7.有些种类的叶下面密被茸毛 8. 有些种类的细胞具有胶性粘膜 9. 叶肉几乎没有细胞间隙,而栅栏组织的叶注仅有绿色组织叶肉几乎没有细胞间隙, 10. 有些属类的叶具有与光平行注位置,因此而成等面叶,以避有些属类的叶具有与光平行注位置,因此而成等面叶, 免强光的直射. 免强光的直射.
浮游植物
我国红树林区，已鉴定的浮游植物有９６种，其中硅藻９２种，甲藻３种，蓝藻１种。在种类和细胞数量上以硅藻占绝对优势，优势种有窄隙角毛藻等角毛变种、短孢角毛藻、扁面角毛藻、拟弯角毛藻、距端根管藻、覆瓦根管藻、菱形海线藻和伏氏海毛藻等。
动物
中国红树林区内有鸟类１７目３９科２０１种、昆虫１３目７３科１４２种、底栖动物１１３科２９９种，以及一些哺乳类和爬行类
泌盐系统
红树植物的盐腺系统是复杂的，从图中可见该系统由5 从图中可见该系统由5个亚系统或称5个部分）组成。从叶肉向叶表面排列是：收集细胞亚系统（若干个细胞组成）基细胞亚系统（仅一个扁平细胞）分泌细胞（由20个到42个细胞组分泌细胞（由20个到42个细胞组成）收集室亚系统（一个气室）盐腺盖亚系统（周围一个角质层套，上一个角质层盖，并有若干个泌盐孔组成）
富含丹宁综合我国有关资料，各种红树植物的树皮含丹宁的重量比例约为木榄 12.7-22.73%，红海榄12.36-24%，秋 12.7-22.73%，红海榄12.36-24%，秋茄12.4-30.76%，角果木28.15-29.67%， 12.4-30.76%，角果木28.15-29.67%，海漆6.8-9.3%，榄李20.8%，桐花树海漆6.8-9.3%，榄李20.8%，桐花树 8.95-19.58%，海莲20.10-23.0%，红 8.95-19.58%，海莲20.10-23.0%，红树13.6%，木果楝30.0%，白骨壤0.3%。 13.6%，木果楝30.0%，白骨壤0.3%。其中除白骨壤外，均有开发价值。