高级口译简写符号

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口译笔记的符号和缩略语

口译笔记的符号和缩略语

一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统(包括文字符号)。

用各种符号作记录,概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。

学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。

在此基础上,每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。

下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式,供大家在练习和实践中参考。

(一)箭头“→”表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to, etc. 导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc. 追溯到:come/go back to,originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空:launch,ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降:down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化:reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.(二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多:and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“-”表示减少、除去、少:minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突:wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“>”表示大于、超过、多于:greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上:smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样:the same as,that is to say, in other words,be equal to, etc. 对手:match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同:not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右:about/around,or so, approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为:because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果:so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.(三) 标点符号“:”表示说:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意:opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?”表示问题:question,issue,problem, etc.“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样:“.d”表示yesterday,“.y"表示last year,“.2m”表示two months ago,“y”表示this year,“y2.”表示 two years later/in two years,“next week”,可以表示为“wk.”“()”表示在……之间:among, within, etc.(四) 其它符号“√”表示好:right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 同意:stand up for,support, agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ”表示和、与:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.“☆”表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样:important, best,outstanding,brilliant,model, etc.“∥”表示结束:end,stop,halt,bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者:person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”,中国人可以表示为“中°”,etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判:meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人:man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人:woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家:country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表:represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互:exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.(五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种:●拿掉所有元音。

口译速记符号及范例

口译速记符号及范例

口译速记符号及范例
在口译速记中,使用了各种符号来代表不同的词语、词组和信息。

以下是一些常见的口译速记符号及其范例:
1. 单词/词组的缩写:
- 例如:govt(government),UN(United Nations),intro (introduction)
2. 数字:
- 例如:2(two),15(fifteen),3.2%(three point two percent)
3. 符号表示特定含义:
- 例如:∴(therefore),≠(not equal to),±(plus or minus)
4. 词语/词组的简化形式:
- 例如:info(information),conf(conference),rep (report)
5. 声音的表示:
- 例如:/kæt/(cat),/əˈsaɪst/(assist)
6. 常用的速记符号:
- 例如:箭头(表示方向或变化),圆圈(表示重要或突出),斜线(表示取消或过时)
7. 符号的组合和结构:
- 例如:↑(上升),↓(下降),→(发展),←(反对)
8. 表示固定短语或俚语的符号:
- 例如:BFF(best friends forever),TGIF(Thank God it's Friday)
请注意,以上仅为一些常见的例子,实际上口译速记符号有很多种,各口译员可能会根据个人习惯和需求进行一些定制或修改。

使用哪些符号以及如何使用符号,都取决于个人风格和技巧。

口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则

口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则

口译笔记速记符号汇总及简写规则目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. Y ou may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

口译中的常见缩写和符号表示法

口译中的常见缩写和符号表示法

口译中的常见缩写和符号表示法口译中的单词速记法其实有很多形式:缩略、符号代替、图像代替,大家还可以自己发明一套速记符号,关键是要多联系,得心应手。

不如从上课时记笔记开始练起吧。

[1] 缩略词[2] 字母与图像[3] 数学符号[4] 标点[5] 长单词缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:1.拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive2.保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O3.保留开头和结尾的发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people4.根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV Individual INS Insurance INTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view of MANUF Manufacture MDL ModelMEMO Memorandum MGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG Message NCRY Necessary NLT No later than OBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity RCV ReceiveREF Reference REGL RegularREP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat RESPON Responsible SEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL Telephone TEMP Temporary TGM Telegraph THO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large字母、图像Z 表示“人” people/person,因为Z 看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

口译符号汇总

口译符号汇总

口译符号汇总
口译符号是为了便于口译人员在口译过程中进行标记和记号,以加强口译效果和准确性而使用的特定符号。

下面是口译符号的一些常见汇总:
1. 直译符号:
- 用括号表示()
- 用中括号表示[]
- 用斜线表示/
2. 反问符号:
- 用问号表示?
- 用双问号表示??
3. 强调符号:
- 用加粗表示
- 用下划线表示
- 用引号表示
4. 删除符号:
- 用删除线表示~
5. 补充符号:
- 用横线表示-
- 用箭头表示->
6. 固定搭配符号:
- 用尖括号表示<>
- 用斜体表示
- 用小写字母表示
- 用编号表示
7. 符号组合:
- 用【】表示
- 用"//"表示
这些口译符号是根据实际口译需要而发展和使用的,口译人员根据自己的习惯和需要可以适当调整和补充使用。

使用口译符号能够帮助口译人员更加准确和流畅地传达原文信息,提高口译质量和效率。

口译符号

口译符号

口译听力笔记简写符号一、地名简写高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。

如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来.会很费时间。

因此,常用国名的记录方法应常记心中,比如K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland等等。

有时还可以借助“|-”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。

例如:the Republic of Kore a(ROK,南朝鲜),表示为“-K”; 相应的the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DP RK,北朝鲜), 就可以表示为“K-”, Central London,表示为LD。

Western Europe(西欧)表示为“|EU”,Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。

练习:Eastern Europe, South Africa, North China, Western Germany, South Asia,Central It al二、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:(一)拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive(二)保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O(三)保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people(四)根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through(五)高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU Communication CO. Company DEPT Department DISC Discount EXCH Exchange EXT ExtentINFO InformationI/O In stead of IOU I owe you MDL Model MEMO Memorandum MIN Minimum MKT MarketMSG MessagePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleaseREF Reference SEC SectionSTD StandardTEL Telephone THO ThoughTKS ThanksTRF TrafficWT WeightXL Extra large三、字母、图像o表示“人”people/person,因为“o”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

口译笔记符号大汇总(超全整理版_方便直接背诵).doc

口译笔记符号大汇总(超全整理版_方便直接背诵).doc

1口译笔记符号大汇总二. 货币简写2年底49 20年以后20y| century C since/ever since ┠uo to now/ until ┫in. centimeter cm foot ft minimeter mm knot kt mile mi acre A nautical mile nm五. 缩略词34You U Your UR Will WL WeekWKWeightWT-ism m socialismSm -tion n standardization (标准化) stdn -cian o techniciantecho -ing g marketing (市场营销) MKTg -ed d accepted acptd -able/ible/ble bl available avbl -ment mt amendment amdmt -ize z recognize regz -fulflmeaningfulmnfl七.字母、图像、符号568二、字母、图像Z 表示人people/person,因为Z看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

例如:日本人:JZ。

C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。

governmental official 可以表示为CZP 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。

那么politician 就可以表示为PZE 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。

G 表示效率:efficient, effective。

口译笔记常用符号及缩略语

口译笔记常用符号及缩略语

口译笔记常用符号及缩略语::详细内容::一、常用符号(一)数学符号+表示“加上”、“另外”、“除此之外”or“多”(plus, and, in addition to 或者many, lots o f, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.)++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级:more+3 表示“多”的最高级:most-表示“减去”or “缺乏/少”(minus, lack, in short of/ in shortage of etc或者little, few)×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念(wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.)√表示“对的”、“好的”、“积极的”(correct, good, positive, affirmative)> 表示“多于”或者“超过”(bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, surpass, superior to, et c.)< 表示“少于”或者“不如”、“逊色”(less/smaller/fewer than, worse than, inferior to, etc.)≥表示“大于或等于”、“不少于”(more than or equal to, no less than)≤表示“小于或等于”、“不多于”(less than or equal to, no more than)= 表示“同等”、“相当于”(means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.)也表示“对手”概念(a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.)≠表示“不同”概念(be different from, etc. )表示“无敌”概念(matchless, peerless, etc.)≈表示“大约”概念(about/around,approximately, or so,etc.)Є表示“属于”(belong to)( ) 表示“在......之间”(among, within, etc. )( 和)都可以表示并列/ 表示“否定”,“消除”等概念(cross out, eliminate, etc.)∵“由于”、“因为”、“幸亏”(because, due to, thanks to, as, owing to)∴“所以”、“因此”、“结果是”(so, therefore, as a result, consequently)⊥表示“在……基础上”(based on),或者“影响”、“效果”、“压力”“负担”(influence, ef fect, impact, pressure, stress, burden, load)E 数学符号表示总值(total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. )(二)标点符号: 表示各种各样“说”或“想”的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, express, think, etc.表示“问题”或“疑问”:question,issue,doubt例如:台湾问题:tw? 也可表示“问”(ask)·(dot) 这个“·”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“·d”表示yesterday, “·y”表示last year, “·2m”表示two months ago。

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一、地名简写高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。

如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来.会很费时间。

因此,常用国名的记录方法应常记心中,比如K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland等等。

有时还可以借助“|-”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。

例如:the Republic of Korea(ROK,南朝鲜),表示为“-K”; 相应的the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK,北朝鲜), 就可以表示为“K-”, Central London,表示为LD。

Western Europe (西欧)表示为“EU|”,Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“|G”。

练习:Eastern Europe, South Africa, North China, Western Germany, South Asia,Central Italy二、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:(一) 拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive(二) 保留前几个字母:长(4)INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O(三) 保留开头和结尾发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people(四) 根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU throughSee you C U(五)高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountEXCH ExchangeEXT ExtentINFO InformationI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessagePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleaseREF ReferenceSEC SectionSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRF TrafficWT WeightXL Extra large三、字母、图像o 表示“人”people/person ,因为“o”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

例如:日本人:J oc ian 。

表示政府,统治:government ,govern,rule, dominate, conquer希腊字母 读 ,近似government , 所以就用 来表示govern , government 。

governmental official 可以表示为表示政治:politics, political希腊字母 读 ,近似politics , political 。

那么politician/stateman就可以表示为表示效率:efficient, effective 。

为效率符号。

表示“通货膨胀”:inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。

A 表示农业: agriculture.agriculture 经常用到,所以用首字母代替。

B 表示商业:business 。

C × 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict ,confrontation“C ×”中的“×”表示反对,字母“C ”将反对的概念缩小为conflict和 confrontation 。

W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。

它是work 的第一个字母。

所以W 就可以用来表示worker, 而“ ” (小圆圈)在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee 。

i 表示工业: industry, industrial字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。

U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement )一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺”。

如果在U 内填入2,就可以表示为bilateral (双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral (三边的)。

填入在U 中填入1表示: Unilateralism (单边主义),填入m (multiple)表示多边主义。

如果在U 上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。

O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等:country, state, nation, domain,etc.O 表示进口,O 表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, presideover 。

那么在此符号上加 表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.表示“领导人”:leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting ,conference , negotiation ,seminar ,discussion ,symposium∞ 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示“捕鱼业”等合fishery 有关的词汇。

O圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, rejoice,overjoy, exhilarated ,etc.表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad,fly into a rage,indignant, etc.O 表示听到、众所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don’t care much, etc.四、箭头表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc.表示导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, accordingly,consequently,etc.表示屈服:submit to 呈交表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, originate from etc.表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate, in retrospect表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,enhance, soar, ascend, climb,etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc.表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen,promote, progress,etc表示“波折”:ups and downs, twists and turns, roller coaster, etc.五、数学符号+ 表示“多”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, in mounting numbers, etc.++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级:more+3表示“多”的最高级:most-表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of, deficiency, etc. ×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, mistaken, etc.> 表示“多于”概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc. 数量表示“高”概念:superior to,surpass, exceed, etc.< 表示“少于”概念:less/smaller,etc.表示“低”概念:inferior to,etc.= 表示“同等”概念:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.表示“对手”概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, opponent,etc.( ) 表示“在......之间”:among, within, etc.≠表示“不同”概念:be different from, vary, unlike, etc.表示“无敌”概念:matchless, peerless, etc.~表示“大约”概念:about/around,or so,approximately, etc./ 表示“否定”,“消除”等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.六、标点等: 表示各种各样“说”的动词:say, speak, talk, mark, announce, declare,claim,contend,argue,etc.? 表示“问题”:question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?. (dot) 这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“.d”表示yesterday, “.y”表示last year, “.2m”表示two months ago。

Wk表示week“y”表示this year, “y2.” two year later“next week”, 可以表示为“wk.”∧表示转折but yet however/nevertheless/otherwise√表示“好的“状态,right/good,famous/well-known/world-renowned,etc.表示“同意”状态,stand up for,support,agree with sb, certain/affirmative, etc.☆表示“重要的”状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,wise/brilliant,elite, etc.表示“交流”状态:exchange,mutual, etc.& 表示“和”,“与”:and,together with,along with,accompany,alongwith,further more,etc.∥表示“结束”:end,stop,halt,pause, bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.七、较长单词的处理办法-ism 简写为m例如:socialism S m-tion 简简写为n例如:standardization (标准化) std n-cian 简简写为o例如:technician tech o-ing 简写为g例如:marketing (市场营销) MKT g-ed 简写为d例如:accepted acpt d-ment 简写为mt 例如:amendment amdmt-able/ible/ble 简写为bl 例如:available avbl-ful 简写为fl 例如:meaningful mnfl Candid/frankLapseadjust八、使用简写笔记符号三原则听力考试中应遵循: 脑记为主,笔记为辅”的原则。

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