Two C-C Examples

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10.Translation of Four-character Phrases

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百花齐放 all flowers are in bloom 碧波荡漾 Green and rippling (lake) 碧水清山 a world of shimmering green hills and clear azure waters 层峦叠嶂 range upon range of hills/mountains 姹紫嫣红 a blaze of bright colours 崇山峻岭 towering and steep mountains
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3. 主从结构
江岸上彩楼林立,彩灯高悬,旌旗飘摇, 江岸上彩楼林立,彩灯高悬,旌旗飘摇,呈现出一派喜气洋洋的节日场面. 一派喜气洋洋的节日场面. High-rise buildings ornamented with colored lanterns and bright banners stand out along the river banks.
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这些女式衬衣采用上等纯丝制成,价格公道, 这些女式衬衣采用上等纯丝制成,价格公道,工艺精设计独特. 湛,设计独特. Our silk blouse are made of pure silk of best quality. They are moderate in price, excellent in craftsmanship and unique in designs. 自此而下,江面宽阔,水流平缓,一叶轻舟, 自此而下,江面宽阔,水流平缓,一叶轻舟,顺流而沿江景色,饱览无遗. 下,沿江景色,饱览无遗. Down from here, the river becomes wide and calm. If you take a light skiff down the stream, you will drink in the beauty along the river. (feast your eyes on) ) LOGO

compareC 包的中文名字：比较两个相关的 C 指数与右侧定时器生存结果的包说明书

浅谈中学历史课的教学人们常说：教历史是最容易的，讲故事一样。

其实历史的教学并不象他们说的那么轻松，要想上好一堂历史课，达到预期的效果，还真要讲究一些方法和艺术。

也有不少学生认为：历史是死的，背一背就成了。

其实正如学生所言：历史是死的，也正因为如此，历史的教学也非容易之事，它和其它的课程不同，如语文着重于感情的朗读，数学着重于数字的运用，物理、化学则着重于实验等等。

而历史的教学却是比较枯燥的，因为我们所要讲述的都是过去了的事，是死板的。

所以要讲好历史课，使学生有兴趣听和学，从而提高教学质量。

这就要求我们多寻找一些方法，多讲究一些艺术。

对此，我有如下的一些体会：一、更新观念。

把学生作为学习的主人，让学生动起来，让课堂活起来。

努力改变教师满堂灌，牵着学生走，学生被动学，围着教师转的现象。

二、充分发扬教学民主，注重学生的人格培养，努力形成新型的平等、和谐的师生关系。

古人曰：“亲其师，信其道”，它深刻而精辟地点明了和谐、融洽的师生关系在教学活动中的重要作用；苏联教育家霍姆林斯基也曾经这样认为，“师生之间是一种互相有好感、互相尊重的和谐关系，这将有利于教学任务的完成”。

由此可见，良好的师生关系是提高教育质量的关键之一。

三、采用多种方式方法，激发学生的兴趣。

学生对学习有无兴趣，既是反映学生学习效率的重要标志，也是衡量教师教学成败的重要因素。

如何增强课堂教学的趣味性，激发学生学习的兴趣，使学生的学习变被动为主动，从而提高教学质量，方式方法是多种多样的。

1、利用导语，激发兴趣：导语能够承上启下，开宗明义，如同舞台上缓缓拉开的大幕，让学生一眼就能看到的精美的布景；又如乐章的序曲，使学生一开始就受到强烈的感染。

2、渗透时事，增加兴趣：历史与时事密不可分，脱离现实的历史教学是没有意义的。

历史教师必须关注时事，在历史教学中渗透时事，让学生意识到历史与现实不远。

3、创设情景，感受兴趣：初中学生形象思维强，抽象思维弱，对于久远的历史难以感知，教师可以借用图片和影视创设丰富的情景，把抽象的历史概念变成学生可以感知的历史形象，把逝去的历史真实生动地再现在学生的面前，从而缩短时空距离，使学生的情感受到感染，思想受到启迪。

2023年高考英语I卷阅读B篇和C篇解析讲义-2024届高三英语一轮复习

2023BWhen John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around hishouse, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to cleanup the messes people were making.当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。

例如，小溪在流经植物和微小生物生活的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。

当他长大后，约翰开始寻思这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的废物。

After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With theright combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.在大学里学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又开始观察大自然并提出问题。

Example-based metonymy recognition for proper nouns

Example-Based Metonymy Recognition for Proper NounsYves PeirsmanQuantitative Lexicology and Variational LinguisticsUniversity of Leuven,Belgiumyves.peirsman@arts.kuleuven.beAbstractMetonymy recognition is generally ap-proached with complex algorithms thatrely heavily on the manual annotation oftraining and test data.This paper will re-lieve this complexity in two ways.First,it will show that the results of the cur-rent learning algorithms can be replicatedby the‘lazy’algorithm of Memory-BasedLearning.This approach simply stores alltraining instances to its memory and clas-siﬁes a test instance by comparing it to alltraining examples.Second,this paper willargue that the number of labelled trainingexamples that is currently used in the lit-erature can be reduced drastically.Thisﬁnding can help relieve the knowledge ac-quisition bottleneck in metonymy recog-nition,and allow the algorithms to be ap-plied on a wider scale.1IntroductionMetonymy is aﬁgure of speech that uses“one en-tity to refer to another that is related to it”(Lakoff and Johnson,1980,p.35).In example(1),for in-stance,China and Taiwan stand for the govern-ments of the respective countries:(1)China has always threatened to use forceif Taiwan declared independence.(BNC) Metonymy resolution is the task of automatically recognizing these words and determining their ref-erent.It is therefore generally split up into two phases:metonymy recognition and metonymy in-terpretation(Fass,1997).The earliest approaches to metonymy recogni-tion identify a word as metonymical when it vio-lates selectional restrictions(Pustejovsky,1995).Indeed,in example(1),China and Taiwan both violate the restriction that threaten and declare require an animate subject,and thus have to be interpreted metonymically.However,it is clear that many metonymies escape this characteriza-tion.Nixon in example(2)does not violate the se-lectional restrictions of the verb to bomb,and yet, it metonymically refers to the army under Nixon’s command.(2)Nixon bombed Hanoi.This example shows that metonymy recognition should not be based on rigid rules,but rather on statistical information about the semantic and grammatical context in which the target word oc-curs.This statistical dependency between the read-ing of a word and its grammatical and seman-tic context was investigated by Markert and Nis-sim(2002a)and Nissim and Markert(2003; 2005).The key to their approach was the in-sight that metonymy recognition is basically a sub-problem of Word Sense Disambiguation(WSD). Possibly metonymical words are polysemous,and they generally belong to one of a number of pre-deﬁned metonymical categories.Hence,like WSD, metonymy recognition boils down to the auto-matic assignment of a sense label to a polysemous word.This insight thus implied that all machine learning approaches to WSD can also be applied to metonymy recognition.There are,however,two differences between metonymy recognition and WSD.First,theo-retically speaking,the set of possible readings of a metonymical word is open-ended(Nunberg, 1978).In practice,however,metonymies tend to stick to a small number of patterns,and their la-bels can thus be deﬁned a priori.Second,classic 71WSD algorithms take training instances of one par-ticular word as their input and then disambiguate test instances of the same word.By contrast,since all words of the same semantic class may undergo the same metonymical shifts,metonymy recogni-tion systems can be built for an entire semantic class instead of one particular word(Markert and Nissim,2002a).To this goal,Markert and Nissim extracted from the BNC a corpus of possibly metonymical words from two categories:country names (Markert and Nissim,2002b)and organization names(Nissim and Markert,2005).All these words were annotated with a semantic label —either literal or the metonymical cate-gory they belonged to.For the country names, Markert and Nissim distinguished between place-for-people,place-for-event and place-for-product.For the organi-zation names,the most frequent metonymies are organization-for-members and organization-for-product.In addition, Markert and Nissim used a label mixed for examples that had two readings,and othermet for examples that did not belong to any of the pre-deﬁned metonymical patterns.For both categories,the results were promis-ing.The best algorithms returned an accuracy of 87%for the countries and of76%for the orga-nizations.Grammatical features,which gave the function of a possibly metonymical word and its head,proved indispensable for the accurate recog-nition of metonymies,but led to extremely low recall values,due to data sparseness.Therefore Nissim and Markert(2003)developed an algo-rithm that also relied on semantic information,and tested it on the mixed country data.This algo-rithm used Dekang Lin’s(1998)thesaurus of se-mantically similar words in order to search the training data for instances whose head was sim-ilar,and not just identical,to the test instances. Nissim and Markert(2003)showed that a combi-nation of semantic and grammatical information gave the most promising results(87%). However,Nissim and Markert’s(2003)ap-proach has two major disadvantages.Theﬁrst of these is its complexity:the best-performing al-gorithm requires smoothing,backing-off to gram-matical roles,iterative searches through clusters of semantically similar words,etc.In section2,I will therefore investigate if a metonymy recognition al-gorithm needs to be that computationally demand-ing.In particular,I will try and replicate Nissim and Markert’s results with the‘lazy’algorithm of Memory-Based Learning.The second disadvantage of Nissim and Mark-ert’s(2003)algorithms is their supervised nature. Because they rely so heavily on the manual an-notation of training and test data,an extension of the classiﬁers to more metonymical patterns is ex-tremely problematic.Yet,such an extension is es-sential for many tasks throughout theﬁeld of Nat-ural Language Processing,particularly Machine Translation.This knowledge acquisition bottle-neck is a well-known problem in NLP,and many approaches have been developed to address it.One of these is active learning,or sample selection,a strategy that makes it possible to selectively an-notate those examples that are most helpful to the classiﬁer.It has previously been applied to NLP tasks such as parsing(Hwa,2002;Osborne and Baldridge,2004)and Word Sense Disambiguation (Fujii et al.,1998).In section3,I will introduce active learning into theﬁeld of metonymy recog-nition.2Example-based metonymy recognition As I have argued,Nissim and Markert’s(2003) approach to metonymy recognition is quite com-plex.I therefore wanted to see if this complexity can be dispensed with,and if it can be replaced with the much more simple algorithm of Memory-Based Learning.The advantages of Memory-Based Learning(MBL),which is implemented in the T i MBL classiﬁer(Daelemans et al.,2004)1,are twofold.First,it is based on a plausible psycho-logical hypothesis of human learning.It holds that people interpret new examples of a phenom-enon by comparing them to“stored representa-tions of earlier experiences”(Daelemans et al., 2004,p.19).This contrasts to many other classi-ﬁcation algorithms,such as Naive Bayes,whose psychological validity is an object of heavy de-bate.Second,as a result of this learning hypothe-sis,an MBL classiﬁer such as T i MBL eschews the formulation of complex rules or the computation of probabilities during its training phase.Instead it stores all training vectors to its memory,together with their labels.In the test phase,it computes the distance between the test vector and all these train-ing vectors,and simply returns the most frequentlabel of the most similar training examples.One of the most important challenges inMemory-Based Learning is adapting the algorithmto one’s data.This includesﬁnding a represen-tative seed set as well as determining the rightdistance measures.For my purposes,however, T i MBL’s default settings proved more than satis-factory.T i MBL implements the IB1and IB2algo-rithms that were presented in Aha et al.(1991),butadds a broad choice of distance measures.Its de-fault implementation of the IB1algorithm,whichis called IB1-IG in full(Daelemans and Van denBosch,1992),proved most successful in my ex-periments.It computes the distance between twovectors X and Y by adding up the weighted dis-tancesδbetween their corresponding feature val-ues x i and y i:∆(X,Y)=ni=1w iδ(x i,y i)(3)The most important element in this equation is theweight that is given to each feature.In IB1-IG,features are weighted by their Gain Ratio(equa-tion4),the division of the feature’s InformationGain by its split rmation Gain,the nu-merator in equation(4),“measures how much in-formation it[feature i]contributes to our knowl-edge of the correct class label[...]by comput-ing the difference in uncertainty(i.e.entropy)be-tween the situations without and with knowledgeof the value of that feature”(Daelemans et al.,2004,p.20).In order not“to overestimate the rel-evance of features with large numbers of values”(Daelemans et al.,2004,p.21),this InformationGain is then divided by the split info,the entropyof the feature values(equation5).In the followingequations,C is the set of class labels,H(C)is theentropy of that set,and V i is the set of values forfeature i.w i=H(C)− v∈V i P(v)×H(C|v)2This data is publicly available and can be downloadedfrom /mnissim/mascara.73P F86.6%49.5%N&M81.4%62.7%Table1:Results for the mixed country data.T i MBL:my T i MBL resultsN&M:Nissim and Markert’s(2003)results simple learning phase,T i MBL is able to replicate the results from Nissim and Markert(2003;2005). As table1shows,accuracy for the mixed coun-try data is almost identical to Nissim and Mark-ert’sﬁgure,and precision,recall and F-score for the metonymical class lie only slightly lower.3 T i MBL’s results for the Hungary data were simi-lar,and equally comparable to Markert and Nis-sim’s(Katja Markert,personal communication). Note,moreover,that these results were reached with grammatical information only,whereas Nis-sim and Markert’s(2003)algorithm relied on se-mantics as well.Next,table2indicates that T i MBL’s accuracy for the mixed organization data lies about1.5%be-low Nissim and Markert’s(2005)ﬁgure.This re-sult should be treated with caution,however.First, Nissim and Markert’s available organization data had not yet been annotated for grammatical fea-tures,and my annotation may slightly differ from theirs.Second,Nissim and Markert used several feature vectors for instances with more than one grammatical role andﬁltered all mixed instances from the training set.A test instance was treated as mixed only when its several feature vectors were classiﬁed differently.My experiments,in contrast, were similar to those for the location data,in that each instance corresponded to one vector.Hence, the slightly lower performance of T i MBL is prob-ably due to differences between the two experi-ments.Theseﬁrst experiments thus demonstrate that Memory-Based Learning can give state-of-the-art performance in metonymy recognition.In this re-spect,it is important to stress that the results for the country data were reached without any se-mantic information,whereas Nissim and Mark-ert’s(2003)algorithm used Dekang Lin’s(1998) clusters of semantically similar words in order to deal with data sparseness.This fact,togetherAcc RT i MBL78.65%65.10%76.0%—Figure1:Accuracy learning curves for the mixed country data with and without semantic informa-tion.in more detail.4Asﬁgure1indicates,with re-spect to overall accuracy,semantic features have a negative inﬂuence:the learning curve with both features climbs much more slowly than that with only grammatical features.Hence,contrary to my expectations,grammatical features seem to allow a better generalization from a limited number of training instances.With respect to the F-score on the metonymical category inﬁgure2,the differ-ences are much less outspoken.Both features give similar learning curves,but semantic features lead to a higherﬁnal F-score.In particular,the use of semantic features results in a lower precisionﬁg-ure,but a higher recall score.Semantic features thus cause the classiﬁer to slightly overgeneralize from the metonymic training examples.There are two possible reasons for this inabil-ity of semantic information to improve the clas-siﬁer’s performance.First,WordNet’s synsets do not always map well to one of our semantic la-bels:many are rather broad and allow for several readings of the target word,while others are too speciﬁc to make generalization possible.Second, there is the predominance of prepositional phrases in our data.With their closed set of heads,the number of examples that beneﬁts from semantic information about its head is actually rather small. Nevertheless,myﬁrst round of experiments has indicated that Memory-Based Learning is a sim-ple but robust approach to metonymy recogni-tion.It is able to replace current approaches that need smoothing or iterative searches through a the-saurus,with a simple,distance-based algorithm.Figure3:Accuracy learning curves for the coun-try data with random and maximum-distance se-lection of training examples.over all possible labels.The algorithm then picks those instances with the lowest conﬁdence,since these will contain valuable information about the training set(and hopefully also the test set)that is still unknown to the system.One problem with Memory-Based Learning al-gorithms is that they do not directly output prob-abilities.Since they are example-based,they can only give the distances between the unlabelled in-stance and all labelled training instances.Never-theless,these distances can be used as a measure of certainty,too:we can assume that the system is most certain about the classiﬁcation of test in-stances that lie very close to one or more of its training instances,and less certain about those that are further away.Therefore the selection function that minimizes the probability of the most likely label can intuitively be replaced by one that max-imizes the distance from the labelled training in-stances.However,ﬁgure3shows that for the mixed country instances,this function is not an option. Both learning curves give the results of an algo-rithm that starts withﬁfty random instances,and then iteratively adds ten new training instances to this initial seed set.The algorithm behind the solid curve chooses these instances randomly,whereas the one behind the dotted line selects those that are most distant from the labelled training exam-ples.In theﬁrst half of the learning process,both functions are equally successful;in the second the distance-based function performs better,but only slightly so.There are two reasons for this bad initial per-formance of the active learning function.First,it is not able to distinguish between informativeandFigure4:Accuracy learning curves for the coun-try data with random and maximum/minimum-distance selection of training examples. unusual training instances.This is because a large distance from the seed set simply means that the particular instance’s feature values are relatively unknown.This does not necessarily imply that the instance is informative to the classiﬁer,how-ever.After all,it may be so unusual and so badly representative of the training(and test)set that the algorithm had better exclude it—something that is impossible on the basis of distances only.This bias towards outliers is a well-known disadvantage of many simple active learning algorithms.A sec-ond type of bias is due to the fact that the data has been annotated with a few features only.More par-ticularly,the present algorithm will keep adding instances whose head is not yet represented in the training set.This entails that it will put off adding instances whose function is pp,simply because other functions(subj,gen,...)have a wider variety in heads.Again,the result is a labelled set that is not very representative of the entire training set.There are,however,a few easy ways to increase the number of prototypical examples in the train-ing set.In a second run of experiments,I used an active learning function that added not only those instances that were most distant from the labelled training set,but also those that were closest to it. After a few test runs,I decided to add six distant and four close instances on each iteration.Figure4 shows that such a function is indeed fairly success-ful.Because it builds a labelled training set that is more representative of the test set,this algorithm clearly reduces the number of annotated instances that is needed to reach a given performance.Despite its success,this function is obviously not yet a sophisticated way of selecting good train-76Figure5:Accuracy learning curves for the organi-zation data with random and distance-based(AL) selection of training examples with a random seed set.ing examples.The selection of the initial seed set in particular can be improved upon:ideally,this seed set should take into account the overall dis-tribution of the training examples.Currently,the seeds are chosen randomly.Thisﬂaw in the al-gorithm becomes clear if it is applied to another data set:ﬁgure5shows that it does not outper-form random selection on the organization data, for instance.As I suggested,the selection of prototypical or representative instances as seeds can be used to make the present algorithm more robust.Again,it is possible to use distance measures to do this:be-fore the selection of seed instances,the algorithm can calculate for each unlabelled instance its dis-tance from each of the other unlabelled instances. In this way,it can build a prototypical seed set by selecting those instances with the smallest dis-tance on average.Figure6indicates that such an algorithm indeed outperforms random sample se-lection on the mixed organization data.For the calculation of the initial distances,each feature re-ceived the same weight.The algorithm then se-lected50random samples from the‘most proto-typical’half of the training set.5The other settings were the same as above.With the present small number of features,how-ever,such a prototypical seed set is not yet always as advantageous as it could be.A few experiments indicated that it did not lead to better performance on the mixed country data,for instance.However, as soon as a wider variety of features is taken into account(as with the organization data),the advan-pling can help choose those instances that are most helpful to the classiﬁer.A few distance-based al-gorithms were able to drastically reduce the num-ber of training instances that is needed for a given accuracy,both for the country and the organization names.If current metonymy recognition algorithms are to be used in a system that can recognize all pos-sible metonymical patterns across a broad variety of semantic classes,it is crucial that the required number of labelled training examples be reduced. This paper has taken theﬁrst steps along this path and has set out some interesting questions for fu-ture research.This research should include the investigation of new features that can make clas-siﬁers more robust and allow us to measure their conﬁdence more reliably.This conﬁdence mea-surement can then also be used in semi-supervised learning algorithms,for instance,where the clas-siﬁer itself labels the majority of training exam-ples.Only with techniques such as selective sam-pling and semi-supervised learning can the knowl-edge acquisition bottleneck in metonymy recogni-tion be addressed.AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Mirella Lapata,Dirk Geer-aerts and Dirk Speelman for their feedback on this project.I am also very grateful to Katja Markert and Malvina Nissim for their helpful information about their research.ReferencesD.W.Aha, D.Kibler,and M.K.Albert.1991.Instance-based learning algorithms.Machine Learning,6:37–66.W.Daelemans and A.Van den Bosch.1992.Generali-sation performance of backpropagation learning on a syllabiﬁcation task.In M.F.J.Drossaers and A.Ni-jholt,editors,Proceedings of TWLT3:Connection-ism and Natural Language Processing,pages27–37, Enschede,The Netherlands.W.Daelemans,J.Zavrel,K.Van der Sloot,andA.Van den Bosch.2004.TiMBL:Tilburg Memory-Based Learner.Technical report,Induction of Linguistic Knowledge,Computational Linguistics, Tilburg University.D.Fass.1997.Processing Metaphor and Metonymy.Stanford,CA:Ablex.A.Fujii,K.Inui,T.Tokunaga,and H.Tanaka.1998.Selective sampling for example-based wordsense putational Linguistics, 24(4):573–597.R.Hwa.2002.Sample selection for statistical parsing.Computational Linguistics,30(3):253–276.koff and M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors We LiveBy.London:The University of Chicago Press.D.Lin.1998.An information-theoretic definition ofsimilarity.In Proceedings of the International Con-ference on Machine Learning,Madison,USA.K.Markert and M.Nissim.2002a.Metonymy res-olution as a classification task.In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing(EMNLP2002),Philadelphia, USA.K.Markert and M.Nissim.2002b.Towards a cor-pus annotated for metonymies:the case of location names.In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC2002),Las Palmas,Spain.M.Nissim and K.Markert.2003.Syntactic features and word similarity for supervised metonymy res-olution.In Proceedings of the41st Annual Meet-ing of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-03),Sapporo,Japan.M.Nissim and K.Markert.2005.Learning to buy a Renault and talk to BMW:A supervised approach to conventional metonymy.In H.Bunt,editor,Pro-ceedings of the6th International Workshop on Com-putational Semantics,Tilburg,The Netherlands. G.Nunberg.1978.The Pragmatics of Reference.Ph.D.thesis,City University of New York.M.Osborne and J.Baldridge.2004.Ensemble-based active learning for parse selection.In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics(HLT-NAACL).Boston, USA.J.Pustejovsky.1995.The Generative Lexicon.Cam-bridge,MA:MIT Press.78。

Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene

Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene K.S. Novoselov1, A.K. Geim1, S.V. Morozov2, D. Jiang1, M.I. Katsnelson3, I.V. Grigorieva1, S.V. Dubonos2, A.A. Firsov21Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK2Institute for Microelectronics Technology, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia3Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the NetherlandsElectronic properties of materials are commonly described by quasiparticles that behave as nonrelativistic electrons with a finite mass and obey the Schrödinger equation. Here we report a condensed matter system where electron transport is essentially governed by the Dirac equation and charge carriers mimic relativistic particles with zero mass and an effective “speed of light” c∗ ≈106m/s. Our studies of graphene – a single atomic layer of carbon – have revealed a variety of unusual phenomena characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac fermions. In particular, we have observed that a) the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at halfinteger filling factors; b) graphene’s conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the conductance quantum e2/h, even when carrier concentrations tend to zero; c) the cyclotron mass mc of massless carriers with energy E in graphene is described by equation E =mcc∗2; and d) Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene exhibit a phase shift of π due to Berry’s phase.Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms packed into a dense honeycomb crystal structure that can be viewed as either an individual atomic plane extracted from graphite or unrolled single-wall carbon nanotubes or as a giant flat fullerene molecule. This material was not studied experimentally before and, until recently [1,2], presumed not to exist. To obtain graphene samples, we used the original procedures described in [1], which involve micromechanical cleavage of graphite followed by identification and selection of monolayers using a combination of optical, scanning-electron and atomic-force microscopies. The selected graphene films were further processed into multi-terminal devices such as the one shown in Fig. 1, following standard microfabrication procedures [2]. Despite being only one atom thick and unprotected from the environment, our graphene devices remain stable under ambient conditions and exhibit high mobility of charge carriers. Below we focus on the physics of “ideal” (single-layer) graphene which has a different electronic structure and exhibits properties qualitatively different from those characteristic of either ultra-thin graphite films (which are semimetals and whose material properties were studied recently [2-5]) or even of our other devices consisting of just two layers of graphene (see further). Figure 1 shows the electric field effect [2-4] in graphene. Its conductivity σ increases linearly with increasing gate voltage Vg for both polarities and the Hall effect changes its sign at Vg ≈0. This behaviour shows that substantial concentrations of electrons (holes) are induced by positive (negative) gate voltages. Away from the transition region Vg ≈0, Hall coefficient RH = 1/ne varies as 1/Vg where n is the concentration of electrons or holes and e the electron charge. The linear dependence 1/RH ∝Vg yields n =α·Vg with α ≈7.3·1010cm-2/V, in agreement with the theoretical estimate n/Vg ≈7.2·1010cm-2/V for the surface charge density induced by the field effect (see Fig. 1’s caption). The agreement indicates that all the induced carriers are mobile and there are no trapped charges in graphene. From the linear dependence σ(Vg) we found carrier mobilities µ =σ/ne, whichreached up to 5,000 cm2/Vs for both electrons and holes, were independent of temperature T between 10 and 100K and probably still limited by defects in parent graphite. To characterise graphene further, we studied Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations (SdHO). Figure 2 shows examples of these oscillations for different magnetic fields B, gate voltages and temperatures. Unlike ultra-thin graphite [2], graphene exhibits only one set of SdHO for both electrons and holes. By using standard fan diagrams [2,3], we have determined the fundamental SdHO frequency BF for various Vg. The resulting dependence of BF as a function of n is plotted in Fig. 3a. Both carriers exhibit the same linear dependence BF = β·n with β ≈1.04·10-15 T·m2 (±2%). Theoretically, for any 2D system β is defined only by its degeneracy f so that BF =φ0n/f, where φ0 =4.14·10-15 T·m2 is the flux quantum. Comparison with the experiment yields f =4, in agreement with the double-spin and double-valley degeneracy expected for graphene [6,7] (cf. caption of Fig. 2). Note however an anomalous feature of SdHO in graphene, which is their phase. In contrast to conventional metals, graphene’s longitudinal resistance ρxx(B) exhibits maxima rather than minima at integer values of the Landau filling factor ν (Fig. 2a). Fig. 3b emphasizes this fact by comparing the phase of SdHO in graphene with that in a thin graphite film [2]. The origin of the “odd” phase is explained below. Another unusual feature of 2D transport in graphene clearly reveals itself in the T-dependence of SdHO (Fig. 2b). Indeed, with increasing T the oscillations at high Vg (high n) decay more rapidly. One can see that the last oscillation (Vg ≈100V) becomes practically invisible already at 80K whereas the first one (Vg <10V) clearly survives at 140K and, in fact, remains notable even at room temperature. To quantify this behaviour we measured the T-dependence of SdHO’s amplitude at various gate voltages and magnetic fields. The results could be fitted accurately (Fig. 3c) by the standard expression T/sinh(2π2kBTmc/heB), which yielded mc varying between ≈ 0.02 and 0.07m0 (m0 is the free electron mass). Changes in mc are well described by a square-root dependence mc ∝n1/2 (Fig. 3d). To explain the observed behaviour of mc, we refer to the semiclassical expressions BF = (h/2πe)S(E) and mc =(h2/2π)∂S(E)/∂E where S(E) =πk2 is the area in k-space of the orbits at the Fermi energy E(k) [8]. Combining these expressions with the experimentally-found dependences mc ∝n1/2 and BF =(h/4e)n it is straightforward to show that S must be proportional to E2 which yields E ∝k. Hence, the data in Fig. 3 unambiguously prove the linear dispersion E =hkc∗ for both electrons and holes with a common origin at E =0 [6,7]. Furthermore, the above equations also imply mc =E/c∗2 =(h2n/4πc∗2)1/2 and the best fit to our data yields c∗ ≈1⋅106 m/s, in agreement with band structure calculations [6,7]. The employed semiclassical model is fully justified by a recent theory for graphene [9], which shows that SdHO’s amplitude can indeed be described by the above expression T/sinh(2π2kBTmc/heB) with mc =E/c∗2. Note that, even though the linear spectrum of fermions in graphene (Fig. 3e) implies zero rest mass, their cyclotron mass is not zero. The unusual response of massless fermions to magnetic field is highlighted further by their behaviour in the high-field limit where SdHO evolve into the quantum Hall effect (QHE). Figure 4 shows Hall conductivity σxy of graphene plotted as a function of electron and hole concentrations in a constant field B. Pronounced QHE plateaux are clearly seen but, surprisingly, they do not occur in the expected sequence σxy =(4e2/h)N where N is integer. On the contrary, the plateaux correspond to half-integer ν so that the first plateau occurs at 2e2/h and the sequence is (4e2/h)(N + ½). Note that the transition from the lowest hole (ν =–½) to lowest electron (ν =+½) Landau level (LL) in graphene requires the same number of carriers (∆n =4B/φ0 ≈1.2·1012cm-2) as the transition between other nearest levels (cf. distances between minima in ρxx). This results in a ladder of equidistant steps in σxy which are not interrupted when passing through zero. To emphasize this highly unusual behaviour, Fig. 4 also shows σxy for a graphite film consisting of only two graphene layers where the sequence of plateaux returns to normal and the first plateau is at 4e2/h, as in the conventional QHE. We attribute this qualitative transition between graphene and its two-layer counterpart to the fact that fermions in the latter exhibit a finite mass near n ≈0 (as found experimentally; to be published elsewhere) and can no longer be described as massless Dirac particles. 2The half-integer QHE in graphene has recently been suggested by two theory groups [10,11], stimulated by our work on thin graphite films [2] but unaware of the present experiment. The effect is single-particle and intimately related to subtle properties of massless Dirac fermions, in particular, to the existence of both electron- and hole-like Landau states at exactly zero energy [912]. The latter can be viewed as a direct consequence of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem that plays an important role in quantum field theory and the theory of superstrings [13,14]. For the case of 2D massless Dirac fermions, the theorem guarantees the existence of Landau states at E=0 by relating the difference in the number of such states with opposite chiralities to the total flux through the system (note that magnetic field can also be inhomogeneous). To explain the half-integer QHE qualitatively, we invoke the formal expression [9-12] for the energy of massless relativistic fermions in quantized fields, EN =[2ehc∗2B(N +½ ±½)]1/2. In QED, sign ± describes two spins whereas in the case of graphene it refers to “pseudospins”. The latter have nothing to do with the real spin but are “built in” the Dirac-like spectrum of graphene, and their origin can be traced to the presence of two carbon sublattices. The above formula shows that the lowest LL (N =0) appears at E =0 (in agreement with the index theorem) and accommodates fermions with only one (minus) projection of the pseudospin. All other levels N ≥1 are occupied by fermions with both (±) pseudospins. This implies that for N =0 the degeneracy is half of that for any other N. Alternatively, one can say that all LL have the same “compound” degeneracy but zeroenergy LL is shared equally by electrons and holes. As a result the first Hall plateau occurs at half the normal filling and, oddly, both ν = –½ and +½ correspond to the same LL (N =0). All other levels have normal degeneracy 4B/φ0 and, therefore, remain shifted by the same ½ from the standard sequence. This explains the QHE at ν =N + ½ and, at the same time, the “odd” phase of SdHO (minima in ρxx correspond to plateaux in ρxy and, hence, occur at half-integer ν; see Figs. 2&3), in agreement with theory [9-12]. Note however that from another perspective the phase shift can be viewed as the direct manifestation of Berry’s phase acquired by Dirac fermions moving in magnetic field [15,16]. Finally, we return to zero-field behaviour and discuss another feature related to graphene’s relativistic-like spectrum. The spectrum implies vanishing concentrations of both carriers near the Dirac point E =0 (Fig. 3e), which suggests that low-T resistivity of the zero-gap semiconductor should diverge at Vg ≈0. However, neither of our devices showed such behaviour. On the contrary, in the transition region between holes and electrons graphene’s conductivity never falls below a well-defined value, practically independent of T between 4 and 100K. Fig. 1c plots values of the maximum resistivity ρmax(B =0) found in 15 different devices, which within an experimental error of ≈15% all exhibit ρmax ≈6.5kΩ, independent of their mobility that varies by a factor of 10. Given the quadruple degeneracy f, it is obvious to associate ρmax with h/fe2 =6.45kΩ where h/e2 is the resistance quantum. We emphasize that it is the resistivity (or conductivity) rather than resistance (or conductance), which is quantized in graphene (i.e., resistance R measured experimentally was not quantized but scaled in the usual manner as R =ρL/w with changing length L and width w of our devices). Thus, the effect is completely different from the conductance quantization observed previously in quantum transport experiments. However surprising, the minimum conductivity is an intrinsic property of electronic systems described by the Dirac equation [17-20]. It is due to the fact that, in the presence of disorder, localization effects in such systems are strongly suppressed and emerge only at exponentially large length scales. Assuming the absence of localization, the observed minimum conductivity can be explained qualitatively by invoking Mott’s argument [21] that mean-free-path l of charge carriers in a metal can never be shorter that their wavelength λF. Then, σ =neµ can be re-written as σ = (e2/h)kFl and, hence, σ cannot be smaller than ≈e2/h per each type of carriers. This argument is known to have failed for 2D systems with a parabolic spectrum where disorder leads to localization and eventually to insulating behaviour [17,18]. For the case of 2D Dirac fermions, no localization is expected [17-20] and, accordingly, Mott’s argument can be used. Although there is a broad theoretical consensus [18-23,10,11] that a 2D gas of Dirac fermions should exhibit a minimum 3conductivity of about e2/h, this quantization was not expected to be accurate and most theories suggest a value of ≈e2/πh, in disagreement with the experiment. In conclusion, graphene exhibits electronic properties distinctive for a 2D gas of particles described by the Dirac rather than Schrödinger equation. This 2D system is not only interesting in itself but also allows one to access – in a condensed matter experiment – the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics [24-27] and provides a bench-top setting for studies of phenomena relevant to cosmology and astrophysics [27,28].1. Novoselov, K.S. et al. PNAS 102, 10451 (2005). 2. Novoselov, K.S. et al. Science 306, 666 (2004); cond-mat/0505319. 3. Zhang, Y., Small, J.P., Amori, M.E.S. & Kim, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 176803 (2005). 4. Berger, C. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 19912 (2004). 5. Bunch, J.S., Yaish, Y., Brink, M., Bolotin, K. & McEuen, P.L. Nanoletters 5, 287 (2005). 6. Dresselhaus, M.S. & Dresselhaus, G. Adv. Phys. 51, 1 (2002). 7. Brandt, N.B., Chudinov, S.M. & Ponomarev, Y.G. Semimetals 1: Graphite and Its Compounds (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988). 8. Vonsovsky, S.V. and Katsnelson, M.I. Quantum Solid State Physics (Springer, New York, 1989). 9. Gusynin, V.P. & Sharapov, S.G. Phys. Rev. B 71, 125124 (2005). 10. Gusynin, V.P. & Sharapov, S.G. cond-mat/0506575. 11. Peres, N.M.R., Guinea, F. & Castro Neto, A.H. cond-mat/0506709. 12. Zheng, Y. & Ando, T. Phys. Rev. B 65, 245420 (2002). 13. Kaku, M. Introduction to Superstrings (Springer, New York, 1988). 14. Nakahara, M. Geometry, Topology and Physics (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 1990). 15. Mikitik, G. P. & Sharlai, Yu.V. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2147 (1999). 16. Luk’yanchuk, I.A. & Kopelevich, Y. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 166402 (2004). 17. Abrahams, E., Anderson, P.W., Licciardello, D.C. & Ramakrishnan, T.V. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 673 (1979). 18. Fradkin, E. Phys. Rev. B 33, 3263 (1986). 19. Lee, P.A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1887 (1993). 20. Ziegler, K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3113 (1998). 21. Mott, N.F. & Davis, E.A. Electron Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979). 22. Morita, Y. & Hatsugai, Y. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3728 (1997). 23. Nersesyan, A.A., Tsvelik, A.M. & Wenger, F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2628 (1997). 24. Rose, M.E. Relativistic Electron Theory (John Wiley, New York, 1961). 25. Berestetskii, V.B., Lifshitz, E.M. & Pitaevskii, L.P. Relativistic Quantum Theory (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971). 26. Lai, D. Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 629 (2001). 27. Fradkin, E. Field Theories of Condensed Matter Systems (Westview Press, Oxford, 1997). 28. Volovik, G.E. The Universe in a Helium Droplet (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003).Acknowledgements This research was supported by the EPSRC (UK). We are most grateful to L. Glazman, V. Falko, S. Sharapov and A. Castro Netto for helpful discussions. K.S.N. was supported by Leverhulme Trust. S.V.M., S.V.D. and A.A.F. acknowledge support from the Russian Academy of Science and INTAS.43µ (m2/Vs)0.8c4P0.4 22 σ (1/kΩ)10K0 0 1/RH(T/kΩ) 1 2ρmax (h/4e2)1-5010 Vg (V) 50 -10ab 0 -100-500 Vg (V)50100Figure 1. Electric field effect in graphene. a, Scanning electron microscope image of one of our experimental devices (width of the central wire is 0.2µm). False colours are chosen to match real colours as seen in an optical microscope for larger areas of the same materials. Changes in graphene’s conductivity σ (main panel) and Hall coefficient RH (b) as a function of gate voltage Vg. σ and RH were measured in magnetic fields B =0 and 2T, respectively. The induced carrier concentrations n are described by [2] n/Vg =ε0ε/te where ε0 and ε are permittivities of free space and SiO2, respectively, and t ≈300 nm is the thickness of SiO2 on top of the Si wafer used as a substrate. RH = 1/ne is inverted to emphasize the linear dependence n ∝Vg. 1/RH diverges at small n because the Hall effect changes its sign around Vg =0 indicating a transition between electrons and holes. Note that the transition region (RH ≈ 0) was often shifted from zero Vg due to chemical doping [2] but annealing of our devices in vacuum normally allowed us to eliminate the shift. The extrapolation of the linear slopes σ(Vg) for electrons and holes results in their intersection at a value of σ indistinguishable from zero. c, Maximum values of resistivity ρ =1/σ (circles) exhibited by devices with different mobilites µ (left y-axis). The histogram (orange background) shows the number P of devices exhibiting ρmax within 10% intervals around the average value of ≈h/4e2. Several of the devices shown were made from 2 or 3 layers of graphene indicating that the quantized minimum conductivity is a robust effect and does not require “ideal” graphene.ρxx (kΩ)0.60 aVg = -60V4B (T)810K12∆σxx (1/kΩ)0.4 1ν=4 140K 80K B =12T0 b 0 25 50 Vg (V) 7520K100Figure 2. Quantum oscillations in graphene. SdHO at constant gate voltage Vg as a function of magnetic field B (a) and at constant B as a function of Vg (b). Because µ does not change much with Vg, the constant-B measurements (at a constant ωcτ =µB) were found more informative. Panel b illustrates that SdHO in graphene are more sensitive to T at high carrier concentrations. The ∆σxx-curves were obtained by subtracting a smooth (nearly linear) increase in σ with increasing Vg and are shifted for clarity. SdHO periodicity ∆Vg in a constant B is determined by the density of states at each Landau level (α∆Vg = fB/φ0) which for the observed periodicity of ≈15.8V at B =12T yields a quadruple degeneracy. Arrows in a indicate integer ν (e.g., ν =4 corresponds to 10.9T) as found from SdHO frequency BF ≈43.5T. Note the absence of any significant contribution of universal conductance fluctuations (see also Fig. 1) and weak localization magnetoresistance, which are normally intrinsic for 2D materials with so high resistivity.75 BF (T) 500.2 0.11/B (1/T)b5 10 N 1/2025 a 0 0.061dmc /m00.04∆0.02 0c0 0 T (K) 150n =0e-6-3036Figure 3. Dirac fermions of graphene. a, Dependence of BF on carrier concentration n (positive n correspond to electrons; negative to holes). b, Examples of fan diagrams used in our analysis [2] to find BF. N is the number associated with different minima of oscillations. Lower and upper curves are for graphene (sample of Fig. 2a) and a 5-nm-thick film of graphite with a similar value of BF, respectively. Note that the curves extrapolate to different origins; namely, to N = ½ and 0. In graphene, curves for all n extrapolate to N = ½ (cf. [2]). This indicates a phase shift of π with respect to the conventional Landau quantization in metals. The shift is due to Berry’s phase [9,15]. c, Examples of the behaviour of SdHO amplitude ∆ (symbols) as a function of T for mc ≈0.069 and 0.023m0; solid curves are best fits. d, Cyclotron mass mc of electrons and holes as a function of their concentration. Symbols are experimental data, solid curves the best fit to theory. e, Electronic spectrum of graphene, as inferred experimentally and in agreement with theory. This is the spectrum of a zero-gap 2D semiconductor that describes massless Dirac fermions with c∗ 300 times less than the speed of light.n (1012 cm-2)σxy (4e2/h)4 3 2 -2 1 -1 -2 -3 2 44Kn7/ 5/ 3/ 1/2 2 2 210 ρxx (kΩ)-4σxy (4e2/h)0-1/2 -3/2 -5/2514T0-7/2 -4 -2 0 2 4 n (1012 cm-2)Figure 4. Quantum Hall effect for massless Dirac fermions. Hall conductivity σxy and longitudinal resistivity ρxx of graphene as a function of their concentration at B =14T. σxy =(4e2/h)ν is calculated from the measured dependences of ρxy(Vg) and ρxx(Vg) as σxy = ρxy/(ρxy + ρxx)2. The behaviour of 1/ρxy is similar but exhibits a discontinuity at Vg ≈0, which is avoided by plotting σxy. Inset: σxy in “two-layer graphene” where the quantization sequence is normal and occurs at integer ν. The latter shows that the half-integer QHE is exclusive to “ideal” graphene.。

2025届重庆市涪陵实验中学高考英语二模试卷含解析

2025届重庆市涪陵实验中学高考英语二模试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．In the forest, sound is the best means of communication over distance ________ in comparison with light, it won't be blocked by trees when travelling.A．while B．becauseC．when D．though2．—When did you get to know your girlfriend?—It was in 2015 ________ she was working as a volunteer in Africa.A．that B．whichC．when D．then3．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.A．all of which B．each of which C．all of them D．each of them4．public bicycles with a mobile app is more convenient for users.A．To unlock B．Unlock C．Unlocked D．Unlocking5．—What about watching a ballet show this evening?—Thanks for inviting me, but ballet isn’t really ______.A．the apple of my eye B．my feet of clayC．my cup of tea D．the salt of the earth6．The customs officers were insisting that suitcases should be opened and their contents _______ for closer inspection. A．laid out B．given out C．sent out D．picked out7．Although the used car seems in good ______, it cannot run fast.A．state B．situationC．condition D．occasion8．He is very tired，so he needs some time ________ duty for relaxation and rest.A．through B．onC．with D．off9．The Oxford English Dictionary is necessary for learning English, so you'd better buy ___.A．this B．that C．it D．one10．At the back of the old temple __________ twelve huge stone statues together with __________ pagoda.A．does stand; a 8-storeyed B．do stand; a 8- storyC．stands; an 8-storey D．stand; an 8- storied11．Lucia impressed her peer students with her musical talent, as well as several foreign languages ______.A．on her own B．under her control C．in her charge D．at her command12．______ such a problem before, we handled the situation very well this time.A．Deal with B．Dealing withC．To deal with D．Having dealt with13．They don’t feel safe in our town at night because it so dangerous. There’s a robbery every week now. A．becomes B．became C．has become D．had become14．Humans spend a lot of time and money on their pets and the pets give all they have _____for that.A．in return B．in factC．in short D．in all15．—Did you go to last night’s concert?— Y es. And the girl playing the violin at the concert _______ all the people present with her excellent ability.A. impressed B．compared C．conveyed D．observed16．Right now, lots of people search for products on the Internet but still buy them at stores. Internet shopping will really ____ when people are sure that it is safe.A．set up B．set off C．take off D．take up17．Cells are important because they are organized structures that help living thing the activities of life. A．carry on B．expand onC．put on D．hang on18．—OK，here ___________.—Thank you for your lift. See you later.A．are we B．is itC．we are D．comes it19．This film is very with young people, which tells a really romantic story.A．familiar B．popularC．similar D．particular20．It is going to rain today. Take an umbrella with you to ________ you from the rain.A．stop B．prevent C．keep D．protect第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

上海牛津高一英语专项练习(阅读)[1]

上海牛津高一英语专项练习（阅读）Reading ComprehensionPassage OneMany people hurt their backs when they try to lift heavy things from the floor. It is easy to hurt your back muscles when you pick up a heavy object. However, there is a correct way to lift things from the floor if you pick up or lift heavy objects correctly, you probably will not hurt your back.To lift something from the floor correctly, first bend your knees and squat down. Keep your back straight. Do not bend over from your waist; keep your back and hips and waist in a line. If you bend over, the muscles in your lower back can become wounded very easily. If you keep your back and hips stronger, they have much more support. The other muscles can then help the lower back muscles.As you squat down, try to get as close to the object as possible. For example, if you are going to pick up a heavy box, squat down directly in front of it. Maybe you will have to spread your knees and legs. Put one knee on each side of the box. Remember at all times to keep your back straight.Put your hands under the objects that is in front of you, between your knees.To lift objects, you should stand up slowly. Use your leg musclesin order to stand up. In other words, lift with your legs, not with your back.1. If you try to lift heavy things from the floor, ______.A. you will hurt your backB. you may hurt your backC. you must hurt your backD. you never hurt your back2. According to the passage, how can you avoid hurting yourself while lifting things from the floor?A. To get yourself insured.B. Never to lift heavy things.C. To use the correct way to lift things.D. To do body exercises to have more strength.3 To lift a heavy object mainly depends on your _______.A. legsB. backC. kneesD. hands4. To lift a heavy box, the most important thing you should do is ______.A. to put your hands under the boxB. to bend your knees and squat downC. to put one knee on each side of itD. to keep your back straight at all times5. When you lift a heavy thing, which of the following is NOT true?A. Keeping your back and hips and waist in a line.B. Putting one knee in front of the thing.C. Standing up slowly.D. Putting your hands under the thing between your knees.6. What does the underlined word ”squat” mean in the passage?A. 站B. 蹲C. 爬D. 糖7. According to the passage, which part of your body is most likely to be hurt while lifting heavy things?A. legsB. armsC. hipsD. backPassage TwoEVENTS(赛事)Bicycle tour(旅行) and race（比赛）A bike tour and race will be held on August 26 and 27(Sat.& Sun.). At 5:30a.m. the riders will leave Tian’ anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg. Then the next 55 kilometer leg, from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part of the tour. The riders and their bikes will then be taken from Jixian to Changli.The second racing leg of the tour will be from Changli to the seaside of Nandaihe, covering a distance of 20 kilometers. Saturday night includes the stay at Nandaihe and supper. Sundaymorning is free for play at the seaside. At noon all the people and their bikes will be taken back to Beijing.Cost:200 yuan Telephone:4675027 Rock climbingThe Third National Rock Climbing Competition will be held on August 26-27 at the Huairou Mountain-climbing Training Base. More than 10 teams from Beijing, Wuhan, Dalian, Jilin and other places will take part in it. A Japanese team will give an exhibitive climbing. Free for spectators(观众)Take long distance bus from Dongzhimen to Huairou .Time/Dates:9-12a.m.,August 26and27Telephone; 7143117, 7144850, Wang Zheng Hua8. The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about______.A. visiting teamsB. famous playersC. things to do for the weekendD. prices to pay for the sports events9. If you take part in the bike tour, you will ride for ______.A. 35 kilometersB. 55 kilometersC. 75 kilometersD.110 kilometers10. The underlined word “leg” in “Bicycle tour and race” probably means ______.A. walkB. practiceC. part of the trainingD. part of the tour11. What is special about the rock climbing competition?A. A foreign team takes part in it.B. You can watch it without payingC. You don’t have to be a sportsman to take partD. The bus trip to the place the competition is freePassage Three“Depend on yourself” is what nature says to everyone. Parents can help you. Teachers can help you. Others can still help you. But all these only help you to help yourself.There have been many great men in history. But many of them were very poor in childhood, and had no uncles, aunts or friends to help them. Schools were few and not very good. They could not depend upon them for an education. They saw how it was, and set to work with all their strength to know something. They worked their own way up to fame.One of the most famous teachers in England used to tell his pupils, “I cannot make verity men of you, but I can help you make men of yourselves.”Some young men have no idea to be the top one in anything; and they are to be pitied. They can never achieve much unless they seetheir weak points and change their courage. They are nothing now, and will be nothing as long as they live, unless they accept the advice of their parent and teachers, and depend on their own honest efforts.12. “Depend on yourself” in this passage means______.A. rely on natureB. wait for others to helpC. rely on your own effortsD. count on your parents’ help13. Many of the great men in history succeed because______.A. they were very poor in childhoodB. they wanted very much to become famousC. they made great efforts to learn and workD. they could not depend on schools for an education14. According to the famous teacher in England, a teacher can______.A. make his pupils worthy menB. help his pupils find a way to fameC. help his pupils make themselves useful menD. make his pupils men of strength and courage15. If young people depend on their own efforts, ______.A. they are to be pitiedB. they can be ambitiousC. they are nothing foreverD. they can be successful in their careers16. The best title for this passage is _______.A. How to Be FamousB. What Nature Says to Every ManC. Depend on YourselfD. Depend on OthersPassage FourAustralia is nearly as large as the United States, but most of it is too dry for people to live in. Around the edge of this huge dry part are large sheep and cattle farms. A few of them are as large as the smallest states in America. Often the nearest neighbors are many hundred miles away.The two-way radio is very important to people who live on these great Australia farms. It works much like a telephone. A person can listen to someone else talk and then give an answer.When these radios first came into use, the Australia government set up a special two-way radio programme. Then people on the large farms could talk to a doctor hundreds of miles away. They could tell the doctor about someone who was sick, and the doctor could let them know how to care for the sick person.Since the large farms were so far from towns, the children could not go to school. Radio schools were set up for them in some areas. At a certain time each day, the boys and girls turn on their radios and listen to teachers in cities miles away.Families on the large farms wanted to give news to their neighbors.“Round robin” talks by radio were started to keep families in touch with each other.They could talk about who was going away or who was sick or who was getting married. The men could talk about their sheep and cattle and how much money the markets would pay for them. In many ways the radio became a newspaper for the farm people of Australia.17.This passage tells us something about ______.A. how large Australia isB.why the radio is important in AustraliaC. how the radio is used in AustraliaD. both B and C18. Australia is ______America.A. just as large asB. almost the same size asC. larger thanD. as large as the smallest state in19. How many examples were given by the writer to show the use of radio on the great farms? ______A. Only oneB. TwoC. ThreeD. four20.The two-way radio is something like a telephone because ______A. the radio has two telephonesB. you can talk to and listen to somebody by radioC. the government set up a special two-way radio programmeD. people could talk to a doctor hundreds of miles away21. Families on the large farms kept in touch with each other by ______.A. radioB. a news paperC. a birdD. both B and CPassage FiveThe earth has a force that pulls things toward itself. We call this force gravity. This is something we live with all the time and we take it for granted and hardly ever think about it. But it is a most important factor in rocket operation and must be overcome if we are to get anywhere in space or off the ground at all.Take the throwing of a ball as an example. The harder the ball is thrown, the faster and higher it will go. What is the secret? It’s speed. If we could throw the ball hard enough it would go up and up forever and never come down. The speed at which it would have to be thrown to do this is known as escape speed. Of course, we cannot throw a ball hard enough because the speed required to escape completely from the Earth’s gravity is seven miles per second, or over twenty-five thousand miles per hour.Once escape speed has been reached by a spacecraft, no further power is needed. A rocket aimed at the moon, for instance, will “coast”(滑行) the rest of the way because the Earth’s gravitycannot then pull it back, and there is no air resistance in space to slow it down. This “coast” is known as “free fall”. That does not mean the rocket is falling down, towards the earth but that it is traveling freely in space without the aid of power, like a bicycle coasting downhill.Free fall is an important feature of space travel as it would be impossible to carry enough fuel to provide powered flight all the time.22. What is the most important factor for a rocket to escape from the Earth?A. To travel as fast as it canB. To overcome the Earth gravityC. To get away from the air resistanceD. To have strong power in its operation23. How fast will a rocket go to escape completely from the Earth’s gravity? ______A. Seventy miles per secondB. Seven thousand miles per hourC. Twenty-five thousand miles per secondD. Twenty-five thousand miles per hour24. As there is always the Earth’s gravitational(地心引力) pull, people ______.A. accept it without questioning itB. never notice its presenceC. hardly think about how to use it.D. often try to escape from it25. When a bicycle “coast” down hill, it ______.A. still needs much powerB. does not need any further powerC. runs freely to all directionsD. does not meet with air resistance26. Why is it not necessary to provide powered flight in space all the time?A. Few spacecraft’s complete their flight operationB. The Earth’s gravity cannot be overcomeC. No future power is needed after the escape speed is reachedD. “Free fall” takes the place of the Earth’s gravity pullPassage SixAre some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boringenvironment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. T hus the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from the population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environment. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We should soon find difference in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all arelikely to have similar degree of intelligence.27.The writer is in favor of the view that man’s intelligence is given to him ______.A.at birthB. through educationC. both at birth and through educationD. neither at birth nor through education28.If a child is born with low intelligence, he can ______.A. never become a geniusB. still become a genius if he should be givenC. exceed his intelligence limits in rich surroundingsD. not reach his intelligence in his life29. In the second paragraph, “if we take two unrelated people at random from the population…” means “if we ______.”A. pick any two personsB. take out two identical personsC. choose two persons who are relativeD. choose two persons with different intelligence30. The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows ______.A. the importance of their intelligenceB. the role of environment on intelligenceC. the importance if their positionsD. the part that birth place31.The best title of this passage can be ______.A. SurroundingB. IntelligenceC. Dependence on EnvironmentD. Effect on EducationPassage SevenBilly is 14 years old and in the ninth grade. He has a part-time job which gets him up every morning at 5 o’clock. He is a newspaper boy. Each morning, Billy leaves the house at 5:15 to go to the corner, where the newspapers are. The newspapers are delivered to the corner by truck at midnight. He always takes a wagon to carry them.In the winter it is still dark when he gets up, but during the rest of the year it is light. Billy must deliver the newspapers to the houses of people on his route in all kinds of weather. He tries to put each paper on the porch where it will be protected from wind and rain or snow. His customers think he does a good job. Sometimes they give him tips.Billy earns about ＄70 per month, and he is saving some of the money to go to college. He spends the rest on records and clothes. Once a month, he has to collect money from his customers. Since many of them work during the day, Billy has to collect the money at night. Sometimes, when Billy is sick his brother has to deliverthe newspapers. Once, Billy’s father had to help. Billy has seventy customs now, but he hopes to get more soon. Someday if he gets more customers, Billy might win a prize for being an outstanding newspaper boy. He wants to win a trip to Europe, but he will still be happy if he wins a new bicycle.32. Keeping a part-time job tells us that Billy ______.A. has to make a living by himselfB. can not get any support from his familyC. has to pay for his school tuitionD. is independent and self-confident33. He did his work _______.A. perfectly wellB. twice a weekC. only for funD. to support his family34.To deliver newspapers means ______.A. to post newspapersB. to send newspapersC. to sell newspapersD. none of the above35. One of the purposes of delivering newspaper is ______.A. to get some money for college educationB. to have some tipsC. to have more customersD. none of the above36. The prize for an outstanding newspaper boy is ______.A. a trip to EuropeB. a new bicycleC. a tipD. both A and BPassage EightTrees are useful to man in three important ways; they provide him with wood and other products, they give him shade and they help to prevent drought and flood.Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these serious facts is the most important. In his eagerness to make money from trees, he has cut them down in large numbers. And besides, he is usually too careless to plant and look after young trees. So the forests slowly disappear.This doesn’t only mean that man will have fewer trees. The results are even more serious, for where there are trees, their roots break up soil-allowing the rain to sink in and also bind(固定) the soil, thus preventing it from being washed away easily; but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away, causing floods and carrying away the rich top soil. When all the top soil is gone, nothing remains but worthless desert. Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It set up the empire but, without its trees, its soil became poor and it grew weak. When the empire fell to pieces, the home country founditself faced with flood and starvation.37. The most important service of trees to man is that ______.A. they give him shadeB. they give him wood and other productsC. they help him make moneyD. they help him prevent flood and drought38. In many parts of the world forests slowly disappear because ______.A. Man has not paid enough attention to planting treesB. many trees have been cut down by manC. new trees are not looked after properlyD. all the above39. From the third paragraph of the passage we can infer(推断) that ______.A. a heavy rain might cause a serious flood where there are no treesB. forests can prevent land from being turned into desertC. without trees winds can bring a lot of sandD. young trees must be planted while old trees are being cut down40. The country mentioned in the passage suffered from floods and starvation because ______.A. it lost its treesB. it spent too much on its warshipsC. it was defeated by its enemy countries and fell to piecesD. there was a heavy rain41. Which title best fits the passage?A. How an Empire FellB. The Economic Uses of TreesC. Trees and Man.D. What Causes Drought and FloodsPassage NineI was walking along Orchard Road when I realized a tall young man wearing a jacket and tie was following me. I noticed him because not many people wear a jacket and tie in the middle of a hot summer day, and I had already seen this man four times that afternoon. To make sure he was following me, I walked on quickly, turned right into a shopping center and then stopped at another shop window.I walked on and stopped several times. When I stopped, he stopped, too.I began to be rather worried and decided to try to lose this strange man. When I saw a taxi coming, I jumped into it. As I was telling the taxi driver where to go, I found the man got into another taxi, which then followed mine. As the two taxis slowly made their way along Orchard road, I looked back at the taxi behind, and saw that the stranger was looking out at me.At MRT station, I told the taxi driver to stop and I got out. As I was paying my fare, I saw the man was getting out of his taxi. By now I got angry, so I turned and walked straight to him. I asked him why he was following me. At first he said he was not following me at all, but when I threatened to call the police, he admitted he was. He then told me that he was a journalist and that he was writing an article on how elderly people in the United States spend their time. He said he was observing me to gather materials for his article.42. The writer noticed that a strange man was following him because ______.A. the stranger was very tallB. the stranger seemed nervousC. the strange wore too much on a hot dayD. the stranger’s jacket and tie looked attractive43. The writer got into a taxi in order to ______.A. go to another shopping centerB. go to MRT stationC. follow the strangerD. lose the stranger44. What did the stranger do when the writer jumped into a taxi?A. The stranger tried o get into the same taxiB. The stranger tried to stop the writer’s taxi.C. The stranger got into another taxi and left immediatelyD. The stranger got into another taxi and continued his following45. The writer was probably _____.A. an American journalistB. an American travelerC. a retired manD. a young taxi driver46. Which of the following is true?A. The writer got tired, for he walked a long way.B. The writer asked a policeman to stop the strangerC. The stranger was following the writer only to find where he livedD. The stranger admitted what he was doing only after the writer threatened to call the police.Passage TenGARDEN RESTAURANTTelephone: 2706030Address: 9020 Bridgeport RoadOpen: Mon. to Fri. 7:00a.m.-2:30p.m.and 5:00p.m.-9:00p.m.Sat.7:00a.m.-11:00a.m.and 5:00p.m.-9:00p.m.Sun11:00a.m.-2:00p.m.and5:00p.m.-9:00p.m.NEW YORK MUSEUMTelephone: 7364431Address: Vanier Park, 1100 Chestnut St. New YorkAmerica’s largest museum specializing in American history and art of our native people.Open: Mon. to Fri.9:00.a.m.-5:00p.m. (Monday free)Sat.9:00a.m.-1:00p.m.LANSDWNE PARK SHOPPPING CENTRETelephone: 3562367Address: 5300No. 3RoadOpen: Mon., Tues. & Sat. 9:30a.m.-5:30p.m.Wed., Thurs. & Fri. 9:30a.m.-9:30p.m.Sun.11:00a.m.-5:00p.m.SKYLINE HOTELTelephone: 2785161Address: 3031 No.3Road (at Sea Island Way)*The Hangar Den-Wed. to Sun. Dinner from 5:30p.m.*Coffee Shop-Mon.-Fri.6:00a.m., Sat. 6:30a.m., Sun. 7:00a.m. Mon.-Wed. to 10:00p.m.,Thurs.-Sun.to 11:00p.m.47. If you want to buy a new jacket, you have to go to ______.A.3031 No.3 RoadB. 5300 No.3 RoadC. 9020 Bridge port RoadD. 1100 Chestnut Street48. If you want to go out for lunch on Sunday you can call up the number ______.A. 2785161 or 2706030B. 2806030 or 3562367C. 7364431 or 2785161D. 3562367 or278516149. You don’t have to go out to pay on Mondays if you go to ______.A. Skyline HotelB. Lansdowne Park Shopping CentreC. New York MuseumD. Garden Restaurant50. If you want to enjoy yourself on Sunday mornings, you can goto ______.A. New York MuseumB. Lansdowne Park Shopping centreC. the Hangar Den attached to Skyline Hotel.D. Coffee Shop attached to Skyline HotelAnswer Sheet1.B2.C3. A4.D5.B6. B7. D8.C9.D 10.D 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.B 21.A 22.B 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.C 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.B 31.B 32. D 33.A 34.B35.A 36.D 37.D 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.B 48.A 49.C 50.D。

高中英语真题-2015高考英语阅读理解选练(6)及答案(一轮)_1

高中英语真题:2015高考英语阅读理解选练（6）及答案（一轮）【广东省汕头市2014模拟】阅读理解。

阅读下列四篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive(欺骗)?When someone tells you something that is true，but leaves out important information that should be included，he can give you a false picture．For example，someone might say, ''I just won a hundred．dollars on the lotter y(彩票)．It was great．I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars!"．This guy's a winner，right? Maybe，maybe not．We then discover that he bought$200 worth of tick ets, and only one was a winner．He’s really a big loser! He did n't say anything that was false，but he left out important information on purpose．That's called a half-truth．Half truths are not technically lies，but they are just as dishonest．Some politicians often use this trick．Let’s say that during Gove rnor Smith’s last term，her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs．Th en she seeks another term．One of her opponents says, “Durin g Governor Smith’s term，the state lost one million jobs!”That’s true．However，an honest statement would have been，“During Governor Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs.”Advertisers will sometimes use half-truths．It's against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth．An advertisement might say，''Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pill s to cure toothache．'' It fails to mention that they only asked te n doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company．This kind of deception happens too often．It’s a sad fact of life ：Lies are lies，and sometimes the truth can 1ie as well．【小题1】The underlined word“opponents”in Paragraph 3 means ．A．enemy B．partner C．cooperator D．assistant【小题2】We may infer that the author believes people should ．A：．buy lottery tickets if possible B．make use of half-truthsC．be careful about what they are told D．not trust the Yucky Company【小题3】How many examples does the writer give to show how the truth is used to deceive?A．One． B．Two． C．Three．D．Four．【小题4】Which of the following is true according to the passage?A．Using half truths is against the law．B．Technically，half truths are in fact lies．C．Yucky Pills is a very good medicine for toothache．D．Governor Smith did a good job during her last term．【小题5】M1ich of the following best expresses the main idea of the pass age?A．He’s really a big loser!B．Sometimes the truth can lie as well．C．Advertisers will sometimes use half truths．D．It’s against the law to make false statements．【答案】【小题1】A【小题2】C【小题3】C【小题4】D阅读理解------广告信息类(2013·广州市统考)America's Top 4 Tourist AttractionsBelow you'll find the most popular travel and vacation destinations in the .1．Times Square，New York CityThis Manhattan crossroads of commerce is the top spot on our l ist，thanks to increasing visitors to the Big Apple in 2008 despite th e economic turndown.According to statistics，“80% of visitors to NYC make it a point to visit Times Square.”T otal NYC visits last year were 47 million，giving us an estimate of 37.6 million travelers through the“C ross roads of the World”．2．The Las Vegas Strip，Nev.The“Neon Trail”that makes up the heart of Sin City is also part of the federal government's National Scenic Byways Program，which designates roads based on “archeological，cultural，historic，natural，recreational and scenic qualities”．Hard to say which of these q ualities best describes Vegas，but we can disqualify“natural”．Last year，total visitors to Las Vegas numbered 37.5 million；a poll by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority found that an average of 80% of visitors had either stayed overnight or gambled(赌博)on the Strip.3．National Mall and Memorial Parks，Washington，D.C.Many of the nation's iconic(图标的)public landmarks are found in the 1,000－plus acres of the National Mall and Memorial Parks，including the Washington Monument，the Lincoln and Jefferson memorials，and the Korean and Vietnam War Veterans memorials.The Smi thsonian Institution's 19 museums are also close to the Mall；last year，the network of free museums drew more than 25 million visitors .4．Faneuil Hall Marketplace，BostonBuilt in 1742 by Peter Faneuil，a wealthy Boston merchant，Faneuil Hall served as a commercial center of the city for centur ies and a site for famous orations(演说)，like Samuel Adams' independence－rallying speech to colonists.Faneuil also includes the restored 1 9th－century Quincy Market.Today，shoppers account for a large share of visitors.Faneuil's historic significance vaults it to the status of cultural attraction，attracting 20 million visitors every year.【语篇解读】本文介绍了美国最受欢迎的四个游览胜地——位于纽约市曼哈顿区的时代广场和赌博之城拉斯维加斯、华盛顿的国家广场和纪念公园以及波士顿的法尼尔厅市场。

广东省两校2024-2025学年高三第一次联合模拟考试英语试题(含答案)

广东省两校2024-2025学年高三第一次联合模拟考试参加学校: 京师荟成学校燕岭学校英语注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、阅读理解：本大题共15小题，共37.5分。

AThe Essence of Cantonese Morning Tea: A Journey Through Guangzhou's Tea Houses Welcome to Guangzhou, the heart of the Cantonese culinary world. Experience the city's vibrant culture through the lens of its traditional morning tea, a ritual that is as much about the community as it is about the cuisine. Savor the flavors of Guangzhou as you indulge in the leisurely pace of a morning spent in one of its renowned tea houses.Why Guangzhou's Tea HousesGuangzhou's tea houses have been an integral part of the city's social fabric for centuries. They are not just places to enjoy tea but also to savor the art of dim sum, a Cantonese culinary tradition that offers a variety of small, delicate dishes. With a rich history and a commitment to preserving the essence of Cantonese culture, these tea houses provide an authentic experience that is both economical and deeply rooted in tradition.Selection of Dim SumJust as MacBike offers a wide variety of bicycles, Guangzhou's tea houses present a diverse array of dim sum options, each with its unique flavors and textures. From the steamed delicacies such as har gow (shrimp dumplings) to the fried treasures like spring rolls, and the sweet endings withdesserts like mango pudding, there is something to delight every palate.PricesWhile the prices for dim sum can vary, a typical cost for a memorable morning tea experience might include:• A selection of steamed dim sum: ¥30.00• A selection of fried dim sum: ¥25.00• A pot of premium tea: ¥15.00Each additional pot of tea or round of dim sum is typically charged at a reasonable rate, ensuring that the experience remains accessible to all.Cultural Experience Tours For those seeking a deeper understanding of Guangzhou's culinary heritage, cultural experience tours are available. These tours, lasting approximately 2.5 hours, take you through the bustling markets, historic tea houses, and even to the kitchens where master chefs demonstrate the art of dim sum making. The tour begins at the iconic Shamian Island, rich with colonial architecture and a starting point that sets the tone for a journey through Guangzhou's past and present. Tickets can be purchased at participating tea houses or reserved in advance online.1.What is a distinctive feature of Guangzhou's tea houses?A. They offer discounts for children.B. They provide a wide array of dim sum options.C. They organize complimentary cultural tours.D. They have a historical presence of over 2,500 years.2.How much would you estimate for a two-day exploration of Guangzhou's teahouses, including dim sum and tea?A. ¥60.00B. ¥90.00C. ¥120.00D. ¥150.003.Where does the cultural experience tour of Guangzhou's culinary heritagetypically start?A. At a historic tea house.B. At the bustling markets.C. At the Shamian Island.D. At the chef's kitchen.BAs a child of a Chinese mother and a British father, young Lily had always been fascinated by the rich tapestry of her dual heritage. However, it wasn't until her first visit to China that she truly began to appreciate the depth of Chinese culture. One particular experience stood out: her first encounter with the art of Chinese tea.Lily had grown up with the aroma of tea wafting through her home, a legacy of her mother's Chinese roots. Yet, it was in the ancient teahouses of Hangzhou that she discovered the soul of Chinese tea culture. There, amidst the gentle rustle of bamboo and the soft murmur of conversation, she observed the ritualistic preparation of tea, a process as natural as the flow of the streams she had once explored in the English countryside.Her mother, a connoisseur of Chinese teas, introduced Lily to the subtleties of tasting. Why do certain leaves unfurl to reveal hidden flavors? Which infusions can evoke the essence of a mountain mist or a summer breeze? With each sip, Lily felt a connection to her ancestral home, a bond that transcended language and tradition.The journey of tea from leaf to cup became a metaphor for Lily's own journey of self-discovery. She decided to embark on a quest to understand the art of tea, to learn how the Chinese have cultivated and cherished this ancient beverage for centuries. She would later refer to this pursuit as her "cultural eco-journey."The task Lily set for herself was to immerse herself in the tea culture, to experience firsthand the process from tea picking to brewing. First, she visited the lush tea gardens of Longjing, where she learned about the meticulous care required for each leaf. Then she traveled to the workshops where artisans crafted the tea, each step a testament to the harmony between human skill and natural bounty.She was captivated by the results. The tea she tasted was not just a drink; it was a story, a history, and a tradition that had been passed down through generations. Within moments, the flavors unfolded on her palate, a testament to the purity and wisdom of Chinese tea culture.Over time, Lily has delved deeper into the world of tea. She has explored the tea ceremonies of various regions, each with its unique customs and significance. She also discovered the therapeutic properties of tea, how it has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote health andwell-being."Cultural immersion" is what Lily calls her approach to understanding her heritage. "The world is a treasure trove of experiences for the curious," she says. "You immerse yourself in new cultures and observe the traditions. Then you let these new insights shape your own understanding of the world."4.What can we learn about Lily from the first two paragraphs?A. She was curious about her dual heritage.B. She preferred the British lifestyle.C. She had a deep interest in tea.D. She longed to visit China.5.Why did Lily visit the tea gardens and workshops?A. To learn about the tea-making process.B. To find the perfect cup of tea.C. To understand the cultural significance of tea.D. To test her knowledge of Chinese tea.6.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Longjing?A. To review Lily's cultural journey.B. To show an application of Lily's interest in tea.C. To compare different tea regions in China.D. To dispel doubts about the quality of Chinese tea.7.What is the basis for Lily's cultural exploration?A. The desire to connect with her Chinese roots.B. The belief in the therapeutic properties of tea.C. The fascination with the art of tea preparation.D. The curiosity about the cultural significance of tea.CThe goal of this book is to make the case for Chinese fashion minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it entails and why it resonates, and then to guide you on how to adopt this aesthetic if you decide it's the right path for you.To achieve this, I have divided the book into two parts. In part one, I delve into the philosophicalunderpinnings of Chinese fashion minimalism, beginning with an examination of the cultural forces that have shaped the traditional Chinese sartorial experience, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the principles of Chinese fashion minimalism.Part one culminates with an introduction to my recommended approach for embracing this aesthetic: the sartorial declutter. This process involves stepping away from non-essential fashion choices for a set period. At the end of this period, you will reintroduce a select few clothing items and accessories that you believe will significantly enhance your personal style and cultural identity.In the final chapter of part one, I will guide you through conducting your own sartorial declutter. I will draw on an experiment I conducted in 2018, where over 1,600 individuals participated in a cultural wardrobe cleanse. You will hear their stories, learn which strategies were effective, and be warned of the pitfalls to avoid.The second part of this book takes a deeper look at concepts that will help you cultivate a sustainable minimalist Chinese fashion lifestyle. In these chapters, I explore the significance of traditional craftsmanship and the importance of nurturing high-quality cultural experiences to replace the time often spent on superficial fashion trends. Each chapter concludes with a set of practices designed to help you implement the chapter's key ideas. Consider these practices as a toolkit to assist you in constructing a minimalist wardrobe that suits your unique cultural context.8.What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching traditional Chinese fashion skills.B. Advocating a minimalist Chinese fashion lifestyle.C. Solving cultural fashion dilemmas.D. Promoting the purchase of traditional Chinese garments.9.What does the underlined word "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean?A. Streamline.B. Accumulate.C. Inventory.D. Dominate.10.What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Cultural narratives.B. Quantitative fashion trends.C. Practical wardrobe examples.D. Historical costume analyses.11.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?A. Apply them as needed.B. Share them with the community.C. Assess their cultural impact.D. Recognize the traditional values they represent.DThe film "Catch the Doll" is a poignant and thought-provoking work that, on the surface, delivers the signature humor of the Happy Twist team, but underneath, it presents a cruel allegory that resonates deeply with the audience. Here are my impressions of the movie, articulated in English: "Catch the Doll" is a masterful blend of comedy and tragedy, a film that starts with laughter but ends with a profound reflection on life's ironies. The movie, starring the iconic duo Shen Teng and Ma Li, is akin to a sugar-coated shell that initially offers the sweet taste of humor but gradually reveals the bitter pill of social satire and a probing examination of human nature.The film's narrative is a stark portrayal of the extreme pressures and expectations placed on children by their parents. Shen Teng's character, Ma Chenggang, a wealthy businessman, and his wife,the point of deception and manipulation, to ensure their son's success. Their approach to parenting is chilling, turning the concept of a nurturing home into a prison of expectations and control.The movie cleverly uses exaggeration to highlight the absurdity of such an extreme parenting style. Ma Chenggang's belief in the necessity of hardship for his son's growth is a twisted interpretation of the saying, "Heaven will confer a great responsibility on a person, it will first exercise his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bones with toil.""Catch the Doll" also invites us to consider the broader implications of such behavior. It raises questions about the value of individual freedom and the right of children to have their own dreams and aspirations, rather than being mere tools to fulfill parental ambitions. The film serves as a mirror, reflecting the often-overlooked issues of excessive expectations, out-of-control education, and the disregard for personal value in modern society.In the end, "Catch the Doll" is not just a comedy; it's a social commentary that provokes deep thought and self-reflection. It's a film that, despite its humorous facade, leaves a lasting impact, urging viewers to question the nature of love, control, and the true meaning of success. The movie's ending, which is both happy and tinged with regret, encapsulates the complex emotions that it stirs within us, reminding us that often, we spend our lives trying to heal the wounds of our childhood.12.What is the central theme of the film "Catch the Doll"?A. The importance of parental guidance in children's success.B. The balance between humor and social issues in filmmaking.C. The paradoxical nature of extreme parenting and its impact on children.D. The journey of a child's pursuit of happiness and success.13.In the film, the character Ma Chenggang's parenting style is depicted as:A. Encouraging and supportive of his son's personal aspirations.B. Strict but ultimately beneficial for his son's character development.C. Excessive and potentially damaging to his son's well-being.D. Indifferent and neglectful of his son's emotional needs.14.The film "Catch the Doll" uses the character of Ma Chenggang to:A. Critique the societal pressure on children to succeed academically.B. Advocate for a more lenient approach to parenting.C. Illustrate the potential consequences of extreme parental control.D. Demonstrate the effectiveness of traditional parenting methods.15.The author's tone in discussing the film "Catch the Doll" can be best described as:A. Critical and disapproving of the depicted parenting methods.B. Neutral, simply presenting the film's narrative without bias.C. Admiring and appreciative of the film's social commentary.D. Skeptical, questioning the effectiveness of the film's message.二、阅读七选五：本大题共5小题，共12.5分。

2023-2024常州钟楼外国语学校八年级上册英语期中试卷

2023~2024学年度第一学期期中质量调研八年级英语试题2023.11(考试范围:至牛津初中英语8上Unit4)注意事项:1.本试卷共10页，满分100分。

考试时间90分钟。

2.请将答案全部填写在第8-10页的答题纸上，在1-7页上答题无效.第一卷(共66 分)一、听力(共20小题;每小题1分，满分20分)A)听下面10段对话。

每段对话后有1个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话读两遍。

1. How will the man go to the museum?2. Which country does Millie plan to visit?3. What else does the girl need to make the paper roses?4. What lesson does Millie have on Friday afternoon?5. What does the woman think of swimming in the river?A. Interesting.B. Dangerous.C. Safe.6. How long did the girl stay in the World Park?A.5 hours.B.3 hours.C. Half an hour.7. How often dos the woman exercise?A. Once a week,B. Twice a month.C.Twice a week.8. What's the relationship between the two speakers?A. Mother and son.B. Teacher and student.C. Doctor and patient.9. Who runs fastest?A. Jack.B. Simon.C. Ben.10. What does the woman mean?A. Paul caught a cold.B. Paul likes to help others.C. Paul won't help them.B)听对话或独白。

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Two Sample Compare/Contrast Essays
(adapted from Erlyn Baack’s , /)
Vacationing at the Beach or in the Mountains
When people plan their vacations, they have many choices of locations and activities. Two of the most common places for taking a vacation are the beaches and the mountains. Both places offer a variety of enjoyable activities, but the mountains and the beaches are totally different. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the climate, types of activities and locations of beaches and mountains.
The mountains, which often have cold climates, have a variety of winter activities, such as skiing and snowboarding. In the summer, visitors can enjoy mountain climbing, mountain biking and hiking. Many regions of North America, such as Western Canada, have many mountain holiday sites where people can go and have a great vacation in both summer and winter.
Sun and fun are two words that describe the beaches. The sea and the warm climate of the beaches determine the available activities, such as swimming, playing volleyball or soccer, and riding water bikes. In most coastal sites, there are discos and restaurants where people can dance or party throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal sites to visit. Acapulco and Cancun are two of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the world.
It doesn’t matter what place a person decides to choose, the fun is guaranteed. People often choose one of these two options to spend their vacations depending on time of year and what he or she likes to do for recreation. As for me, I like the beach, but the mountains are great, too.
252 words
Consuming Fresh Foods Instead of Canned Foods
Eating is an activity that we as humans do at least two times a day. We decide what we eat and how it will affect our bodies. Both fresh and canned food can satisfy hunger and keep us alive, but there are many differences between them. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the differences between eating fresh foods instead of canned foods. The three main differences are flavor, health benefits, and cost and convenience.
The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh foods taste better because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned foods, however, lack a lot of their flavor characteristics because preservatives and other chemicals are added to foods when they are canned.
The preservatives and other chemicals found in canned foods also negatively affect how healthy they are for consumers. Some of these chemicals have been shown to cause health problems when consumed over a long period of time. In addition, canned foods lose some of their original health-giving nutrients when processed and stored. Fresh foods, on the other hand, do not have these additives, or their problems.
Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost and convenience. Canned foods are often cheaper and easier to find than buying fresh, especially in areas with many supermarkets and few fresh food markets. In addition, canned foods they require less work to prepare than fresh foods. Fresh foods cannot match the convenience of canned for feeding a family that is always on the go.
As we can see, the decision comes down to a personal choice arrived at by weighing the cost, convenience, flavor and health of fresh versus canned food. It is therefore important to consider all of these factors when deciding whether to buy fresh or canned food.
305 words。