第五章 社会动机与自我知觉

自尊的发展
two kinds of high self-esteem




implicit self-esteem ：a very efficient system of selfevaluation that is below our conscious awareness. As you might imagine, implicit self-esteem comes from parents who nurture their children but do not overprotect them. Implicit self-esteem is automatic and less likely to be affected by day-to-day events. Implicit self-esteem offers an explanation of positivity bias for things related to the self. explicit self-esteem： self-esteem that arises primarily from interaction with people in our everyday life. arises primarily from interaction with people in our everyday life. High implicit self-esteem is related to very positive health and social attributes, while explicit self-esteem seems to be a more fragile or defensive self-esteem, which accounts for the emotional reactions that threats to these individuals evoke. People with discrepant high self-esteem possessed the highest levels of narcissism.
what determines our self-concepts?
the roles we play the social identities we form the comparisons we make with others our successes and failures how other people judge us the surrounding culture

What is the Self-esteem?


Self-esteem is the evaluation we make of ourselves , which can be positive or negative. （自尊就是我们对 自己的评价） – People who are high in self-concept clarity are more likely to be high in self-esteem.（人们对自我 概念有一个高度清醒的认识的话，更倾向于有高自 尊） We have an overall sense of self-esteem as well as self-esteem in more specific domains.（和整体自尊一 样，我们还会对自己的一些特殊能力进行评价）
（二）行为和动机之间有着错综复杂的关系
1、不是简单的对应关系 ①同一动机可以产生不同行为 ②同一行为可能有不同的动机所引起

– 2、同一行为受多个动机的支配
– 3、个人口头报告的动机往往是不真实的 –
（三）动机的形成与发展
1、初生婴儿就有某种天然的生理需要， 逐渐出现初步的动机。 2、社会性动机与需要的出现 3、社会性需要和动机也相应地形成和发 展起来
self-schema

self-schema： Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
自我发展

Infancy: one recognizes that one is a separate individual（认识到我是一个独立的个 体） Childhood: one labels personal qualities and abilities（能够描述个人的品质和能力） Adolescence: the self becomes critically important as a basis for making life decisions （自我变成了我们做人生决定的一个重要的基 础） Middle & Late Adulthood: the self continues to change, though generally not as extensively（自我继续着程度不大的改变）
– – – – – – – – Socialization（社会化） Reflected Appraisal（反射性的评价） Feedback from Others（其他人的反馈） Self-Perception（自我知觉） Labeling Arousal States(标志唤醒状态） Environmental Distinctiveness（环境的显著性） Comparison of Self and Others（与他人进行比较） Social Identity（社会认同）
自我的发展
自我知觉：3个月至 一岁半 自我察觉：15个月以 后

Stages of Self-Recognition in Chimps


Before 3 mos: No interest in mirror image ~4 mos: Treat image as another child 10 mos: Test contingencies, track movements 28 - 30 mos: Self-directed behavior 16-20+ years: Adulthood decline
Socialization（社会化）

Write the following list of people on the back of the handout.
Characteristic of Positive Self-Concept
I am an okay person.
I have definite strengths and abilities.
I see myself as being as good as my friends.
There are many ways to solve a problem.
Characteristic of Negative Self-Concept
Why try? I could never do it anyway. I am a jerk. I knew my plans would not work. I cannot do anything right.
I am not nearly as good as my friends.
高自尊一定好吗？
低自尊如何改变？
How does how we dress affect our selves?
How would being a model affect someone’s self?
Sources of SelfKnowledge
Sources of Self-Knowledge（自我 知识的来源）


（四）动机与需要的关系
– 只有当需要有某种特定目标时，需要才转化 为动机，推动人从事活动。
二、动机分类
（一）按动机性质分 自然动机： 社会动机： （二）按动机来源分 内部动机： 外部动机： *按作用分——主导动机与一般动机 *按范围分——广泛的概括的动机与局部的具体的 动机
三、动机的特征 （一）动机的强度和力量 优势动机：决定人们行为并实际发挥作用的动机。 指标：持续性与可变性 （二）动机的清晰度 （三）动机的更替
婴儿的自我再认
What is the Self-concept?（什么 是自我概念）

The set of beliefs we hold about who we are is called the self-concept. （关于我 是谁的人的 信念的集合就是自我概念）
I can do anything I really want to do.
The Self Learning about the Self 认识自我
Though I am not naturally honest, I am so sometimes by chance. —William Shakespeare
Outline

What is the Self?（什么是自我） Sources of Self-Knowledge（自我知识的来源） Social Comparison Theory（社会比较理论） Aspects of Self-Knowledge（自我知识的各个 方面） Self-Regulation（自我调控） Motivation and the Self（动机与自我） Self-Presentation（自我表达）
Who are you? 你是谁
What is the self?


The self is, in part, a cognitive structure, containing ideas about who and what we are. It also has an evaluative and emotional component, because we judge ourselves and find ourselves worthy or unworthy. The self guides our behavior as we attempt to make our actions consistent with our ideas about ourselves. Finally, the self guides us as we attempt to manage the impression we make on others. 自我在某一程度来说，是一种认知结构，它包含了我 是谁和我是什么的一些念头，它也有评估和情感的成 分，因为我们要判断和发现自己是否有价值。自我指 导我们的行为并采取与我们的想法相一致的行动，最 后自我指导我们进行对他人的印象管理