SCI句型、时态与句子摘抄

第一种基本句型，主语＋谓语。

这一类句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，后面可有副词或介词短语等。

比如，“Each stimulus lasted for 1.0 sec.”(介绍实验方法，通常用过去式)。

这里也顺便提一下，现在有很多方便快捷的辞典，有可下载的、有网上的。

如果对一个词的属性不太清楚（比如这里的“last”），建议用辞典迅速查一下，是及物还是不及物动词？或是从辞典的例句中学习该单词的正确用法。

第二种基本句型，主语＋系动词＋表语。

举几个个例子。

“The findings of the present study are of great importance for deciphering the mechanism of …”在摘要部分经常会这样说，“The goal of this study was to compare method A and method B in the diagnosis of XXX disease.”（不定式做表语）又如在结果部分经常用到的，“The level of XX in group A was significantly higher than that in group B.”（注，这里than是介词）另一种常用的是There be结构。

比如，“There were 58 participants in group A.”第三种基本句型，主语＋谓语＋宾语。

上面的最后一个例句也可以这么说，“Group A included 58 participants.”在这种句型中，谓语动词是及物动词。

这种句型也可以使用被动语态，比如“The status of XXX was monitored during XXX.”这类句型在科技论文写作中可能用的是最多的之一。

当然因为论文中描述的现象、数据或者观点一般都比较复杂，通常会涉及从句。

比如，“A number of studies have shown that …”从句的问题后面会专门谈到。

第四种基本句型，主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。

为了强调直接宾语，也可以调换直接宾语和间接宾语的位置，加上一个介词，即：主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋介词＋间接宾语。

比如，“Global warming can pose serious threats to environment, economy, and human health.”第五种基本句型，主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语。

这里的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词。

不过，科技论文写作中比较常用的可能是动词不定式。

比如在上篇博文中我拿来做错误例句的那个句子，“The indicators was A, B, C and D in order to understand changes in disease XXX.”这句的基本句型是主语＋系动词＋表语。

后面跟了个介词短语引导的状语短语，不伦不类。

这句话可以这样表达，“We measured several indicators, including A, B, C and D, during XXXX, in order to understand….”这就是很常用的主语＋谓语＋宾语的基本句型了。

时态时态用法摘要：一般现在时引言：一般现在时，别人说用过去式，1. 别人发现什么it was found that sth done sth2. it indicates that说的内容用一般现在时3. 对于现在我们做的it is found that sth do sth4. study, investigation等要用过去式的被动was studied, was carried out，was observed,也可以用现在完成时，现在完成时和过去完成时区别只是起点不一样，一个是以现在为起点，一个以过去为起点。

5. 陈述一种事实用一般现在时（可有引用文献）6. 涉及到figure这种词一般用现在时实验：过去式结果与讨论：一般用现在时，如果有人为因素，如我们做了什么事情，要用过去式，因为是过去做的。

涉及实验部分也要用过去式。

结论：the experimental investigations revealed/It was shown that/It was revealed experimentally that后面加一般现在时陈述你之前得出的结果7. 注意点：当用到用什么设备测试时用过去时，当关于我们以前做了什么,执行什么动作时用过去式，但是如we believe，we find，we can see that，we observe观测到什么结果，这些词可不用过去式。

可用could/would be done sth，讲到其他文献时用过去式Abstract. 整体要求简练，言简意赅，因为绝大部分journal对Abstract都有字数限制，一般150～250 words. 先简单描述一下自己工作的前沿背景，几句话，然后引出自己的实验（“In this paper….”; “Herein..”or “Here, we…”），主要陈述实验结果，可稍带提一下所用到的重要方法的名称，然后说明你的结果的意义“There data suggest….”；最后总结拔高“In a word….”or “in summary…..”.Introduction. 描述跟你的实验相关的领域研究现状及存在的问题，自然的过度到你的实验意义和重要性。

“Although…..there are still…so far”“Here, for the first time, we have used…..”。

如果你前面已发过相关的文章，要插入引用一下“We recently showed that…..”或“Our previous studies have shown that…. These results verify that…..”“Here…..”“To explore this hypothesis, we generated….”. 写好Introduction需要有大量的参考文献做基础，摘取短语、词组、句子进行reorganize。

调节好前后句子的顺序及衔接。

Materials and Methods. 这部分可以从别的文章摘到现成的方法描述，加以改造，替换成自己的实验条件，变成自己的表达方式，近几年journal对抄袭句子的现象抓的特别严，多注意。

太复杂的经典方法，可以简单描述后加上参考文献“Briefly, …..[ref]”；也可以直接引用参考文献“The…method was performed as described previously [ref]”.Results. 这一部分很重要。

要按照一定的逻辑顺序进行organize，结果描述要准确、专业，一些重要的数据可以放在结果部分的文字描述中，如IC50、EC50、抑制百分率、P值等等。

这部分不能像Introduction那样写太多的理论性的东西。

每段的开头或一些连接的地方可以简单地用一些理论性的或总结性的句子。

在陈述你的实验操作和看到的结果和表面现象时用过去时态，陈述不以人的意志为转移的规律、结论性的内容时用一般现在时。

一些常用的短语及句式有：“In order to prove…., we used…”；“We have set up….”；“To demonstrate…., we further…”；“Consistently/Consistent with…”；“Compared with….”；“Thus, at current time, we have evidence that…”；“We next characterized…”；“We found that…”；“We have noticed that….”；“It’s known that….”；“So we introduced….in our study”；“In contrast…”；“These data suggest that….”；“So we next explored….”；“Notably,….”；“Importantly, ….”；“Furthermore….”；“Moreover….”；“We have previously shown that….”；“As shown in Fig. 1,…..”；“Fig. 1 shows….”；“Overall,….”；“Taken together, these results suggest….”；“These data are consistent with the notion that.....”；“Next, we examined the effect of….”；“We next set out to determine whether….”；“Lastly, we examined…..”；“In order to establish….”.Discussion. 这一部分最重要，也最难写，是大家最容易犯错的地方。

即使是对一些发了很多文章的老教授来说，这部分仍然是块硬骨头，尤其是top paper，Discussion 非常重要，因为阅你paper的人，都是世界顶级的大牛。

首先要注意，Discussion 不能过多地罗列和重复结果部分的内容，这是常犯的错误，因为感觉没什么可说的，就重复结果来充数。

讨论部分可以就你的实验结果论述与你的结果密切相关的研究现状存在的一系列问题，你的工作是解决的哪一部分问题。

讨论要延伸出很多结果部分所体现不出来的信息，如你的工作的长期效应、潜在效应、与他人工作的比较，相同之处、不同之处、你的优势、你的结果存在的问题、局限性及其原因、将来可以改进的地方等等。

也可以就你实验中得到的跟预期不一致的interesting的结果简单讨论一下可能的原因。

对一些top的paper来说，你的research中的一些问题是很难躲得掉的，还不如主动提出讨论，变被动为主动。

对一般的文章，另当别论，一般大家都喜欢画一个圆满的圈。

写作风格上每个人不一样，有温文尔雅、按部就班的，也有如西部牛仔一样豪放的，都没问题。

讨论开始，可以开门见山：“Here, we describe….”或“In this paper, we show that…. Importantly,….., suggesting…..”下面是一些常用的短语和句式：“Overall, our studies establish the….”；“Although there are important discoveries revealed by these studies, there are also limitations. First,…..Second,…..Third,…..Fourth,…Last,…Overall,…”；“Furthermore, our results suggest that….”；“Our results suggest a possibility of….”；“One important future direction of …. is…..”；“To this end, we show that….”；“However, none of these approaches to date holds the….”；“Our studies serve as a proof-of-concept that….”；“This could explain why…..”；“Alternatively, …. may be operative….”；“Thus, future iterations of ….. may in fact demonstrate even greater potency.”；“On the other hand, the lack of…..”；“In summary, we have identified…..”；“Our results confirm that…..”；“These studies thus offer a new strategy to treat…..”常用的英文期刊SCI句子摘抄(2015-08-20 09:59:32)转载▼分类：专业与科研常用的英文期刊SCI句子摘抄一、英语学术论文常用句型(大全)/view/d3bd7c8483d049649b6658a8.html?re=view英语学术论文常用经典句型(1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysisof a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex1.problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem.2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.6. Several problems are associated with them.7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.8. Most problems in practice are complicated9. More problem surface here.10. Hamper effort toward a xx system11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.5. Main simplifying assumptions are:6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research2. Information is incorporated within the scheme3. Is built into ... structure4. A nice modular structure.5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification1. A xx system comprises three main components:2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..3. Consists of the following steps:4. This is summarized in the following steps:5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for whichthere is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able tol The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for英语学术论文常用经典句型(3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally acceptedl This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied tol On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.。