2018华中师范大学翻硕、百科真题(英语、日语)
华中师范835考研18年真题
2018年一，名词解释（共6小题，每题4分，共24分）1.数学交流数学交流，是运用表达数学概念、关系、方法、问题、思想的语言与情感的过程.也指数学信息接收、加工、传递的动态过程，从广义上看，数学交流就是探索数学和应用数学解决问题的动态过程。
2.同化数学认知结构是以同化和顺应两种方式得到不断发展和完善的。
其中同化是指学生在学习数学时，总是以原有的数学认知结构为依据对新知识进行加工。
当新知识能与原有的数学认知结构中适当的知识相联系，那么通过新旧知识的相互作用，新知识被纳入原有的数学认知结构之中，从而扩大了它的内容，这一方式称为同化。
3.数学观数学教育中的数学观，就是指从数学教育的基本任务出发来认识和理解数学的特点。
这里既要注意凡是科学都具备的共同特点，如：观察、实验、想象、直觉、猜测、反驳、验证等，又要注意数学与其他科学共同点之间存在差异的方面，比如：凡是科学都有抽象性、严谨性、应用性特点，而数学在这些方面又有其特殊性。
4.数学抽象数学具有高度的抽象性，数学在抽象性方面，具有区别于其他科学的独有特点，主要表现在数学对象的抽象性、数学理论的抽象性、数学方法的抽象性等方面。
数学抽象还具有理想化、形式化等特点。
5.合作学习合作学习是指在教学活动中，学生为了完成共同的学习任务，有明确责任分工的互助性学习方式。
合作学习鼓励学生为集体的利益和个人的利益而一起工作，在完成共同任务的过程中实现自己的理想。
6.数学素养数学素养又称数学素质，数学能力等，不同的学者对数学素养的界定有所差别。
一般地，数学素养是指学生为了满足自身发展和社会发展所必须具备的数学方面的品格和能力，是数学的知识、能力和情感态度价值观的综合体。
中学数学素养的构成要素为：数学运算、数学推理、数学建模、数据分析、直观想象、逻辑推理。
一、简答题（共4小题，每题10分，共40分）1.你认为数学兴趣和能力哪个更重要？简要说明理由。
（1）想要学好数学，兴趣和能力同样不可或缺。
华中农业大学2018考研真题之448-汉语写作与百科知识
华中农业大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试试题纸科目代码及名称：448 汉语写作与百科知识第1页共3 页注意：所有答案必须写在答题本上．不得写在试题纸上．否则无效。
一．单项选择题〈每题1分，共15 分〉1、下列说法有误的一项是：（）。
A .《论语》是春秋战国时期儒家学派的创始人孔子所著，是记录孔子言行的著作。
B. 王裁之是东晋杰出的书法家，被称为“书圣＂，他的《兰亭集序》帖是我国古代书法艺术最灿烂的瑰宝，被称为“天下第一行书”。
C. 莫泊桑是法国作家，被称为短篇小说的巨匠，代表作品有《我的叔叔于勒》、《项链》等。
D.《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史，全书一百三十篇。
作者是西汉史学家、文学家司马迁。
被誉为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”。
2、下面哪一项不是梁启超的翻译思想？（）A .救亡图存，必须发展翻译事业，培养翻译人才。
B. 提倡翻译政治小说，启发民智。
C. 主张用比较通俗的语言去翻译外国著述。
D. 强调译事之难，必须加以认真研究。
3、下列说法有误的一项是：（〉。
A.古代刻在器物上用来警诫自己或者称颂功德的文字，叫做“铭”，后来就成为一种文体，这种文体一般是用韵的。
B. “说＂，在古代是一种表明自己观点的文体，比如《马说》、《黄生借书说》、《爱莲说》。
C.消息一般由标题、导语、主体、背景和结语组成，常按照“次重要一重要一最重要”的顺序安排材料。
它的写作要求真实、及时、简明。
D.古人说“弱冠＂是指男子20岁，“鸿雁）｝常用来喻指书信。
4、被称为“极端直译的代表”的人物是下列哪一位？（）A. 庞德 C. 斯坦纳B. 纳博科夫D. 加切奇拉泽5、王某与张某是邻居，一日为琐事争吵以致互殴，公安机关进行了调解。
双方对医疗费赔偿等达成了调解协议。
事后，王某履行了调解协议，而张某没有履行。
王某请求公安机关强制执行调解协议。
公安机关的下列哪一做法是正确的？（〉A. 不予执行，告知王某向人民法院就该纠纷提起民事诉讼。
B. 不予执行，告知王某提起行政附带民事诉讼以撤销该调解协议，并判决张某赔偿医疗费。
2018年国际关系学院翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题
2018年国际关系学院翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作名词解释1．至于对文化的结构，一般把它分为四个层次：一为物态文化层；二为制度文化层；三为行为文化层；四为心态文化层。
正确答案：(1)物态文化层：指人的物质生产活动及其产品的总和，是看得见摸得着的具体实在的事物，如人们的衣、食、住、行等。
(2)制度文化层：指人们在社会实践中建立的规范自身行为和调节相互关系的准则。
2．中国的自然地势是西高东低。
高原和丘陵差不多占了三分之二，有四大高原，都集中于西部和北部。
丘陵和平原则分布于东部，有所谓四大平原。
正确答案：(1)四大高原：指青藏高原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原、云贵高原。
青藏高原平均海拔4 000米以上，被称为“世界屋脊”。
内蒙古高原为中国第二大高原，是全国著名的畜牧业基地。
黄土高原水土流失严重，是黄河泥沙的主要来源地。
云贵高原平均海拔1 000米～2 000米。
石灰岩地形分布广，是世界上岩溶地貌发育最典型的地区之一。
(2)四大平原：指东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原和珠江三角洲平原。
3．许慎《说文解字》一书，系统分析了汉字的六种结构，学术上称为“六书”。
我国古代的图书分类自汉代“七分法”之后，到晋代产生了“四分法”。
后来《隋书-经籍志》著录了东汉以来的大量文献，并按四部分类，从此有了“四部”之称。
正确答案：(1)六书：是古人分析汉字的造字法而归纳出来的六种条例，即象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借。
前四者指汉字的形体结构，后两者指汉字的使用方法。
(2)四部：即经、史、子、集，是我国古代图书分类的名称，又称“四部分类法”“四库分类法”“四分法”。
其在我国通行千余年，被许多史志、官簿及私人藏书目录用作分类依据，对古典文献的保管和流通起过一定的积极作用。
4．古时祭祀以“五岳”“四海”等最为重要，因为它们代表了帝王统治的江山社稷。
我国古代现存的历史名楼，确实都在山水胜地。
2018年华中师范大学考研教育硕士(Ed.M)教育综合真题及标准答案
2018年华中师范大学考研教育硕士（Ed.M）教育综合真题试卷(总分：28.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.学制（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：学校教育制度简称学制，是指一个国家各级各类学校的系统及其管理规则的总称，它规定着各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限，以及它们之间的关系。
学制是教育制度的核心内容。
目前，学制主要有双轨学制、单轨学制和分支型学制三种类型，当代双轨制逐渐向单轨制方向发展，综合中学是实现并轨的一个好方法。
)解析：2.修养（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：修养是在教师引导下学生经过自觉学习、自我反思和自我行为调节，使自身品德不断完善的一种重要方法。
修养包括立志、学习、反思、箴言、慎独等。
运用修养要注意以下几点要求：(1)培养学生自我修养的兴趣与自觉性；(2)指导学生掌握修养的标准；(3)引导学生积极参加社会实践。
)解析：3.产婆术（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：苏格拉底法，又称“问答法”“产婆术”。
苏格拉底在哲学研究和讲学中，形成了由讥讽、助产术、归纳和定义四个步骤组成的独特的方法，称为苏格拉底法。
讥讽是就对方的发言不断提出追问，迫使对方自陷矛盾，无言以对，最终承认自己的无知。
华中师范大学研究生英语期末考试真题
华中师范大学研究生英语期末考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1华中师范大学研究生英语期末考试真题Instructions:1. This test is divided into three sections: reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and writing.2. Total test time: 3 hours.3. All answers must be written in English.Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:Technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, altering the way we live, work, and communicate. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant attention and is being integrated into various aspects of our daily lives. Some view AI as a breakthrough technology that has the potential to enhanceefficiency and productivity, while others express concerns about its impact on jobs and personal privacy.Questions:1. What is the main focus of the passage?2. What are the two contrasting views on AI mentioned in the passage?3. How is AI described in terms of its potential impact on society?Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio clips and answer the questions that follow.Clip 1: A news report on the latest technological innovations.Questions:1. What new technology is mentioned in the report?2. How is this technology expected to benefit society?Clip 2: An interview with a renowned AI researcher.Questions:1. What are the key challenges faced by researchers in the field of AI?2. How do you see AI evolving in the future?WritingIn 300-500 words, discuss your perspective on the role of artificial intelligence in today's society. Consider both the benefits and challenges associated with the widespread adoption of AI technologies. Provide examples to support your argument.Good luck!篇2华中师范大学研究生英语期末考试真题Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. For each question, choose the best answer from the four choices.Passage 1The Rise of the Gig EconomyIn recent years, the gig economy has been on the rise, transforming the way people work. With the rise of digital platforms like Uber, Airbnb, and TaskRabbit, more and more people are choosing to work as freelancers and independent contractors instead of traditional full-time employment.This shift in the labor market has both positive and negative effects. On one hand, it provides flexibility and autonomy for workers to choose when and where they work. It also creates opportunities for people to earn extra income outside of their regular jobs. On the other hand, it can lead to job insecurity, lack of benefits, and uncertainty about future income.Despite the challenges, the gig economy is here to stay. As technology continues to advance and more people seek flexible work arrangements, the gig economy will only continue to grow in the coming years.1. What is the gig economy?A. Traditional full-time employmentB. Freelance and independent workC. Digital platforms like Uber and AirbnbD. Job insecurity and lack of benefits2. What are some of the positive effects of the gig economy?A. Job insecurity and lack of benefitsB. Flexibility and autonomy for workersC. Uncertainty about future incomeD. Traditional full-time employment3. Why will the gig economy continue to grow in the coming years?A. Technology advancementB. Lack of benefitsC. Job insecurityD. Traditional full-time employmentPassage 2The Benefits of ExerciseRegular exercise has numerous benefits for both the body and mind. Not only does it help you stay physically fit and healthy, but it also has positive effects on your mentalwell-being.On a physical level, exercise can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It can also improve your cardiovascular health, strengthen your muscles and bones, and increase your overall energy levels.But the benefits of exercise go beyond just physical health. Research has shown that regular exercise can also have a positive impact on mental health. It can help reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, improve cognitive function, and boost your mood.In conclusion, making exercise a regular part of your routine can have a lasting impact on your overall health and well-being.4. What are some of the benefits of exercise on a physical level?A. Increase symptoms of depression and anxietyB. Reduce the risk of chronic diseasesC. Improve cognitive functionD. Decrease overall energy levels5. How can exercise benefit mental health?A. Increase symptoms of depression and anxietyB. Boost your moodC. Strengthen your muscles and bonesD. Reduce the risk of chronic diseases6. What is the conclusion regarding the benefits of exercise?A. Exercise has no impact on overall health and well-beingB. Exercise can have positive effects on both physical and mental healthC. Exercise can only improve cognitive functionD. Regular exercise is not important for maintaining good healthPart II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.7. I have never seen such a beautiful sunset before, ______ this one over the ocean.A. asB. likeD. except8. ______ the rain, the game will still go on as planned.A. WhetherB. AlthoughC. UnlessD. Since9. The new manager has made some significant changes in the company, ______ morale has improved.A. whateverB. whichC. thatD. whose10. ______ I have known her for years, I still don't know her very well.A. BecauseB. AlthoughC. SincePart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 1The Rise of Remote WorkRemote work has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more companies allowing employees to work from home or other locations outside of the office. This shift has been driven by advances in technology, as well as the desire for more flexible work arrangements.11. What has driven the rise of remote work?A. Advances in technologyB. Lack of desire for flexible work arrangementsC. More companies requiring employees to work from homeD. None of the above12. Why have more companies allowed employees to work remotely?A. To increase employee productivityB. To save on office space and overhead costsC. To give employees more flexibility in their work arrangementsD. To force employees to work longer hours13. What are some of the benefits of remote work?A. More employee surveillanceB. Increased face-to-face interactionsC. Greater flexibility for employeesD. More rigid work schedulesPassage 4The Importance of Work-Life BalanceMaintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential for overall well-being. It is important to take breaks and disconnect from work in order to recharge and prevent burnout. Finding time for leisure activities, hobbies, and spending time with loved ones is equally important.16. Why is maintaining a healthy work-life balance important?A. To prevent burnoutB. To work longer hoursC. To increase stress levelsD. To avoid leisure activities17. How can taking breaks and disconnecting from work benefit you?A. Decrease energy levelsB. Increase stress levelsC. Recharge and prevent burnoutD. None of the above18. What should be included in a healthy work-life balance?A. Working longer hoursB. Neglecting leisure activities and hobbiesC. Spending time with loved onesD. None of the aboveConclusion:The gig economy, the benefits of exercise, remote work, and work-life balance are all important topics in today's society. It's crucial for individuals to understand these concepts and howthey can impact their lives both professionally and personally. By staying informed and making conscious choices about how we work and live, we can create a more fulfilling and balanced life for ourselves. Good luck on your exam!篇3华中师范大学研究生英语期末考试真题Part A: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Computers are an indispensable part of our contemporary world. Their generality, versatility and performance have made them an important tool in everyday life. While computers offer many benefits, their rapid development has also brought about new challenges to society.1. According to the passage, computers have become an important tool for what reason?A. Their generality and versatility.B. Their rapid development.C. Their performance.D. None of the above.2. What has computers' rapid development brought about, according to the passage?A. Challenges to society.B. Benefits to society.C. More jobs for people.D. Better communication among people.3. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of computers in our contemporary world.B. The challenges brought about by the rapid development of computers.C. The benefits of computers in everyday life.D. The generality and versatility of computers.4. What word can best describe computers, according to the passage?A. Indispensable.B. Limiting.C. Optional.D. Outdated.5. What is the author's tone in the passage?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Indifferent....Part B: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of about 500 words on the following topic. You should first draft your essay, and then proofread it. Your essay should bewell-organized, and your ideas should be clearly stated. Youshould avoid repetition, and use proper grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary.Topic: Discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on society.In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements and has started to permeate various aspects of our lives. Some argue that AI has the potential to revolutionize society, while others fear the consequences of its rapid development. In your essay, discuss the impact of artificial intelligence on society. Consider both the positive and negative aspects of this technology and provide examples to support your arguments.Overall, the final exam for the graduate students at Huazhong Normal University covers a range of topics related to English language proficiency and critical thinking skills. Students are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the material and their ability to analyze and synthesize information effectively. This exam serves as a comprehensive assessment of their academic progress and readiness for future challenges in their academic and professional careers.。
2018年华中师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题(回忆版)及详解【圣才出品】
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2018年华中师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释1．学制2．修养3．产婆术4．稷下学宫5．五育并举6．学习策略二、简答1．简述教育的政治功能。
2．孔子认为教师应该具备的基本特点。
3．文艺复兴时期，人文主义教育的主要特征。
4．简述赫尔巴特教学形式阶段论的内容。
三、论述1．论述文化知识的育人价值。
2．论黄炎培的职业教育思想。
3．举例论证教学过程中的直观性原则及要求。
4．论创造性的内涵及培养途径。
2018年华中师范大学333教育综合[专业硕士]考研真题（回忆版）及详解一、名词解释1．学制答：现代教育制度的核心部分是学校教育制度。
学校教育制度简称学制，是指一个国家各级各类学校的系统及其管理规则，它规定着各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限以及它们之间的关系。
2．修养答：修养是德育方法的一种。
在教师引导下学生经过自觉学习、自我反思和自我行为调节，使自身品德不断完善的一种重要方法。
包括学习、座右铭、立志、自我批评、慎独等内容。
个人道德修养的提高，主要有赖于学习人类积累的科学知识和道德经验。
座右铭能帮助学生抓住个人的主要问题，经常反省、长期坚持。
立志是立定人生志向，树立远大思想，使之成为个人前进的动力。
自我批评包括自我反省，是提高思想觉悟、防止不良习气影响的有力武器。
慎独是自我修养的最高境界。
3．产婆术答：苏格拉底在哲学研究和讲学中，形成了由讥讽、助产术、归纳和定义四个步骤组成的独特的方法，称为苏格拉底方法（或称“产婆术”）。
讥讽是就对方的发言不断提出追问，迫使对方自陷矛盾，无词以对，终于承认自己的无知。
助产术即帮助对方自己得到问题的答案。
归纳即从各种具体事物中找到事物的共性、本质，通过对具体事物的比较寻求“一般”。
4．稷下学宫答：稷下学宫创立于齐桓公当政时期，距今约2370年。
是战国时代齐国一所著名的学府，它既是战国百家争鸣的中心与缩影，也是当时教育上的重要创造。
稷下学宫对中国古代学术、文化和教育的发展，产生过重大的历史影响。
华中师范大学MTI真题
华中师范大学MTI真题Multiple Choice (30 points, 1 point for each)1. The American approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is lessemphasis on learning facts than _______ true in the systems of any other countries.a) is b) it is c) it being d) to be2. Cinema-goers hate _______long queues before all cinemas.a) there being b) there to be c) there is d) there are3. _______ had a passion for walking, we started off by car.a) when b) as c) after d) while4. The opposition parties are planning to bring _______ a No-Confidence Motion against the Prime Minister.a) up b) forward c) out d) about5. India is one of the several countries which are _______ affected by widespread deforestation and steady destruction of natural watersheds.a) critically b) remarkably c) superficially d) strongly6. If you take care of the pence, the _______ will take care of themselves.a) dollars b) cents c) pounds d) money7. Over the course of centuries, the river Ganges has _______ its course many a times.a) altered b) deviated c) recovered d) adjusted8. A notable patriot and revolutionary _______ lost-to India in the death of Subhash Chandra Bose.a) was b) were c) had d) have9. The dacoits attacked the village and every man, woman and child _______ put to death.a)was b) were c) is d) are10 They tried to reassure me but I was still not able to _______ my fears.a) annul b) prevent c) reduce d) curtail11. always preferred the _______ of the big city.a) anonymity b) obscurity c) distinctiveness d) none of these12. The opposition _______ the Minister by furious criticism.a) ascribed b) hailed c) treated d) assailed13. His jokes failed to ________ even the faintest of smites from her.a) invoke b) elicit c) attract d) make14. Credit card crime is reaching _______ proportions.a) endemic b) epidemic c) unbelievable d) great15. The visitor was welcomed _______ and introduced to the Governor.a) ceremoniously b) ceremonially c) affectionately d) perfectly16. She showed great _______ and finesse in dealing with the troublesome situation.a) tact b) trick c) ability d) power17. She _______ her disapproval of the show by leaving the auditorium.a) engaged b) saw c) envisaged d) evinced18. Coaching classes often act as the _______ to success in competitive examinations.a) way b) means c) door d) window19. The poor woman has _______ many hardships after her husband died many years ago.a) born b) bore c) borne d) boar20. We partook _______ the humble meal provided by the villagers.a) with b) of c) at d) from21. This is similar to the other tune, but quite _______ from it.a) distinctive b) distinct c) diverge d) divergent22. A leading chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry because much of the relevant nomenclature is _______ . in that it combines concepts that should be kept a) obscure. . . interrelated b) specialized. . . intactc) imprecise. . . discrete d) descriptive. . . separate23. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought:the more convoluted the structure, the more _______ the ideas.a) complicated b) inconsequential c) elementary d) fanciful24. A war, even if fought for individual liberty and. democratic rights, usually requires that these principles be _______ , for they are _______ the regimentation and discipline necessary for militaryefficiency.a) rejected. . . inherent in b) suppressed fulfilled throughc) suspended. . . incompatible with d) followed. . . disruptive of25. A number of writers who once greatly _______ the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting _______ for their former criticism.a) lauded. . . censure b) influenced. . . analysisc) simulated. . . ambivalence d) honored. . . adulation26. A human being is quite _______ creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears and _______ is thin and often easily breached.a) a logical. . . problems b) a ludicrous. . . laughterc) a valiant. . . phobias d) an ambitious. . . morality27. The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations, ________ to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at thattime would have beena) resolved. . . detrimental b) refused. . . aproposc) declined. . . inopportune d) struggled. . . unconscionable28. Because the monkeys under study are _______ the presence of human beings, they typically _______ human observers and go about their business.a) ambivalent about . . . welcome b) habituated to . . . disregardc) pleased with . . . snub d) unaware of avoid29 He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered _______ bordering on hostility.a) patience b) discretion c) indifference d) ineptitude30. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that Inns constantlyrefused to_______ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be _______ .a) acknowledge. . . ignored b) decrease. . . verifiedc) tolerate. . . accepted d) address. . . eliminated?. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points for each)Read the following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in Passage 1,2and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your understanding of the passage. (1)Scattered around the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hotspots (hot spot: a place in the upper mantle of the earth at which hot magma from the lower mantleupwells to melt through the crust usually in the interior of a tectonic plate to form a volcanic feature;also: a place in the crust overlying a hot spot). Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found alongthe boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth's crust; most hot spots liedeep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep in the layers of the Earth's surface. Hot spots arealso distinguished from other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metalsthan do those from volcanoes at plate margins.In some cases, plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the sameway that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It appears that the Hawaiian Islandswere created in such a manner by a single source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which thePacific Ocean plate passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a lineof volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains梩he Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge梡arallel the configuration of the Hawaiian chain; they are also aligned from the east towardthe northwest, with the most recent volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses.That the Pacific plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative motionof the plates has been reconstructed in. detail. However, the relative motion of the plates with respectto the Earth's interior cannot be determined easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments forresolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whetherone is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The most compelling evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots, lavas of several ages are superposedinstead ofbeing spread out in chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the tracksof hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so. Several studies support suchan assumption, including one that has shown that prominent hot spots throughout the world seem notto have moved during the past ten million years.Beyond acting as frames Of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes that propel the prates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, materialwelling up from deeper layers forms abroad dome that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In someinstances, the continental plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spotinitiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of thecontinental plates, so hot-spot activity may suggest a theory to explain their mutability.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______ .(A) describe the way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes(B) describe and explain the formation of the oceans and continents(C) explain how to estimate the age of lava flows from extinct volcanoes(D) describe hot spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the motion of plates2. According to the passage, hot spots differ from most voicanoes in that hot spots _____ .(A) can only be found near islands(B) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their tarns(C) are situated closer to the earth's surface(D) can be found along the edges of the plates3. It can be inferred from the passage that evidence for the apparent course of the Pacific plate has been provided by the ______ .(A) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains(B) dimensions of ocean hot spotsC) concurrent movement of two hot spots(D) pattern of fissures in the ocean floor4. The passage suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the Austral Ridge, and the Tuamotu Ridge?(A) The three chains of islands are moving eastward.(B) The three island chains are a result of the same plate movement.(C) The Hawaiian Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a relatively rapid rate.(D) The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together whereas the Hawaiian Islands have remained stationary.5. Which of the following, if tree, would best support the author's statement that hot-spot activitymay explain the mutability of continental plates?(A) Hot spots move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates.(B) Hot spots are reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.(C) Hot spots are regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental plates(D) The coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have constituted a single continent that raptured along a line of hot spots.(2)"They treat us like mules," the guy installing my washer tells me, his eyes narrowing as he wipes his hands. I had just complimented him and his partner on the speed and assurance of their work. Heexplains that it's rare that customers speak to him this way. I know what he's talking about. My motherwas a waitress all her life, in coffee shops and fast-paced chain restaurants. It was hard work, but sheliked it, liked "being among the public," as she would say. But that work had its sting too--the customer who would treat her like a servant or, her biggest complaint, like she was not that bright.There's a lesson here for this political season: the subtle and not-so-subtle insults that blue-collarand service workers endure as part of their working lives. And those insults often have to do with intelligence.We like to think of the United States as a classless society. The belief in economic mobility is central to the American Dream, and we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism. But we alsohave a troubling streak of aristocratic bias in our national temperament, and one way it manifests itselfis in the assumptions we make about people who work with their hands. Working people sense thisbias and react to it when they vote. The common political wisdom is that hot-button social issues havedriven blue-collar voters rightward. But there are other cultural dynamics at play as well, And Democrats can be as oblivious to these dynamics as Republicans梩hough the Grand Old Party didappeal to them in St. Paul.Let's go back to those two men installing my washer and dryer. They do a lot of heavy lifting quickly梞ine was the first of 15 deliveries梐nd efficiently, to avoid injury. Between them there is ongoing communication, verbal and nonverbal, to coordinate the lift, negotiate the tight fit, move inrhythm with each other. And all the while, they are weighing options, making decisions and solvingproblems梐s when my new dryer didn't match up with the gas outlet.Think about what a good waitress has to do in the busy restaurant: remember orders and monitorthem. attend to a dynamic, quickly changing environment, prioritize tasks and manage the flowofwork, make decisions on the fly. There's the carpenter using a number of mathematical concepts ymmetry proportion, congruence, the properties of angles梐nd visualizing these concepts while building a cabinet, a flight of stairs, or a pitched roof.The hairstylist's practice is a mix of technique, knowledge about the biology of hair, aesthetic judgment and communication skill. The mechanic, electrician, and plumber are troubleshooters andproblem solvers Even the routinized factory floor calls for working smarts. When has any of this madeits way into our political speeches? From either party. Even on Labor Day. Last week, the GOP masterfully invoked some old cultural suspicions: country folk versus city and east-coast versusheartland education. But these are symbolic populist gestures, not the stuff of true engagement. Judgments about intelligence carry great weight in our society, and we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people's intelligence based on the kind of work they do.Political tributes to labor over the next two months Will render the muscled arm, sleeve rolled tight against biceps. But few will also celebrate the thought bright behind the eye, or offer an imagethat links hand and brain. It would be fitting in a country with an egalitarian vision of itself to have atruer, richer sense of all that is involved in the wide range of work that surrounds and sustains us. Those politicians who can communicate that sense will tap a deep reserve of neglected feeling. And those who can honor and use work in explaining and personalizing their policies will find a welcome reception.6. To illustrate the intelligence of the working class, the author cites the examples of all of the following EXCEPT ______ .(A) hairstylist and waitress (B) carpenter and mechanic(C) electrician and plumber (D) street-cleaner and shop-assistant7. In the sentence "we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism" (para. 3), the word "egalitarianism" can be replaced by ______ .(A) individualism (B) enlightenment(C) equality (D) liberalism8. We can conclude from the passage that ______ .(A) in America, judgments about people's intelligence are often based on the kind of work they do(B) the subtle and not so subtle insults towards, blue-collars are a daily phenomenon in America(C) the United States is a. classless society(D) the old cultural suspicions, of country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland education show the Republican's true engagement9. One of the major groups of targeted readers of the author should be ______ .(A) blue-collar American workers(B) middle-class American businessmen(C) American politicians(D) American company leaders10. Which of the following summarizes the main idea of the passage?(A) The Democratic Party and the Republican Party should stop symbolic populist gestures.(B) Political tributes should mind the subtle bias against the intelligence of the working class.(C) The ruling party should acknowledge the working smarts of blue-collars.(3)Joy and sadness, are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that-the expression of many emotions may beuniversal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facialexpressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach ofenemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. Inclassic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions werebeing depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New. Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The For also displayed familiar facialexpressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called forbasic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a studyof ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multipie emotions were shown byfacial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown andwhich emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles andin the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to thishypothesis,signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so aperson's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as faras possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. " Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which isthe level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism, intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and therelease of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses. ) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles-around the eyes and a subtle drop inthe eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead topleasant feelings.Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response 梐slong as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening thelip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.11. The word "despondent" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) curious(B) unhappy(C) thoughtful(D) uncertain12. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to ______ .(A) differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it(B) upport Darwin's theory of evolution(C) provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood(D) contrast a facial expression that is-easily understood with other facial expressions13. The word "concur" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) estimate(B) agree(C) expect(D) understand14. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Eore people of New Guinea?(A) They did not want to be shown photographs.(B) They were famous for their story telling skills.(C) They knew very little about Western culture.(D) They did not encourage the expression of emotions.15. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?(A) They would become less intense.(B) They would last longer than usual.(C) They would cause problems later.(D) They would become more negative.(4)BANKS mimic other banks. They expose themselves to similar risks by making the same sorts of loans. Each bank's appetite for lending rises and falls in sync. What is safe for one institution becomesdangerous if they all do the same, which is-often how financial trouble starts. The scope for nasty spillovers is increased by direct linkages. Banks lend to each other as well as to customers, so one firm's failure can quickly cause others to fall over, too.Because of these connections, rules to ensure the soundness of each bank are not enough to keepthe banking system safe. Hence the calls for "macroprudential" regulation to prevent failures of thefinancial system as a whole. Although there is wide agreement that macropmdential policy is neededto limit systemic risk, there has been very little detail about how it might work. Two new reports helpfill this gap. One is a discussion paper from the Bank of England, which sketches out the elements of amacroprudential regime and identifies what needs to be decided before it is put into practice. Theother paper by the Warwick Commission, a group of academics and experts on finance from aroundthe world, advocates specific reforms.The first step is to decide an objective for macroprudential policy. A broad aim is to keep the financial system working well at all times. The bank's report suggests a more precise goal: to limitthechance of bank -failure to its "social optimum". Tempering the boom-bust credit cycle and taking some air out of asset, price bubbles may be necessary to meet these aims, but both reports agree thatshould not be the main purpose of regulation. Making finance safer is ambitious enough. Policymakers then have to decide on how they might achieve their goal. The financial system is too willing to provide credit in good times and too shy to do so in bad times. In upswings banks arekeen to extend loans because write-offs seem unlikely. The willingness of other banks to do the sameonly reinforces the trend. Borrowers seem less likely to default because with lots of credit around, thevalue of their assets is rising. As the boom gathers pace, even banks that are wary of making fresh loans carry on for fear of ceding ground to rivals. When recession hits, each bank becomes fearful ofmaking loans partly because other banks are also reluctant. Scarce credit hurts asset prices and leavesborrowers prey to the cash-flow troubles of customers and suppliers.Since the cycle is such an. -influence on banks, macroprudential regulation should make it harder for all banks to lend so freely in booms and easier for them to lend in recessions. It can do this by tailoring capital requirements to the credit cycle. Whenever overall credit growth looks too frothy, themacroprudential body could increase the minimum capital buffer that supervisors make each bankhold. Equity capital is relatively dear for banks, which benefit from an implicit state guarantee on theirdebt finance as well as the tax breaks on interest payments enjoyed by all firms. Forcing banks to holdmore capital when exuberance reigns would make it costlier for them to supply credit. It would alsoprovide society with an extra cushion against bank failures.Each report adds its own twist to this prescription. The Bank of England thinks extra capital may be needed for certain sorts of credit. If capital penalties are not targeted, it argues, banks may simplycut back on routine loans to free up capital for more exotic lending. The Warwick report says eachbank's capital should also vary with how long-lived its assets are relative to its tunding. Firms with bigmaturitiy mismatches are more likely to cause systemic problems and should be penalised. The ease ofraising cash against assets and of rolling over debt varies over the cycle, and capital rules need to reflect this. Regulators should also find ways to match different risks with the firms which can bestbear them. Ranks are the natural bearers of credit risk since they know about evaluatingborrowers.Pension funds are less prone to sudden withdrawals of cash and are the best homes for illiquid assets.The Warwick group is keen that macroprudential policy should be guided by rules. if credit, assetprices and GDP were all growing above their long-run average rates, say, the regulator would be forced to step in or explain why it is not doing so. Finance is a powerful lobby. Without such a triggerfor intervention, regulators may be swayed by arguments that the next credit boom is somehow different and poses few dangers. The bank frets about regulatory capture, too, but doubts that any rulewould be right for all circumstances. It favours other approaches, such as frequent public scrutiny, tokeep regulators honest.When banks attack, no regulatory system is likely to be fail-safe. That is why Bank of England officials stress that efforts to make bank failures less costly for society must he part of regulatory reform. That includes making banks' capital structures more flexible, so that some kinds of debt turninto loss-bearing equity in a crisis. Both reports favour making systemically important banks hold extra capital, as they pose bigger risks when they fail.The Warwick group also thinks cross-border banks should abide by the rules of their host countries, so that macroprudential regulation fits local credit conditions. That would require that foreign subsidiaries be independently capitalised, which may also be necessary for a cross-border bank to have a credible "living will", a guide to its orderly resolution. This. advice will chafe most inthe European Union, where standard rules are the basis of the single market. But varying rules on capital could also be used as a macroeconomic tool in the euro area, where monetary policy cannot betailored to each country's needs. Regulation to address negative spillovers that hurt financial stabilitymight then have a positive spillover for economic stability.Answer the following questions in your own words according to the requirements. The answers should be as clear and relevant as possible.16. What is the situation facing banks and why?17. Based on your understanding of the passage, what might be the meaning of "boom-bust credit cycle" and "asset price bubbles" in the 3rdparagraph?18. How do The Bank of England and the Warwick group respond to the "macroprudential" regulation?19. Why does the Bank of England emphasize taking efforts to make bank failures less costly for society should be part 9f regulatory reform? What measure(s) does it suggest to achieve this goal.20. Why will the European Union feel annoyed about the advice of the Warwick group put forward in the last paragraph of this passage??. Essay Writing (30 points)。
华中师范大学《大学英语》2017-2018学年第一学期期末试卷B卷
C l a s s N a m eS I C n u m b e r E x a m T i m eE x a m R o o m装订线Central China Normal University2017–2018first semester Final Exam Paper （B）ComposerMarkerCheckerNo.IIIIIIIVVTotalＭarksMarksMarkerⅠ.Vocabulary.（1point each，20points intotal）Choose a word or phrase that best completes each of the followingsentences.1.Many collegiate sports competitions are now _______by various business enterprises.A.improvedB.promotedC.recognizedD.sponsored.2..________their performance,a number of reviews have been carried in the local newspapers.A.In accordance withB.In regard toC.In terms ofD.In the way of 3.Digital devices such as computers have built-in electronic ________that can turn on and off extremely rapidly A.machines B.designs C.circuits D.materials 4.More recently,________researchers have turned their attention to the study of variation patterns in American English and to the social and historical sources of these patterns.A.linguist B.linguistic C.lingual D.lexical5.In his speech,there is no information ____to the recent development in cancer research.A.belonging B.bringing C.leading D.pertaining6.Manufacturing used to be accompanied by hand,but most of today’s modern manufacturing operation are highly mechanized and ____.A.automatedplicatedC.controlledD.manual 7.It is estimated that cultivated fields ___crops more than four times as much as natural wild fields A.grow B.make C.manufacture D.yield 8.The requirements and methods of modern warfare have made swords____as combat weapons.A.dispensable B.obsolete C.unnecessary eless 9.Recent environmental protection campaigns have moved people to a new level of environmental _______and activism.A.alertness B.familiarity C.consciousness rmation 10.The poverty line in the United states is ____annually to allow for inflation .A.adjusted B.determined C.modified D.raised 11.He is looking forward to winter for the ____of long walks in snowy weather .A.enjoyment B.fun C.refreshment D.refresher 12.The sinking of the Titanic has been the subject of several books and films,but not until September 1985was the actual ____found and the area photographed by a joint Frenchen U.S.expedition .A.crash B.mess C.wreck D.trash 13.In contemporary society,dances often provide important occasion for young people to____.A.entertain B.blend C.socialize D.talkC l a s s N a m eS I C n u m b e r E x a m T i m e E x a m R o o m装订线14.To take part in that kind of social activity is generally considered as ____to the participants.A.inferior B.demeaning C.notorious D.outrageous 15.The name of the grass “wild rice ”is ______because wild rice is not related to common cultivated rice and it is usually much taller when grown up.A.meaninglessB.misleadingC.mistakenD.misunderstood.16.Quite a large number of old people enjoy _________in gardens on sunny afternoons in winter.A.sauntering B.tramping C.trotting D.wandering 17.A literate population is a necessity for any nation wishing to ________modern technological growth..A.take advantage ofB.take a chance ofC.take care ofD.take into puter technology has brought about rapid scientific development and dramatic social progress that were barely ________less than fifty years ago.A.convincing B.existing C.imaginable D.feasible 19.The Huang He is traditionally referred to as “China’s Sorrow”because,throughout Chinese history,it has periodically ________large areas by flooding.A.depressed B.devastated C.occupied D.overwhelmed 20.In writing,you should avoid using ________expressions;clear and straightforward ones can help the readers understand your viewpoint more easily.A.mystifying B.puzzling C.uncertain D.vagueMarksMarkerII .Reading.（2points each，40points in total）Direction:There are 4passages in this part.Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B)C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet .Passage OneQuestions 21to 25are based on the following passage:Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星)now,one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it,say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星)that race across the night sky.Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us.But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $50million worth of new telescopes right now.Then spend $10million a year for the next 25years to locate most of the space rocks.By the time we spot a fatal one,the scientists say,we’ll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons.But the cost wouldn’t be cheap.Is it worth it?Two things experts consider when judging any risk are:1)How likely the event is;and 2)How bad the consequences if the event occurs.Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000years.Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall,it would be the end of the world.“If we don’t take care of these big asteroids,they’ll take care of us,”says one scientist.“It’s that simple.”The cure,though,might be worse than the disease.Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth?“The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的)rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,”said a New York Times article.21.What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A)They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B)They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C)There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D)Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22.What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A)It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B)Such a collision might occur once every 25years.C)Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D)It’s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23.What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the courses of asteroids?A)It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B)It may create more problems than it might solve.C)It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D)Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.45624.We can conclude from the passage that ______________.A)while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB)asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC)the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD)workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth25.Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage?A)Optimistic.B)Critical.C)Objective.D)Arbitrary.Passage TwoQuestions 26to 30are based on the following passage:Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉)can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point.It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75percent using a simple optical illusion.Bent stripes,called chevrons (人字形),painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are,and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C.is planning to repeat Japan’s success.Starting next year,the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents,according to the foundation.To help reduce those accidents,the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves,exit slopes,traffic circles,and bridges.Some studies suggest that straight,horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.However,traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.Chevrons,scientists say,not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower.The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway sped and the number of traffic accidents.26.The passage mainly discusses __________.A)a new way of highway speed control B)a new pattern for painting highways C)a new approach to training drivers D)a new type of optical illusion27.On roads painted with chevrons,drivers tend to feel that __________.A)they should avoid speed-related hazards B)they are driving in the wrong lane C)they should slow down their speedC l a s s N a m eS I C n u m b e r E x a m T i m e E x a m R o o m装订线D)they are approaching the speed limit28.The advantage of chevrons over straight,horizontal bars is that the former ___________.A)can keep drivers awakeB)can cut road accidents in halfC)will have a longer effect on drivers D)will look more attractive29.The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to __________.A)try out the Japanese method in certain areas B)change the road signs across the countryC)replace straight,horizontal bars with chevrons D)repeat the Japanese road patterns30.What does the author say about straight,horizontal bars painted across roads?A)They are falling out of use in the United StatesB)They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C)They are applicable only on broad roads.D)They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage ThreeQuestions 31to 35are based on the following passage:Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司)was experiencing a downswing in rider ship(客运量)along the lines comprising its rail system.Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham,were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.]At one time,trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west.Trains were fast,very luxurious,and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time.However,times change and the automobile became America’s standard of convenience.Also,air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances.Therefore,the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.Two portions of the total market were targeted:1)anxious fliers-thoseconcerned with safety,relaxation,and cleanliness and 2)travel-lovers-those viewing themselves as relaxed,casual,and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation.The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom,escape,relaxation,and enjoyment of the great western outdoors.It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures.Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder,etc.).These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences.Results were impressive.The Empire Builder,which was focused on in one ad,enjoyed a 15percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.31.What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A)To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience.B)To stress the influence of the automobile on America’s standard of convenience.C)To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion.D)To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumer attitudes.32.It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that ________.A)trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportationB)trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportationC)trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to be D)trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience33.To encourage consumers to travel by train,DDB Needham emphasized __________.C l a s s N a m eS I C n u m b e rE x a m T i m eE x a m R o o m装订线A)the freedom and convenience provided on trains B)the practical aspects of train travel C)the adventurous aspects of train trips D)the safety and cleanliness of train trips34.The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV programs involving nature and America because ____________.A)they could focus on meaningful travel experiencesB)they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs C)their profits could be increased by some 15percentD)most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audiences35.According to the passage,the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits because ___________.A)the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertised B)it provided an exciting travel exper5ienceC)its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoorsD)it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines in Chicago and SeattlePassage FourQuestions 36to 40are based on the following passage :Why does cram go bad faster than butter?Some researchers think they have the answer,and it comes down to the structure of the food,not its chemical composition-a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances,so why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery.Both are emulsions-tiny globules (小球体)of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another.The difference lies in what’s in the globules and what’s in the surrounding liquid,says Brocklehurst,who led the investigation.In cream,fatty globules drift about in a sea of water.In butter,globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat.The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture.“This means that in cream,the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,”he says.When the situation is reversed,the bacteria are locked away in compartments (隔仓室)buried deep in the sea of fat.Trapped in this way,individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients (养料).They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products.“In butter,you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,”says Brocklehurst.The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the food’s structure.Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream,for instance,more like that in butter.The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump.36.The significance of Brocklehurst’s research is that ____________.A)it suggested a way to keep some foods fresh without preservativesB)it discovered tiny globules in both cream and butterC)it revealed the secret of how bacteria multiply in cream and butterD)it found that cream and butter share the same chemical composition37.According to the researchers,cream sours fast than butter because bacteria _________.A)are more evenly distributed in creamB)multiply more easily in cream than in butter C)live on less fat in cream than in butter D)produce less waste in cream than in butter38.According to Brocklehurst,we can keep cream fresh by ___________.A)removing its fat B)killing the bacteriaC)reducing its water content D)altering its structure39.The word “colonies”(Line 2,Para.4)refers to __________.A)tiny globules B)watery regionsC)bacteria communities D)little compartmentsmercial application of the research finding will beC l a s s N a m eS I C n u m b e r E x a m T i m e E x a m R o o m 装订线possible if salad cream can be made resistant to bacterial attack _____________.A)by varying its chemical composition B)by turning it into a solid lumpC)while keeping its structure unchanged D)while retaining its liquid formMarksMarkerIII .Paraphrase.（2pointseach，10points in total）Explain the following italicized parts in your own words.1.He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval,as a colonel might look at a pirate whose bootlaces were undone.2.The teaching set-up appalled me.3.Tom closed the car window and sat back in his seat,in hostile silence4.Mrs.long clung to the case for a moment,claiming his attention first5.How grateful we are to you both for taking Tom off at such short notice.MarksMarkerIV .Translation.（2points each,10points in total）Translate the following sentences into English.1.他们是在慎重的考虑之后才决定离开家乡在巴黎定居下来。