自考0094外贸函电课程复习重点
最新外贸函电-重点总结
外贸函电期末重点总结这是我自己总结的重点，如有错漏，欢迎指出哦！写作部分集中在PPT的5至9单元；后面没说的单元也会在考试中涉及，但所占分数很少。
UNIT 1 商业书信的撰写1、注意书信的格式（包括信头、封内行名和地址、编号、附件等）格式如下：2、写作时使用平头式、缩行式或混合式均可以，建议使用平头式（如书本P8所示）3、签名在有资格授权的情况下的书写：per procurationem 或per pro.或p.prop.p.For…例如：per pro. The Asian Trading Co.UNIT 2 建立业务关系1、“把……介绍给……”的表达：Through the courtesy of …, we know your company 通过……我们知道你们公司Your company has been kindly introduced to us by…你们的公司蒙……介绍给我们We owe your name to the …多蒙……把你们的名字介绍给我们on the recommendation of …由……介绍Let us introduce …让我们介绍一下……We wish to introduce ourselves to you as…我们把自己作为……介绍给你们be introduced to 被介绍给……2、经营范围的表达…fall within our business activities\ fall within the business scope of……属于我们的经营范围Our lines are mainly …我们主要从事……3、建立业务关系enter into (establish, build，open up) business relations with 与……建立业务关系4、at an early date:尽早5、enclose：附寄，附在信里Enclosed please find our brochure. 随信附寄我们的产品手册。
4月全国外贸函电自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试外贸函电试题课程代码：00094一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.We regret we cannot _____ you in this respect. （）A. accommodateB. accumulateC. populateD. appreciate2. ______ Contract No.123, we are agreeable to D/P payment terms.（）A. With regard forB. With regards forC. With regard toD. With regards to3. We ________ your shipping advice by cable.（）A. waitB. wait toC. awaitD. await for4. Risks other than All Risks and War Risk can be ________ if the extra premium should be borne by the buyer.（）A. coveredB. recoveredC. uncoveredD. discovered5. We have pleasure in informing you that we have completed the above shipment _____ the stipulations set forth in the L/C.（）A. in and withB. in accordance withC. in connection withD. in terms with6. We will do our best to _______ shipment to meet your requirements in time.（）A. expectB. expediteC. exerciseD. examine7. Because there is no direct steamer from here to your Port, we suggest that you ______trans-shipment at Hong Kong.（）A. may acceptB. can acceptC. must acceptD. accept8. We are looking forward _____ receiving your enquiries soon.（）A. forB. ofC. byD. to19. We are establishing the relative L/C with the Bank of China, Shanghai and shall let you know by cable _______ it is opened.（）A. untilB. beforeC. unlessD. as soon as10. We very much regret to state that our end-users here find your price too high and ______line ________ the prevailing market level.（）A. in, forB. out of, withC. at, throughD. for, by11.We note from your letter of November 11 that the price offered by us ________ the subject article is found to be high.（）A. onB. atC. toD. for12. We wonder whether you could use Type A ______ Type B.（）A. because ofB. in spite ofC. instead ofD. replace of13. We wish to _____ your attention to the fact that the date of delivery is approaching.（）A. payB. drawC. pushD. put14.Please see ______ the L/C stipulations are in exact accordance with the terms of the Contract.( )A. to itB. to thatC. to it thatD. to it which15.As your prompt attention to shipment is most desirable to all parties ____ , we hope you will let us have your telegraphic shipping advice without further delay.（）A. concernB. concerningC. to concernD. concerned16. After inspection of the above shipment we found 6 cases ______.（）A. lossB. losingC. missedD. missing17. ____ we would like to close the business with you, we find your bid unacceptable.（）A. As muchB. Much asC. Like muchD. Much like18. It is our foreign _____ policy to trade with foreign countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.（）A. businessB. marketC. tradeD. deal19.Our corporation handles exclusively the import and export business of light industrial________.（）2A. productsB. goodsC. produceD. cargo20. We are in possession of your letter of the 11th July ,______ which we note that you have established the L/C in our favour.（）A. ofB. throughC. byD. from二、填空题（本大题共25空，每空1分，共25分）请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。
《外贸函电》复习重点(节选)
《外贸函电》复习重点（节选）《外贸函电》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业专科段必考课程和英语专业的选修课程，是一门融国际贸易业务与英语为一体的实用英语课。
我国已经加入了世界贸易组织，随国际商业往来的日益频繁，对本课程的学习需求与日俱增。
在国际贸易中，买卖双方通过洽商，就各项交易条件取得一致协议后，交易即告达成，买卖双方当事人即存在合同关系。
国际买卖合同的商订是整个交易过程中最重要的一个环节，虽然可以通过口头的方式进行，但实践中，主要是通过函电的方式进行。
1999年出台的《新合同法》第10条和第11条规定：当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
书面形式是指合同书、信件以及数据电文（包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。
“函”是“封套”的意思，即是指信件，而“电”即是包括电报、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件等在内的数据电文的统称。
所以说，函电不仅是洽商国际买卖合同的手段，而且是签订国际买卖合同的主要形式之一。
虽然从狭义的角度讲，《外贸函电》课程属于英语课的范畴，但却有其明显的不同于一般的英语课程的特殊性。
外贸英语函电作为开展对外经济贸易业务和有关活动的重要工具，其课程的开设目的主要是为了让学生能系统地学习、掌握外贸英语函电，主要是书信体的行文结构、专业词汇及语言文体等特点，提高在日常对外经贸工作中正确地使用英语语言和进行对外各项业务联系和通讯活动的能力，以适应对外经济贸易发展的需要。
为了达成这一目的，教材内容按照国际贸易实务程序，涵盖建立业务关系、询价、报盘、外贸政策、还盘、谢绝还盘、确认订货、谢绝订货、实盘、虚盘、续订、形式发票、转交业务关系、支付方式、修改信用证、催开信用证、装运须知、信用证延期、装船、敦促立即装运、请求修改信用证、保险、装运、短重索赔、了结索赔、次品投诉、换货等实务流程，以书信为主体，每课均包括书信范本、生词与表达式、课文注释和课后练习等，旨在使学员了解对外贸易业务各个环节，同时学习和掌握英语在各个业务环节中的应用。
外贸英语函电期末复习重点1-9
一到九章及一些附加内容第一章Basic Knowledge of Business Letter Writing1.1 Structure 构成：a.Letterhead(信头)——发件人的信息（名称、电话、地址）b. Reference and date（发文编号和日期）c. Inside Name and Address(封内名称和地址)——收件人的信息d. attention line (注意事项)e. The Salutation(称呼)f. the Subject Line(事由标题)g. The Body of the Letter(信的正文)h. Complimentary Close(结尾敬语)i. The Signature(签名)j. enclosure (附件)k. carbon copy notation(抄送)l. postscript(附言)1.2 Envelope 信封的写法：China National Chemicals (stamp)Import&Export Co. 寄件人地址Beijing,ChinaOverseas Trading Co.153 Market street 收件人地址London, E.C.3Registered 挂号信1.3 Principle 写信原则：Courtesy 礼貌Conciseness 简洁Clearness 清晰第二章Establish Business Relations 建立贸易关系2.1 Structure第一部分说明信息来源Commercial Counselor office商务参赞处；Embassy 大使馆；Chamber of commerce 商会；第二部分说明写信目的+自我介绍leading importer 主要进口商/ one of the largest importers 最大的进口商之一deal with/ specialize in 专营competitive price 竞争价格/ enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉for your reference 供你方参考; fall(be) within the scope of 属于…的经营范围enter into business relations 建立贸易关系in the market for想要购买/in the hope of doing sth. 希望acquaint sb. with sth. 让某人了解某事/ Credit standing 商业信用第三部分要求寄送有关资料+表达合作愿望2.2 Sentences①We learned/ heard/obtained your company from the Internet that you are one of the leading manufactures in this line.我们从互联网上得知贵公司,你们是这方面领先的制造商之一。
全国4月高等教育自学考试外贸函电试题及答案解析历年试卷及答案解析
全国4月高等教育自学考试外贸函电试题及答案解析历年试卷及答案解析全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试外贸函电试题课程代码：00094一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.Fifty cases of Green Tea you sent us were found to be badly damaged. This was apparentlyattributable to _____ packing.( )A.inferiorB.superiorC.faultyD.mistake2.We trust you will do your best to have this matter _____ right away.( )A.settleB.to settleC.settlingD.settled3.By joint efforts we can _____ both friendship and business.( )A.increaseB.promoteC.expandD.extend4.We _____ you for the special offer you send us.( )A.thankB.appreciateC.be gratefulD. beindebted5.We are looking forward to _____ your L/C for Order No 123.( )A.receiveB.receiveingC.be receivedD.be receiving6.This is our best price, _____ which we have concluded many orders with other buyers in yourcity.( )A.onB.forC.byD.at7.As it involves only a small _____, we hope you will have no difficulty on promotion.( )A.qualityB.figureC.quantityD.number8.Our payment terms are _____, irrevocable letter of credit for the full invoice value.( )A.confirmed/doc/d9*******.html,bined/doc/d9*******.html,mitted/doc/d9*******.html,pleted9.Since the premium varies with the scope of _____ extra premium is for buyer’s account, shouldadditional risks be covered?( )A.assuranceB.insuranceC.businessD.enterprises10.Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit_____ you.( )A.gets/doc/d9*******.html,esC.arrivesD.reaches11.We shall advise you by cable as soon as the goods _____.( )A.will shipB.will be shippedC.shipD.are shipped12.According to the shipping _____ it will be impossible for us to ship the goods inOctober.( )A.scheduleB.timetableC.planD.scheme13.This offer is firm, subject to your immediate reply _____ should reach us not later than the endof this month.( )A.itB.theyC.whatD.which14.We cannot entertain your suggestion _____ it does not seem workable.( )A.becauseB.forC.soD.therefore15._____ your information, we have received a crowd of enquiries from buyers in otherdirections.( )A.OnB.ForC.ByD.At16.We enclosed our Purchase Confirmation No. 4848 _____ duplicate.( )A.inB.forC.withD.through17.We cannot _____ present entertain any fresh orders for Younger Brand Men's Shirts.( )A.ofB.atC.toD.for18._____ you like other items, kindly let us know and we shall be only too pleased to make youoffers direct.( )A.In caseB.In the caseC.In this caseD.In that case19.Generally we cover insurance _____ definite instructions from our clients.( )A.in absence ofB.in the absence ofC.in no absence ofD.in all absence of20.We lodge a claim _____ you _____the short--weight.( )A.with…withB.for…forC.with…forD.for …with二、填空题(每空1分，共25分)1.can you offer us machine tools _____ the following specification?2.To trade _____ the people of all countries _____ the basis of equality and mutual benefit is ourestablished policy.3.Please make sure that the stipulations in the L/C are _____ exact accordance _____ the terms ofthe Sales Contract.4.We shall certainly contact you, as soon as we are _____ a position to entertain new business inyour district.5.We note from your letter of September 10th that you are interested _____ walnut meat.6.Owing _____ unusual shortage of stock, this offer is made, subject to the goods being unsold.7.There is always a ready market _____ Sewing Machines, provided they are _____ good qualityand competitive in price.8.We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the relative L/C _____ the end of this year.9.We shall open an L/C _____ you favor _____ Barclay's Bank here _____ the extent of 15000.10.It is necessary _____ you to comply with our shipping instructions.11.We refer _____ you letter of May 2.12.It is our sincere hope that you will direct your efforts _____ the promotion of this new productin your market _____ our mutual benefit.13.We shall be glad to receive you offer _____ walnut meat, shipment, _____ September/October_____ transshipment at Hongkong.14.We prefer Chinese bicycles _____ Japanese bicycles _____ their fine quality.15.Will you send us _____ return mail pamphlets and price list _____ your exports?三、英汉翻译(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1.We would like to inform you that at present we can supply you with various kinds of men'sleather shoes.2.As we said previously, it is only in view of our long friendly relations that we extend you thisaccommodation.3.If you make us an offer at competitive prices we can sell a large quantity of chemical product inour district.4. We advised you in our letter of Dec.1, that we would like to place a trial order with you for 50pieces Flying Pigeon Bicycles.5.After reinspection at the port of destination, the quality of the goods shipped ex S.S.“Red Star”under Contract No. CT7543 was found not in compliance with the contract stipulations.6.We wish to call your attention to the validity of the L/C, since there is no possibility of L/Cextension.7.We send you a brochure on the various kinds of bicycle now available for export.8.Please advise us whether you iron nail packed in plywood kegs of 60kgs,net and whether you canship our order from stock.9.Since the premium varies with the scope of insurance, extra premium is for buyer's account,should additional risks be covered.10.We shall be glad to ship the goods by a direct steamer to Vancouver within 30 days after receiptof you L/C.四、汉英翻译(本大题5小题，每小题3分，共15分)1.鉴于这一事实，我们已将包装改为小木箱。
外贸函电自考知识点总结
外贸函电自考知识点总结一、外贸函电相关基础知识1.外贸函电的概念和分类外贸函电是指国际贸易中使用的各种书面通信工具，包括信函、传真、电子邮件等形式。
外贸函电可以分为商务信函、合同、报价单、发票、提单等各种形式，用于进行进出口贸易活动中的交流和沟通。
2.外贸函电的特点外贸函电具有国际性、专业性和格式化的特点。
国际性表现在外贸函电涉及国际贸易活动，需要遵循国际商务惯例和国际法律法规；专业性表现在外贸函电需要具备专业知识和技能，例如外贸术语、国际结算方式、国际贸易操作等；格式化表现在外贸函电有一定的格式和规范，遵循特定的写作规则和标准。
3.外贸函电的作用和意义外贸函电在国际贸易活动中扮演着重要的角色，其作用和意义主要包括：传递信息、建立合作关系、解决问题、促进贸易和维护权益等方面。
通过外贸函电，进出口企业可以与客户、供应商、物流公司等各方进行有效的沟通和协调，从而推动贸易活动顺利进行。
4.外贸函电的发展趋势随着信息技术的发展和应用，外贸函电在形式和方式上发生了很大变化。
传统的书面信函渐渐被电子邮件、在线沟通工具等新型形式取代，外贸函电的发展趋势主要包括电子化、网络化、智能化和标准化等方面。
二、外贸函电的具体类型和写作规范1.商务信函的写作规范商务信函是国际贸易中常用的一种形式，其写作规范包括信头、称呼、正文、落款等内容。
在写作商务信函时，需要注意语言简洁明了、内容准确清晰、格式规范美观等要点。
2.合同的写作规范合同是国际贸易中不可或缺的重要文件，其写作规范主要包括合同的结构、内容、格式、条款等方面。
在写作合同时，需要注意合同的语言准确明了、内容全面详细、格式规范严谨等要点。
3.报价单的写作规范报价单是国际贸易中常用的一种形式，其写作规范包括报价单的格式、内容、条款、价格、有效期等方面。
在写作报价单时，需要注意报价单的语言简洁明了、内容准确清晰、价格合理公正等要点。
4.发票的写作规范发票是国际贸易中必不可少的一种凭证，其写作规范主要包括发票的结构、内容、格式、金额、税率等方面。
自考外贸函电重点
1.对出口商而言，认购即付是一种非常有利的支付方式。
cash with order表示“认购即付，现款订货”。
2.We don’t think we can put the business through___(in addition)__you revise your terms and conditions.我方认为我们不能达成交易，除非贵方修改条款。
unless引导状语从句，表示“除非•”3.At one’s expense/cost 由某方付费4.For your account5.In view of our great performance last year,business at our two countries wildevelop further.6.In good condition ...处于良好状态7.Please let us kown of the tendency of your market.8.All prices must be quoted in US dollars9.Take priority in 在。
中占优先位置enjoy priority in 在。
方面享有优先权give priority to 给。
以优先权10.On the part of在。
方面11.Adapt from sth根据。
改编或改写12.In accorance with与…一致，依照; 禀承; 秉承; 因;in compliance with 与。
一致13.(1) 表示对某人感到失望，通常用介词 with, in。
如：I’m disappointed in you! How could you have liedlike that? 你让我失望了，你怎么能像那样说谎呢?14.(2) 表示对某一行为(doing sth)感到失望，通常用介词 at,about等。
如：We are all disappointed at [about] his failure. 我们都为他的失败而感到失望。
外贸函电重点归纳
外贸函电自学考试重要知识点归纳一：重要短语1、有意购买be in the market for2、设法去做某事see one’s way(clear)to do sth3、务必see to it that4、能够做某事be in a position to do sth5、告知某人某事inform/advise sb of sthinform/advise sb that随时告知keep sb inform ed/advised/posted of sth6、收到be in receipt of一收到，就upon receipt of7、因为（后加短语）due toBecause ofOwing to（后加句子）as since because8、向---保证（后加短语）assure sb of（后加句子）assure sb that请---放心please rest(be) assured9、在你方市场In your market in your areaAt your end on your side9、到达你处reach you11、一式两份in duplicate一式三份in triplicate一式四份in four copies12、按照你方要求（多种表示）at your requestAs request edComply with your request13 尽早（多种表示）At an early dateat your earliest conveniencewithout delayWithout failwith the least possible delayAs soon as possible14、有存货没有存货可供现货Have sth in stockSth be available from stockShip/send/supply sth from stock15 参考、参阅、谈及、向—查询refer to16、付款条件payment terms/terms of payment17、在—基础上on –basis18、因—感谢某人Be grateful to sb for sthBe obliged to sb15.在此方面in this respect16.与—联系Contact sbmake contact with sbGet in touch with sbbe in contact with sb21．与—有很好关系be on good terms with sbBe well connected with sb 22、随函附寄Enclose is /are---We are enclosing sthEnclosed please find-23、至于、关于in regard toin regard ofwith regard toRegardingas regard sas toAs forWith reference toReferring to24相关信用证covering L/CRelative L/C25 名词+for 结构中的名称有哪些？Inquiry/enquiryOfferBidQuotationCounter-offer +for 商品In the marketOrder26、以attention 构成的短语有哪些？提醒某人注意Call/draw/invite one’s attention to sthCall/draw/invite one’s attention to the factthat--得到某人的办理sth/get receive one’s---attention某人办理某事sb give ---attention to sth转交某人处理pass on sth to sb for atttention 27. 达成交易（多种表达）conclude the business/transactionclose a dealput though a dealcome to terms28 建立业务关系Establish/enter into business relations with sb29 经营—商品（多种表达）Sth fall/come/lie within the scope of business activitiessb handlespecialize inbe specialized indeal intrade inbe in----line30、和—相符in line withIn compliance withIn conformity withIn agreement withConform toComply withAgree with和---不相符out of line with31、鉴于我们长久的业务关系in view of our long standing business relations32、价格偏高on the high sideOut of line with the market level33 按惯常条款on usual terms34 标题货物captioned goodssubject goods35 由---运来ex 由---运出per 由---承运by36 以便我们能够so that we can do sthSo as to enable us to do sth-----thus enabling us to do sth37、装上船sth be loaded on board S.S””38、费用由某人承担For one’s accountAt one’s cost/expense/chargeSb bear ------be borne by sth39、某人承担不好后果Be (held)responsible forBe liable for sth40、某人负责---工作Be in charge of41 ---备妥待运be ready for shipment---包装好，准备装运be packed ready for shipment42 寄售on consignment43 继---之后further to44 现答复in reply to45 分两批装运by ---statementIn ---lotsIn ---installments46 提货take delivery of47 交货make/effect delivery of =deliver sth48 装运make/effect shipment=ship sth49 由买方选择at one’s option50让某人熟悉acquaint sb with51 对信用证的修改amendment to the L/C52、与---订舱book shipping space with sb onS.S””53、次品defective goods54、装船通知shipping advice55 装船指令shipping instruction56 转船transshipment 分批装运partial shipment57 动词后加ing的动词有哪些？Confirm having doneSubject toAppreciateRegretresume58 付款交单D/P documents against payment承兑交单D/A documents against acceptance 59 保兑的、不可撤销的信用证confirm irrevocable L/C60 即期信用证L/C(available/payable by draft)atsightSight L/C61 60天的远期信用证L/C at 60 days sight62 运费到付freight collectfreight to be paidfreight unpaid运费预付freight prepaid64完好in good condition65在运输途中in transitDuring transit66就-----达成协议Reach/enter into agreement on sth 67承兑汇票honor the draft68质量良好of high quality69延迟交货delay in shipment70急需be in urgent need of71供某人参考for one’s reference/consideration72Agree 的用法Agree with sbAgree to sth73Be acceptable to sbBe of interest to sbBe agreeable to sb74under 的用法4000 dozen Shirts under our S/C NO.123under separate cover =by separate mailUnder Article 12Under instruction from our Head Officeunder advice to us75damage to the goods76开汇票draw a draft on sb .for---（向某人索取若干金额的汇票）二：重要句型1、开立信用证Open/establish/issue an L/Cwith/through/by+银行covering+商品for/for the amount of/amounting to/to the extent of+金额in+币种in one’s favor2、保险cover/effect insurance on+所保的货物against+险别for+保额at+保险费或保险费率with +保险公司3、投诉complain to/against sb of/about sth4、索赔lodge/file/register/raise a claim against/with sb on-某物-for—原因-for—金额5、包装用语Men’s shirts are packed in wooden casesof 10 dozen each.Nylon Socks are packed in wooden cases, each containing 50 dozen.Folding chairs are packed 2 pieces to a carton.Each pair of Nylon Socks is packed in a polybag and 12 pairs to a box.6、Should +主+动词原形7、向某人订购某商品Place an order with sb for sth 向---订舱book shipping space with sb onS.S ““8、如果---，我们将非常感激we should/shall appreciate it if you will/would do sthAppreciate (one’s)doing sth9、有效期规定的句型Be forKeep valid/good/open/firmremain until10、修改信用证为允许分批装运和转船please amend the covering credit to allow partial shipment and transshipment三：必须记住的句子1、As this item falls within the scope of ourbusiness activities, we shall be pleased to enter into direct business relation s with you.2、We shall appreciate it very much if youcan quote us your lowest price CIF Lagos for 1000 pieces Bicycles for October shipment.3、We take pleasure in making you a specialofferSubject to our final confirmation, as followsSubject to your reply reaching herebefore March 284payment is to be made by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment5please offer us 50 long tons of the captioned goods at stg.236 per long ton CFR Shanghai, usual terms.6We are arranging to ship it by S.S “East Wind”sailing from Shanghai to London on or about 10th May7Should this be so, please amend the covering credit to allow partial shipment and transshipment ,under advice to us8Your close cooperation in this respect will be highly appreciated9We have just received the survey report from the Shanghai Commodity Inspection Bureau evidencing the short weight of 1540 ibs10The users are in urgent need of the machines contracted and are in fact pressing us for assurance of an early delivery11We trust the above shipment will reach you in sound condition and expect to receive your further orders before long12In order to avoid subsequent amendments, please see to it that the L/C stipulations are in exact accordance with the terms of the contract13We hope this matter will not affect our good relations in our future dealings14We very much regret that we are not in a position to supply you enamelware direct, as we are already represented by ---for the sales of this commodity in your district15On perusal ,we find that transshipment and partial shipment are not allowed, please amend the L/C to read”“16We trust you will extend the shipment date of your L/C to May 15 and validity to May 30, thus enabling us to effect shipment of the goods in question17We wish to draw your attention to the fact that the date of delivery is approaching ,butwe still have not received your covering letter of credit18We are in receipt of your letter of March 8, contents of which have been noted19In reply, we very much regret to say that our end-users have found your price too high and out of line with the prevailing market level20We note from your letter of May 30 that the price offered by us for the subject article is found to be on the high side21We are arranging to send you 156 pens to replace the unsold balance 150. please return them to us by the first available steamer, carriage forward22Much to our regret, we cannot at present entertain any fresh orders for Tiantan Brand Men’s shirts, owing to heavy commitments 23The L/C expires on 20th August24We feel it our duty to remind you of this matter25We would like to emphasize that any delay inshipping our order will undoubtedly involve us in no small difficulty26Generally we cover insurance WPA and War Risk in the absence of definite instructions from our clients27It is our sincere hope that we can enlarge the business in these lines to our mutual benefit.。