英语各类从句详解

英语各类从句详解
英语各类从句详解

从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。有三大类:名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)

形容词性从句(即定语从句)

副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式)

1. 主语从句用作主语

2. 宾语从句用作宾语

3. 表语从句用作表语

4. 同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词

5. 定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词或代词

6. 状语从句相当于一个副词

名词性从句

主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在复合句中起名词的作用,所以这四种从句合称名词性从句。它们在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,都不能用逗号与主句分开。

名词性从句的三要素

1.引导词

引导名词性从句的引导词可分为三类:

(1) 连词:that (无任何词意)

whether, if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)

as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”)

以上在从句中均不充当任何成分

(2) 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever ,whose

(3) 连接副词:when, where, how, why

既然是引导词,所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。

(1). 连词that 只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。

(2). 连词whether 也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”:引导宾语从

句时,可换成if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成if。

(3). 连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 等,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾

语、定语等。

(4). 连接副词when, where, how, why 等,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。

名词性从句的重要引导词

(1). what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“…所…的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。

(2). what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。

(注:what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部)

(3). whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任何人或物”等。

不可省略的连词:

1. 介词后的连词

2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:

1. whether引导主语从句并在句首

2. 引导表语从句

3. whether从句作介词宾语

4. 从句后有"or not"

大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。

2. 语序

名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同,即“主语+谓语”。事实上,任何一种从句,其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。

名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词when, where, how, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。

3. 时态

若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。

(1).当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。

(2).when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。

(一):主语从句

1、定义:在复合句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句。

主语从句通常由连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoeve 以及连接副词when,where,how,why等词引导。that在从句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,并在从句中充当成分。

2、借助形式主语it,主语从句放在后面

有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:(1)It + be + 名词+ that从句

(2)It + be + 形容词+ that从句

(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句

(4)It + 不及物动词+ that 从句

另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:

It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …

It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

主语从句常放在句尾而用it 作形式主语使句子更加平衡,这时口语中常省略that

在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it 作形式主语:

1.主句谓语是被动语态时

2.主句是疑问句或感叹句时

3.主句谓语动词是appear, turn out, happen, occur, come, strike, follow, matter 等时

4.表示说话人的推测或评价,如在it seems, it may be, it is (un)likely, it is (im)possible, it is a pity, it is a wonder 等结构中

5.强调主句的表语时

wh-疑问词引导的主语从句,可以放在句首(第一组),也可以借助形式主语it(第二组)。第一组:When he'll be back depends much on the weather.

How it was done was a mystery.

Whether we'll succeed remains to be seen.

第二组:It is uncertain whether the game will be held.

It's a puzzle how life began.

It doesn't matter much where we live.

(二):宾语从句

1、定义:在复合句中作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。

第一组:I guess(that) we'll leave soon.

He asked when we would be in London.

She informed me (that) she was to send for it the next day.(that可以省略)

I'll tell you what I read in today's paper.

第二组:I'll find out whether she's interested in going.

Can you give us a description of what has happened.

She was shocked by what she had seen.

2、借助形式宾语it,that引导的宾语从句放在后面。

在宾语从句中须注意:

(1). that 在口语中常被省略,但在正式的文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句,但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。

(2). 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时,一般须用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句放到句末,此时

的that不能省。

(3). 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等

代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气,即:(should) do的形式。

(4). 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即:

1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。

2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时,从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。

3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间的限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去

时,从句仍用一般现在时。

八种宾语从句不省略that

引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:

1. 宾语从句前有插入语

2. 有间接宾语时

3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后

4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时

5. that从句单独回答问题时

6. 在except等介词后

7. 位于句首时

8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后

(三):表语从句

1、定义:在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语+ 系动词+ that从句。

表语从句中应注意:

1.连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。

2.当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan,

proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do。

3.当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。

4.whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

(四):同位语从句

1、定义:有些名词的后面可以跟that引导的从句,说明这个名词的内容,这样的从句叫做

同位语从句。所以,只有可以有内容的名词才可以接同位语从句,例如:fact,message,idea,possibility,conclusion,thought,news,order,report,rumor等等。that在从句中

不做成分,但是不能省略。

表示“命令、建议、要求”advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语,须用虚拟语气。

2、有时为了保持句子的平衡,同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开。

3、在少数情况下,名词性从句的其他关联词也可以引导同位语从句。但if不可以引导同位

语从句。

4. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同,具体表现在以下几个方面

(1) 被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语

从句的先行词是无数的指人或指物名词。

(2) 从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容;而定语从句是对先行词—名词

的限制、描绘或说明。

(3) 引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不担任任何成分,但不能

省略;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中担任句子的某种成分,当担任定语从句中的宾语时,that可以省略。

(4) 引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导;而同位从句可以用what, how,

whether引导。

在学习名词性从句时注意下面四点:

一、名词性从句要用陈述语序,也就是说:①名词性从句的关联词在从句中做主语的话,关联词后面接谓语动词;②名词性从句的关联词在从句中不做主语的话,关联词后面接从句的主语和谓语。

二、感叹句做名词性从句时语序不做变化

三、时态的呼应

某些从句(特别是宾语从句)中的动词时态,常受主句谓语时态的制约。

①如果主句谓语动词为现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语可以不受影响。

②如果主语谓语动词为过去时,从句谓语一般要跟着改为相关的过去时。

③但是,当宾语从句表示永恒真理时谓语可以不变

四、当and连接两个that引导的宾语从句时,and后面的that不可以省略

(五):名词性that-从句

1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充

当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语

2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末

a . It + be +形容词+ that-从句

It is necessary that…有必要……

It is important that…重要的是……

It is obvious that…很明显……

b .It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句

It is believed that…人们相信……

It is known to all that…众所周知……

It has been decided that…已决定……

c .It + be +名词+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that………是常识

It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……

It is a fact that…事实是……

d .It +不及物动词+ that-从句

It appears that…似乎……

It happens that…碰巧……

It occurred to me that…我突然想起……

(六):名词性wh-从句

1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和when, where, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末

(七):if, whether引导的名词从句

1)yes-no型疑问从句

从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同

2)选择性疑问从句

if和whether的区别:

1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether

2、在whether ……or not 的固定搭配中

3 、在介词后,只能用whethe

4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether

5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whethe

(八):否定转移

1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。

(注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。)

2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。

3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。

(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)

4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。

英语名词性从句的特点

英语的名词性从句(Noun clause)具有名词的句法功能,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。其表现特点有以下六个方面:

1.来源于疑问句并含间接疑问的名词性从句。引导此类名词性从句的连接词直接来源于疑问句的疑问词。名词性从句用陈述句语序。

2.来源于陈述句的名词性从句,由此可见,凡由陈述演绎而来的名词性从句,其引导词一律为that。引导宾语从句的that在口语或非正式语体中常可省略。

3.来源于“先行词+定语从句”的名词性从句,其引导词一般是含有先行词在内的关系代词“what”。

4.来清于“any+定语从句”的强调式名词性从句,其引导词为whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever等。

5.来源于感叹句的名词性从句,其引导词是what和how。

感叹句充当名词性从句仍具有感慨的意思。

6.名词性从句与非谓语动词之间存在转换关系。名词性从句取代原句的非谓语动词部分仍可在句中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语,基本意思不变。

三:定语从句

一:有关定语从句的概念

(1)定语从句:就是在复合句里充当定语的从句,它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词(先行

词)后面。

(2)先行词:就是定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

(3)关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that

等;关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用,而且还代表先行

词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分,关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、

定语等; 关系副词在从句中作状语。

二:定语从句的结构:关系词+主语+谓语+其他

关系词的选择

(1). 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因,如指物时不能

用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等。

(2). 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任定语从句的什么成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等,如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why。注意,不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词,就认为一定要用when, where, why 来引导定语从句,要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。

(3). 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句,如that和why 通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意,不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句

(4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。

关系副词的一般用法

关系副词有when, where, why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。when 的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词;where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词;why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替,why可用for which代替。

■关系副词when的用法

when 既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词,在从句中充当时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。

■关系副词where的用法

where既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词,在从句

中充当地点状语,相当于:“介词+which”。

■关系副词why的用法

why只能引导限制性定语从句,先行词只有reason一词,在从句中充当原因状语,相当于:“for + which”。

■关系副词that的用法

that只能引导限制性定语从句,充当关系副词时,其作用相当于:“介词+关系代词”,在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。

2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 先行词是way,

3. 在定语从句中作原因状语,先行词只有reason一词

4. 在定语从句中做其他状语,先行词如price, speed等

使用关系副词应注意的几点

1. how 不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式

2. 关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why 只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用for which reason。)

3.引导定语从句时,when 的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason),但是反过来却不一定。

关系代词作定语的定语从句

一、whose

关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系,先行词是人,表示“先行词这个人的…”,用whose;先行词是事物,表示“先行词这个事物的…”,用whose…或the…of which或of which…都可以。

二、which

关系代词which 用作定语时,含有类似this 或that 的含义。

■习惯上要用that引导的定语从句

(1) 当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时,或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。

(2) 先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。

(3) 先行词包括人和物时。

(4) 当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为了避免重复,多用that引导。■习惯上不用that引导的定语从句

(1) 在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that引导。

(2) 直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom, whose或which,且不能省略。

(3) 当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, people 等时,多用who。如:

(4) 当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。

省略关系词的几种情形

关系词有时可以省略,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。归纳起来,关系词(关系代词和关系副词)的省略有以下七种情形:

1. 关系代词作宾语时的省略

当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。

2. 关系代词作表语时的省略

当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时,可以省略。

3. 关系副词when的省略

用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day, year, time 等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。

4. 关系副词where的省略

用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。

5. 关系副词why的省略

关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或for which

that与who的用法区别

1.两者均可指人,有时可互换(包括当先行词为all, anyone, someone等,同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时)

2.但是在下列情况,通常要用that:

①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:

②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):

③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):

3. 但是在下列情况,通常要用who:

当先行词为those 且指人时,英语习惯上要用who 来引导定语从句。

四:限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的六点区别

区别一:形式不同

限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。

区别二:功能不同

限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。

区别三:翻译不同

在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。

区别四:含义不同

区别五:先行词不同

限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。

区别六:关系词不同

关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。

定语从句与其他从句的区别

■限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别

关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词,而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。

■定语从句与时间状语从句的区别

当定语从句的引导词与时间状语的连接词都是when时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词,只能放在先行词的后面;而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况,并且可以放在主句的前面。

■定语从句与地点状语从句的区别

当定语从句的引导词与地点状语的连接词都是where时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词;而状语从句说明动作发生的地点,where没有对应的地点名词或代词。■定语从句与强

调句型的区别

定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制,关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,而强调语气的连接词只能是that, who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,而有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。

■定语从句与结果状语从句的区别

定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要做某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而结果状语从句中的连接词不作句子任何成分,因此句子成分完整。

■定语从句与独立主格结构的区别

定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整;而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。

状语从句

状语从句指在复合句里作状语的从句。按照其意义,状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。

二、时间状语从句

1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。

2.表示“当…时候”的while, when, as 的用法区别是:while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用when;当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时,只能用as。另外,用于此义的as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。

3.until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到…才”。

4. 表示“一…就”除用as soon as 外,还可用the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。

5. every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以time 结尾的词语也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。

三、条件状语从句

1.引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as等。

2. in case 也可引导条件状语从句,其意为“如果”、“万一”。

四、让步状语从句

1.引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although, though, however (=no matter how), even if(即使), whether…or(不论…还是)等连词。

2.as 也可引导让步状语从句,但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到as 前,若提前的是单数可数名词,要省略 a / an。

3.连词while 有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”,引导让步状语从句。

4. whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句。

五、原因状语从句

1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that)等

2.除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外,when有时也可引导原因状语从句,其意“既然”。

3.有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点:

(1) as 与since, now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于强调结构被强调。

(2) 当表示直接的因果关系,回答why 时,或有only, just, all, partly, not, but 等副词修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用because。

(3) for 有时也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,对前一分句加以解释或推断。

(4) 不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的so 连用。

六、地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where (在…的地方), wherever(无论什么地方), everywhere(每个…地方), anywhere(任何…地方)。

七、目的状语从句

1.引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。

2.引导目的状语从句的so that 有时可省so 或that,即单独用so 或that 来引导目的状语从句。

八、结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有so that, so…that, such…that等。

英语语法从句讲解

从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句. 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词 who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示]

1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

英语三大从句精编版

复合句 【语法要点】 复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句所构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。根据从句在句子中的作用,可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。 (一)名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that、if、whether;疑问代词who、what、which和疑问副词when、where、how、why等。 1.名词性从句句法结构: 从 属 连 词that whether 主 语 从 句 That he will come is certain.(that不可省) Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. (不能用if) 宾 语 从 句 I think(that)he will be all right in a few days. I went in and asked if(=whether)they had a cheap suit. I wonder whether(不能用if)it is true or not. 表 语 从 句 The fact is(that)I have never been there. The question is whether(不能用if)it is worth doing. 同 位 语 从 句 The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us. They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 连接代词 that who whom whose which 主 语 从 句 Who will help him is not known. What he said is very important. Which side will win is not clear. 宾 语 从 句 (1)作及物动词的宾语。例如: I really don’t know what he is doing. Do you know who/whom they are waiting for? He asked whose dictionary it was. He can’t tell which method they will use for the experiment. (2)作介词的宾语。例如: Pay attention to what the teacher said. I wondered to whom he had given the letter. 表 语 从 句 That is what he is worried about. The question is who will come here. The question is which team will win the match.

高中英语状语从句讲解汇总

高中英语状语从句讲解汇总 原因从句 除了下面A2,A3中所示各种类型外,这两种从句均可由as或because来引导。但是用as引导原因从句较为稳妥(参见A);用because引导结果/原因从句较为稳妥(参见B)。 A 原因从句 1 由as/because/since 引导的原因从句: We camped there as/because/since it was too dark to go on. 我们在那里露宿是因为天太黑,不能再继续往前走了。 As/Because/Since it was too dark to go on,we camped there. [ 因为天太黑不能再继续往前走,我们就在那儿露宿了。 2 in view of the fact that可用as/since/seeing that来表示,但不能用because: As/Since/Seeing that you are here,you may as well give me a hand. 既然你在这儿,你就帮我个忙吧。 As/Since/Seeing that Tom knows French,he’d better do the talking. 既然汤姆懂法语,最好让他来谈。 3 在as/since/seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陈述时,可用if来代替: ~ As/Since/Seeing that/If you don’t like Bill,why did you invite him 既然/如果你不喜欢比尔,你为什么邀请了他 注意:if so的用法: —I hope Bill won’t come. —If so(=If you hope he won’t come),why did you invite him —我希望比尔别来。 —如果这样(=如果你希望他不来),你为什么邀请了他 关于if+so/not,参见第347节。 ~ B 结果从句由because或as引导: The fuse blew because we had overloaded the circuit. 保险丝烧断了,因为我们使线路超载了。 He was angry because we were late. 他生气是因为我们来晚了。 As it froze hard that night there was ice everywhere next day. 因为那天晚上冷得厉害,所以第二天到处都是冰。 ~ As the soup was very salty we were thirsty afterwards. 因为这汤很咸,后来我们渴得厉害。

英语名词性从句练习全集及解析

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