乳品加工手册 Chapter12

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chapter_12_食品无菌包装技术

无菌填充部分由导入的无菌空气形成轻微的正压力，以防止来自装置外的空气进入无菌区而产生污染。容器内部用H2O2喷雾、200℃的热风加热消毒、蒸发干燥，使容器内表面残存的 H2O2低于1mg／kg。填充食品后用超声波密封上口，并在容器侧面曲折向上，形成开口用的“舌头”，即为成品
(三)塑料瓶(杯)无菌灌装系统
2、玻璃和陶瓷（1）玻璃玻璃用于微波食品包装的最大优点是它对微波透明、耐热性好、强度高，并能承承受较高内压，且使用非常方便。（2）陶瓷陶瓷对微波的吸收较多，很少用
于微波食品的包装，但作为微波炉加热器皿
则很常见。
3、金属由于金属能反射微波，且在微波炉中容易产生打火现象，过去常认为不能应用于微波食品包装，实际上，只要进行适当的控制，金属也能作为微波食品包装。
低。
(二)微波食品包装材料的分类
根据包装材料在微波场中的特性及在特定包装中的作用可将其分为4类。 1.可透过微波的包装材料：也称微波透明包装材料。此类包装材料是微波食品包装的主要用材。一般的纸类、塑料、玻璃大都属于此类材料。
2.可吸收微波的包装材料：微波场中与食品一起吸收大量微波能而生热，甚至比食品升温更快。通常用于微波热敏片包装，与食品表面直接触，使表面能达到产生脆性和色泽所需要的温度。
塑料瓶 ( 杯 ) 无菌灌装系统为采用卷筒材料的塑料容器成型 / 充填 / 封合无菌灌装系统。该系统采用H2O2杀菌处理，底部材料和上部盖材用
H 2 O 2 槽浸渍，而后经加热干燥器使材料带上的
H2O2完全分解蒸发而达到无菌，然后在过压无菌
空气环境下完成容器成型、充填、封口。
(四)衬袋盒(箱)(Bag-In-Box)无菌包装
全产品的营养和风味。

HCS12X微控制器Freescale MC9S12XHZ512数据手册说明书

MC9S12XHZ512Data SheetCoversMC9S12XHZ384, MC9S12XHZ256 HCS12XMicrocontrollersMC9S12XHZ512Rev. 1.0610/2010To provide the most up-to-date information,the revision of our documents on the World Wide Web will be the most current.Your printed copy may be an earlier revision.To verify you have the latest information available, refer to:/The following revision history table summarizes changes contained in this document. This document contains information for all constituent modules, with the exception of the S12X CPU. For S12X CPU information please refer to CPU12XV2 in the CPU12/CPU12X Reference Manual.Revision HistoryDate RevisionLevelDescriptionJanuary 5, 200601.00New BookApril 20, 200601.01Updated block guide versionsJuly 28, 200601.02Made minor correctionsJanuary 8, 200701.03Added MC9S12XHZ384 and MC9S12XHZ256August 20, 200701.04Updated slew ratesNovember 4, 200801.05Corrected typos on pinout diagramOctober 14, 201001.06Added PartID. Minor updates to ECT, SCI, IIC and XGATE sections.List of ChaptersChapter1MC9S12XHZ Family Device Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Chapter2Port Integration Module (S12XHZPIMV1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Chapter3512 Kbyte Flash Module (S12XFTX512K4V3). . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Chapter4 4 Kbyte EEPROM Module (S12XEETX4KV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Chapter5XGATE (S12XGATEV2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Chapter6Security (S12X9SECV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Chapter7Clocks and Reset Generator (S12CRGV6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 Chapter8Pierce Oscillator (S12XOSCLCPV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Chapter9Analog-to-Digital Converter (ATD10B16CV4) . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Chapter10Liquid Crystal Display (LCD32F4BV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 Chapter11Motor Controller (MC10B12CV2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 Chapter12Stepper Stall Detector (SSDV1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 Chapter13Inter-Integrated Circuit (IICV3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 Chapter14Freescale’s Scalable Controller Area Network (MSCANV3).507 Chapter15Serial Communication Interface (SCIV5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 Chapter16Serial Peripheral Interface (SPIV4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599 Chapter17Periodic Interrupt Timer (PIT24B4CV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625 Chapter18Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM8B8CV1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 Chapter19Enhanced Capture Timer (ECT16B8CV3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .671 Chapter20Voltage Regulator (VREG3V3V5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725 Chapter21Background Debug Module (S12XBDMV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739 Chapter22S12X Debug (S12XDBGV3) Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765 Chapter23External Bus Interface (S12XEBIV3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807 Chapter24Interrupt (S12XINTV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831 Chapter25Memory Mapping Control (S12XMMCV3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849Appendix A Electrical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891 Appendix B Package Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935 Appendix C PCB Layout Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938 Appendix D Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .941 Appendix E Detailed Register Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .942Table of ContentsChapter1MC9S12XHZ Family Device Overview1.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241.1.4Device Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261.1.5Part ID Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 1.2Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301.2.1Device Pinout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301.2.2Signal Properties Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331.2.3Detailed Signal Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361.2.4Power Supply Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 1.3System Clock Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 1.4Chip Conﬁguration Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 1.5Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491.5.1User Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491.5.2Low-Power Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501.5.3Freeze Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 1.6Resets and Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511.6.1Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511.6.2Effects of Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 1.7COP Conﬁguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 1.8ATD External Trigger Input Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Chapter2Port Integration Module (S12XHZPIMV1)2.1lntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572.1.2Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 2.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 2.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652.3.1Port A and Port B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682.3.2Port C and Port D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712.3.3Port E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732.3.4Port K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752.3.5Miscellaneous registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772.3.6Port AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.3.7Port L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872.3.8Port M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912.3.9Port P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .962.3.10Port S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1022.3.11Port T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1072.3.12Port U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1132.3.13Port V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1172.3.14Port W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 2.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1252.4.1I/O Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1252.4.2Input Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1252.4.3Data Direction Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1262.4.4Reduced Drive Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1272.4.5Pull Device Enable Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1272.4.6Polarity Select Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1272.4.7Pin Conﬁguration Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 2.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1282.5.1Reset Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 2.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1292.6.1General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1292.6.2Interrupt Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1302.6.3Operation in Stop Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Chapter3512 Kbyte Flash Module (S12XFTX512K4V3)3.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1313.1.1Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1313.1.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1313.1.3Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1323.1.4Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 3.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 3.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1343.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1343.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 3.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1503.4.1Flash Command Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1503.4.2Flash Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1533.4.3Illegal Flash Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 3.5Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703.5.1Wait Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703.5.2Stop Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703.5.3Background Debug Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703.6Flash Module Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703.6.1Unsecuring the MCU using Backdoor Key Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1713.6.2Unsecuring the MCU in Special Single Chip Mode using BDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 3.7Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1723.7.1Flash Reset Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1723.7.2Reset While Flash Command Active. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 3.8Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1723.8.1Description of Flash Interrupt Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173Chapter44 Kbyte EEPROM Module (S12XEETX4KV2)4.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1754.1.1Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1754.1.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1754.1.3Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1754.1.4Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 4.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 4.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1764.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1764.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 4.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1874.4.1EEPROM Command Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1874.4.2EEPROM Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1904.4.3Illegal EEPROM Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 4.5Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2054.5.1Wait Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2054.5.2Stop Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2054.5.3Background Debug Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 4.6EEPROM Module Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2054.6.1Unsecuring the MCU in Special Single Chip Mode using BDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 4.7Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2064.7.1EEPROM Reset Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2064.7.2Reset While EEPROM Command Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 4.8Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2064.8.1Description of EEPROM Interrupt Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207Chapter5XGATE (S12XGATEV2)5.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2095.1.1Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2095.1.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2105.1.3Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2115.1.4Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 5.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 5.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2135.3.1Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 5.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295.4.1XGATE RISC Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295.4.2Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295.4.3Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2305.4.4Semaphores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2315.4.5Software Error Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 5.5Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2335.5.1Incoming Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2335.5.2Outgoing Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 5.6Debug Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2335.6.1Debug Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2335.6.2Entering Debug Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2345.6.3Leaving Debug Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 5.7Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 5.8Instruction Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2355.8.1Addressing Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2355.8.2Instruction Summary and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2395.8.3Cycle Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2425.8.4Thread Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2425.8.5Instruction Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2425.8.6Instruction Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 5.9Initialization and Application Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3185.9.1Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3185.9.2Code Example (Transmit "Hello World!" on SCI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318Chapter6Security (S12X9SECV2)6.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3236.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3236.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3236.1.3Securing the Microcontroller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3246.1.4Operation of the Secured Microcontroller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3256.1.5Unsecuring the Microcontroller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3266.1.6Reprogramming the Security Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3276.1.7Complete Memory Erase (Special Modes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328Chapter7Clocks and Reset Generator (S12CRGV6)7.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3317.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3317.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3327.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 7.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3347.2.1V DDPLL and V SSPLL — Operating and Ground V oltage Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3347.2.2XFC — External Loop Filter Pin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3347.2.3RESET — Reset Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 7.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3347.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3357.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 7.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3507.4.1Functional Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3507.4.2Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3557.4.3Low Power Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 7.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3657.5.1Description of Reset Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3657.5.2Clock Monitor Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3677.5.3Computer Operating Properly Watchdog (COP) Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3677.5.4Power On Reset, Low V oltage Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 7.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3687.6.1Real Time Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3687.6.2PLL Lock Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3697.6.3Self Clock Mode Interrupt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369Chapter8Pierce Oscillator (S12XOSCLCPV1)8.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3718.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3718.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3718.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 8.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3728.2.1V DDPLL and V SSPLL — Operating and Ground V oltage Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3728.2.2EXTAL and XTAL — Input and Output Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3728.2.3XCLKS — Input Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 8.3Memory Map and Register Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 8.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3748.4.1Gain Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3748.4.2Clock Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3748.4.3Wait Mode Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375。

Materials science and engineering, an introductionChapter 12 Structures and properties of ceramics

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2nd REVISE PAGES
Learning Objectives
After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following:
in crystalline ceramic materials influence the crystal structure: the magnitude of
the electrical charge on each of the component ions, and the relative sizes of the
cations and anions. With regard to the first characteristic, the crystal must be
cause they have given up their valence electrons to the nonmetallic ions, or
anions, which are negatively charged. Two racteristics of the component ions
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2nd REVISE PAGES
416 • Chapter 12 / Structures and Properties of Ceramics
Table 12.1 For Several Ceramic Materials, Percent Ionic Character of the Interatomic Bonds

Chapter 12 课后答案

新编语言学教程Chapter 12答案Applied Linguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)applied linguistics: the study of language and linguistics in relation to practicalissues, e.g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation.More often than not nowadays, it is used in the narrow sense, and refers tolanguage teaching in particular.(2)grammar-translation method: a method of foreign or second languageteaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the mainteaching and learning activities.(3) audiolingual method: the teaching of a second language through imitation,repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking andlistening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in theclassroom is not allowed.(4)communicative language teaching: an approach to foreign or second languageteaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is toachieve communicative competence.(5)testing: the use of tests, or the study of the theory and practice of their use,development, evaluation, etc.(6)achievement test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.(7)validity: (in testing) the degree to which a test measures what it is supposedto measure, or can be used successfully for the purposes for which it is intended.A number of different statistical procedures can be applied to a testto estimate its validity. Such procedures generally seek to determine what thetest measures, and how well it does so.(8)reliability: (in testing) a measure of the degree to which a test gives consistentresults; a test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it isgiven on different occasions or when it is taken by different people.(9)proficiency test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned without considering the syllabus, duration and manner of learning.(10) subjective test: a test which is scored according to the personal judgment ofthe marker, such as essay writing or translation.(11) objective test: a test that can be marked without the use of the examiner’spersonal judgment.(12) language aptitude test: a test which measures a person’s aptitude for secondor foreign language learning and it can be used to identify those learners who are most likely to succeed.(13) diagnostic test: a test which is designed to show what skills or knowledge alearner knows and doesn’t know. For example, a diagnostic pronunciationtest may be used to measure the learner’s pronunciation of English sounds.It would show which sounds a student is and is not able to pronounce. Diagnostictests may be used to find out how much a learner knows or to measure how successful an instruction program has been.(14) backwash effect: Tests strongly affect what actually occurs in the classroomand the effect of tests on classroom L2 teaching and learning is known as thebackwash effect.2. The advantages of grammar-translation method:(1)As the grammars described in this method contain very detailed descriptionsof the correct construction of phrases and sentences of a language, accuracyis stressed and improved.(2)Students’ ability to read and write is encouraged and improved since themethod focuses on the written work.(3)This method is less demanding than some other approaches for a teacherwhose oral proficiency may not be adequate.(4)This method is popular with people who would like to study English independently,especially the adult learners who want to learn grammar rules anduse them to approach new materials by themselves.The disadvantages of grammar-translation method:(1)It emphasizes language at the sentence level regardless of context, so the organizationof language above the sentence level is not so carefully studied.(2)As the focus is on written work, oral fluency and spontaneity is not so welldeveloped and common everyday language is not taught enough.(3)The basic techniques in this method are rote learning of the rules and vocabulary,and grammar rules are taught deductively as general statements tobe applied in particular exercises in translation, so the learners may find itboring to learn.(4)With the emphasis on grammar, students typically know a lot about the languagebut are unable to actually use it. As a result, their use of the new languageoften tends to be literal or unnatural.3.Changes required would include:(1)Change in teacher’s role. The teacher can no longer be the source of knowledgeand trut h about the language. The teacher’s role has more to do withinitiating activities.(2)Change in learner’s role. The learner can no longer be passive. The learnermust actively participate in the activities.(3)Change of materials. These should, as far as possible, preserve the features ofauthentic instances of language use.(4)Change of techniques. These should emphasize the tasks (not drills) to beperformed and identify the skills being practiced.(5)Change in attitude. If the above are to be achieved then we are involved inchanging our attitudes towards teaching and learning in general.4.Achievement tests are based on a particular language syllabus, or part of a syllabus,or chapters in a textbook that learners are known to have studied and theyaim to know how well learners know what they have been taught. For example,the Chinese MET test, which is based on the Middle School English Syllabus andtaken by students leaving Senior Middle School, and Mid-Term tests, designed forUniversity English Majors based on just a few chapters from a textbook.5.The validity of a test relates to what the test claims to measure and how well itdoes so. If we know that a test is valid, then we know what we can confidently sayabout a person who passes or fails it. The two most important aspects of validityare content validity and construct validity. If a test has content validity it meansthat the test questions cover a fair sample of the language structures and skillsthat the test claims to be measuring. If a test has construct validity, it shows that itmeasures only what it claims to measure and nothing else.6.A test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on differentoccasions or when it is taken by different people. There are two aspects to reliability:test reliability and scorer reliability. Test reliability refers to how consistent scoresare on a test. If, for example, there are two versions of a particular test and the sameperson takes them on consecutive days and his scores are almost the same on eachversion, then such a test has test reliability. A test has scorer reliability if there is ahigh level of agreement between different people marking the same test paper.。

乳品加工手册

乳品加工手册1. 引言乳制品是人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，它们提供了丰富的营养和美味。

乳品加工是将原料牛奶转化为各种乳制品的过程，包括奶粉、酸奶、黄油等。

本手册将重点介绍乳品加工的几个关键步骤和技术要点，以指导乳品加工厂家实现高质量产品生产。

2. 原料准备2.1 牛奶a. 牛奶的选择：应选用新鲜、未与其他物质接触的优质牛奶。

b. 牛奶的贮存：牛奶应储存在适当的温度和湿度条件下，以防止细菌繁殖。

2.2 其他辅料a. 乳化剂：乳化剂可提高乳制品的稳定性和口感。

b. 调味品：根据产品需求，添加适量的调味品。

3. 加热和杀菌3.1 加热过程a. 直接加热法：将牛奶直接加热至一定温度，然后迅速冷却。

b. 稳定加热法：缓慢加热牛奶至一定温度，并保持一段时间，以确保彻底杀菌。

3.2 杀菌过程a. 高温短时法：将牛奶加热至高温，短时间内迅速冷却。

b. 低温长时法：将牛奶加热至较低温度，并持续一段时间进行杀菌。

4. 乳化和均质4.1 乳化a. 乳化的目的：将脂肪微小分散于牛奶中，提高乳制品的质感。

b. 乳化过程：通过搅拌、高压处理等方法实现乳化效果。

4.2 均质a. 均质的目的：使乳制品细腻、均匀，增加口感。

b. 均质过程：利用高压力使牛奶中的微小颗粒彻底分散。

5. 添加辅料和调味5.1 添加辅料a. 添加乳化剂：根据比例要求，将乳化剂加入乳制品中。

b. 添加稳定剂：为了保持产品的稳定性和口感，适量添加稳定剂。

5.2 调味a. 根据产品需求，选择适量的调味品，如水果、巧克力等。

6. 包装和储存6.1 包装a. 包装材料的选择：选择与乳制品相容的无毒、耐冲击、耐高温的包装材料。

b. 包装过程：将加工好的乳制品装入包装材料中，并进行封口处理。

6.2 储存a. 储存条件：将产品储存在恒温、恒湿的环境中，以延长产品的保质期。

b. 储存检查：定期检查储存条件和产品质量，确保产品符合标准。

7. 结论本手册全面介绍了乳品加工的关键步骤和技术要点，包括原料准备、加热和杀菌、乳化和均质、添加辅料和调味、包装和储存等方面。

chapter 12 relative clause

Chapter 12 Relative Clause12.0 General Informationin chapter 11, we have discussed some about coordination and subordination, and in this chapter, we will begin to study subordination in detail. The relative clause is a major part of subordination.1) definitionthe relative clause is defined as a clausal modifier of a preceding noun or noun phrase.2) classificationthe relative clause can be further divided into restrictive and non-restrictive relative clause.3) functionthe function of a relative clause is to modify a preceding construction, which is called antecedent, most often a preceding noun or noun phrase.4) attention the relative clause and the appositive clause①the relative clause has a preceding noun which is called antecedent. In addition to the relative clause, the appositive clause has the antecedent as well.②the antecedent of the relative clause may be a noun or a noun phrase, or may be an adjective, a possessive pronoun, a part of or a whole clause, or even a series of clauses.However, the antecedent of the appositive clause may only be a noun, such as fact, rumor, news, advice, suggestion, condition, hypothesis, etc..12.1 restrictive and non-restrictive relative clausesthere are two kinds of relative clauses: restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses(also called defining relative clause and non-defining relative clause).The distinction between them is very important because they not only take different forms but also perform different functions:The girl who lives next door is now traveling in Scotland. RestrictiveSusan Carter, who lives next door, is now traveling in Scotland. Non-restrictive①the two kinds of relative clauses function differently. The restrictive relative clause provides essential information for the identification of what its antecedent refers to, and it is an integral part of the antecedent, while a non-restrictive relative clause supplies additional information and places little limitation on the possible reference of its antecedent, and it can be discarded without serous injury to the understanding of the sentence asa whole.②the non-restrictive clause is set off in writing by commas, which is indicated in speech by a slight pause and characteristic change in pitch both before and after, while the restrictive relative clause is not set off by such features.③another formal distinction is found din their choice of the pronouns. With the non-restrictive relative clause that cannot be used.12.2 Antecedentby definition, the antecedent is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal, that is, a noun or a noun phrase; a non-nominal antecedents, which occur less frequently though, can be clauses, verb phrases or even adjective phrases.The nominal antecedent is open to either the restrictive or the non-restrictive relative clause, while the non-nominal antecedent normally takes non-restrictive modification.1. nominal antecedentnominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. The type of antecedent determines to a large extent whether to use the restrictive relative clause or the non-restrictive clause.For the convenience of classification, we divide antecedents into three types: ①those accepting only restrictive relative clauses; ②those accepting only non-restrictive relative clauses; ③those accepting both types of relative clauses.1) antecedent + restrictive relative clause①antecedents that only accept the restrictive relative clause typically include nouns or pronouns with unspecified reference --- indefinites such as all, any, some, every, no, little, etc. and compounds, such as something, anything, everything, etc.:all that glitters is not gold.I don’t think anything that a critic ever says is worthy of consideration.He interviewed some people who had been on hunger strike for days.He promised to do everything he could.②Restrictive relative clauses are also common with personal pronouns, especially those with generic reference泛指:He who plays with fire gets burnt.③Demonstrative pronouns that and those as antecedents are always followed by restrictive relative clauses:Those who live in glasshouses should not throw stones.2) antecedent + non-restrictive relative clausesince proper nouns generally have unique denotation, they cannot, as a rule, have restrictive modification. Therefore, proper nouns as antecedents co-occur almost exclusively with non-restrictive relative clause.Canterbury, which is famous for its cathedrals, is a major tourist attraction in England.I should also like to thank my friend Frank Williams, who originally suggested the idea for this publication.But there are situations where proper nouns behave like common nouns and thus can take restrictive relative clauses.Which Johnson are you talking about, the Johnson who plays basketball or the Johnson who wrote the dictionary?3) antecedent + restrictive / non-restrictive relative clausecommon nouns are not normally subject to grammatical or semantic constraints upon the choice of the type of the relative clause. Whether to use the restrictive clause or the non-restrictive relative clause is largely determined by the situational context or the linguistic context or both. The determiner that precedes the antecedent often plays an important role that helps us to decide to use one relative clause rather than the other.P.359① A noun with the definite article the, is compatible with either restrictive or non-restrictivepost-modification depending on the kind of reference it has.② A noun preceded by the indefinite article a / an also accepts either type of relative clause. When thearticle is used in the generic sense, the restrictive relative clause helps to further classify while the non-restrictive relative clause is nothing but a general remark.③Plural noun sand mass nouns without an article usually express generic meaning. They are compatiblewith either restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, and the restrictive relative clause performs classifying modification, while the non-restrictive one performs non-classifying modification.④Demonstrative determiners resemble the definite article in that they possess definite meaning, have situational, anaphoric or cataphoric reference, and can co-occur with either restrictive or non-restrictive relative clauses.2. non-nominal antecedent1) clause as antecedent①the noun phrase as antecedent has another relative clause, then the relative pronoun refers to acomplex noun phrase.②The antecedent of the relative pronoun may a clause or a sentence.2) verb phrase as antecedentsrelative clauses that have verb phrases as antecedents are invariable non-restrictive. The relative pronoun which represents an infinitive and may first be governed by some form of an auxiliary..3) predicative adjective as antecedentpredicative adjectives as antecedent also only appears in the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses.3. the choice of relative pronounsthe relative pronoun serves as a “link” between the relative clause and its antecedent, therefore it performs two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause. So when we choose the correct relative pronouns, we need to take 3 factors in to consideration:①the relation of the relative clause to its antecedent: the restrictive or non-restrictive②the gender type of the antecedent: personal or non-personal③the function of the relative pronouns as subject, object, complement, or adverbial.。

chapter 12翻译教程

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Optional
格的语用、语体翻译：
The committee appointed Mr. Smith
译为：委员会任命史密斯先生。
‘appoint’ 隐含了一个语义格：动词’appoint’的直宾（ ‘president’或者‘mayor’等等），所以隐含格应该补充出来。
Thank you for your attention!
logic and rhetoric able to contend.
历史使人聪明；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞使人善辩。
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The Translation of Case-Gaps:
There are four main categories of case-gaps: mandatory, basically syntactical implied, basically semantic optional, semantic and stylistic Supplementary, referential.
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Mandatory
格省略语法补充：这种格省略的补充主要依照语法。碰到这种情
况，译者自然会补充省略了的格，因为归宿语的语法要求译者补充省略语的语义格。 Examples: 1)你最好别做。（SL）
You had beຫໍສະໝຸດ ter not do it. （TL）
格语法：从语义的角度出发，即从句子的深层结构来研究句子的结构的。（Deep Structure Level）着重探讨句法结构与语义之间关系的一种语法理论和语义学理论。
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Chapter 12 Quality,Quantity,Packing and Pricing

Importance of packing Types of transport packing: 1.Bale 2.Bags 3.Barrel/drum 4.Box/case 5.Glass container 6.carton－－<硬纸箱> 7.Crate--<板条箱>
3.Factors to be considered when packing
Quality---Methods of expressing quality of
commodity in the contract
Sales by description ① Sale by specification ② Sale by grade ③ Sale by standard ④ Sale by trade mark and brand ⑤ Sale by name of origin ⑥ Sale by description and illustrations
shipping marks, usually made of alphabets numbers and simple words etc.
It includes
(1) the name of destination
(2) reference number
(3) names of importer and/or exporter
Sec1.Quality---Methods of expressing
quality of commodity in the contract
Sales as seen(Sale by actual quality) Sales by sample ① Counter sample ② Sealed sample ③ Reference sample Sales by description

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第十二章奶油和涂布乳制品国际乳品协会（IDF）介绍了一种包括奶油和涂沫制品的标准，即IDF标准166：1993，“涂布脂肪指南”，这些指南的意图是用来提供一个主要框架，在该框架下不同国家可以根据自身需要设定更加明确详细的一组或单一的标准。

定义涂布脂肪：“涂布脂肪”是一种以乳浊液形式存在的食物，主要是油包水型，并且主要由水相、食用脂肪和油组成。

食用脂肪和油主要由脂肪酸的甘油三酸脂组成，它们来源于蔬菜、动物、乳或海产品。

下列表(12.1和12.2)选自于该标准。

表12.1乳脂肪和人造奶油制品的主要组成乳脂产品混合脂肪产品人造奶油产品总脂肪中含乳总脂肪中乳脂含量总脂肪中乳脂含量脂100% 最高为80%，最低为15% 最高为3%注意，按照一些国家的或其它的有关法规：脂肪含量和乳脂与其它种类脂肪的比例会有一些更严格的限制性范围。

主要的原料应该是水和/或乳制品，食用脂肪和/或油或者是它们的混合物，关于脂肪含量及涂布脂肪的标准可依据脂肪的来源不同分为三类，最高脂肪含量应达到95%。

食物的名称应符合国家法规的规定，但产品需遵守表12.2所列的一般要求，该表将所有产品全部覆盖在以下三大类中：表12.2乳脂肪和人造奶油制品的名称脂肪含量% 乳脂产品混合脂肪产品人造奶油产品80-95 奶油混合物人造奶油 762-<80 涂布乳品涂布混合物涂布脂肪60-62 3/4脂肪或 3/4脂肪或 3/4稀释脂肪稀释脂肪稀释脂肪稀释脂肪奶油混合物人造奶油<41-<60 减量脂肪减量脂肪减量脂肪涂布涂布乳品涂布混合物涂布 39-41 1/2或低脂奶油 1/2或低脂混合物 1/2或低脂人造奶油或米纳林<39 涂布低脂肪乳品涂布低脂肪混合物涂布低脂肪下列联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准普遍适用于在国际贸易中并指明所允许使用的产品的名称：A1－奶油和乳清奶油标准（A16－涂布低脂乳品标准——草稿）规范标准32-1981是人造奶油标准规范标准13-1981是低脂奶油标准表12.3列出的一些瑞典商品脂肪产品的名称、组份等，可以做为上述分类的一个例子。

多年以来，用于烹调的脂肪只有少数几种、奶油、人造奶油、猪油、椰子油。

奶油和人造奶油这两种产品最常被提及。

二者不但可以用作烹调和焙烤而且还可以被涂布在面包上。

它们的共同缺点就是如果用传统的生产方法，在一般冰箱温度（+5℃）下不易涂布，这导致60年代和70年代期间开发出了。

各种更具涂布特性的产品低脂（40%）混合物，也叫米纳林(minarine)和后来的减量脂肪（60%）产品又叫穆林(mulleins)。

奶油奶油常被分成两种主要类型：● 甜性奶油● 发酵或酸性奶油，由细菌酸化稀奶油制成。

按照盐含量，奶油又可分为：无盐、加盐和特殊加盐的奶油。

直到十九世纪，奶油仍用自然发酵的稀奶油来生产，那时稀奶油从牛乳的上层撇出，并倒入一个木桶中，在奶油桶中通过手工搅拌生产奶油。

自然发酵的过程是非常敏感的，外界微生物的感染常常导致无法生产出奶油。

随着冷却知识的增长，使稀奶油能够在牛乳变酸之前被撇出，而由甜性稀奶油制成奶油。

奶油的生产方法不断得到完善，产品质量和经济效益逐渐提高，最后发现鲜奶油可通过添加酸酪乳或自然酸化的乳来使稀奶油发酵，在可控表12.3脂肪产品（瑞典）举例产品奶油人造奶油涂布乳品低脂涂布乳品 M-椰子油猪油组分布里交特拉特－拉贡(Bregott) (Latt-Lagom)基本原料发酵植物油发酵稀奶油 AMF *+植物油椰子油猪油稀奶油和脂肪和植物油＋预浓缩酪乳脂肪％ 80 80 80 40 100 100水分％ 16-18** ≈80 17-18** 48 0 0盐％ 0-2 1.5-2.0 1.4-2.0 1.2 0 0蛋白质％ 0.7 0.2-0.4 0.6 7.5 0 0比热k/100g 3140 3100-3150 3140 1710 3900 3900维生素 A2500 A3000 A3000 A3000 0 0I.U./100g D55 D300 D300 D300 0 0在6-7℃ 2-3个月 3个月 2-3个月 1.5个月 6-12个月 6个月下的保质期应用餐用餐用餐用餐用烹调油煎烹调烹调烹调甜味食品烘烤*AMF……无水乳脂**随盐含量而异:条件下生产酸性奶油成为可能。

分离机的发明（1878）使人们能够迅速且有效地从牛奶中分离出稀奶油来，它是大规模生产奶油的开端。

在十九世纪八十年代巴氏杀菌的采用、在十九世纪九十年代细菌发酵剂的使用以及在本世纪初奶油制造机的出现，都对奶油产品的质量的提高和经济效益的改进做出了贡献。

现在的商品化奶油是多少年来在卫生、细菌酸化和热处理方面所积累的知识与经验以及迅速发展的技术的混合产物。

技术发展的突飞猛进，促进了先进机械的广泛使用。

甜性和发酵(酸性)稀奶油由于生产方式的不同，奶油的组成也不同。

从表12.3可以看出，奶油含80%的脂肪，根据是否加盐，水分含量在16-18%范围内。

奶油中还含有脂溶性维生素A 和D。

奶油的颜色因胡萝卜素的含量不同而变化，胡萝卜素占乳中维生素A 总量的11-50%。

由于乳中胡萝卜素的含量在冬天和夏天不同，所以冬季生产的奶油颜色较深。

（在此，要说明的是水牛乳的稀奶油制成的奶油是白色的，因为水牛乳不含胡萝卜素)，奶油还应该是稠厚而味鲜，水分应分散成细滴，从而使奶油外观干燥，组织应均匀光滑，这样奶油就易于涂布，并且能在口中即时融化。

酸性稀奶油应有丁二酮气味，而甜性稀奶油则应有稀奶油味——但甜奶油允许有轻微的“蒸煮”味。

用酸性稀奶油制做的奶油比用各种甜性稀奶油做的奶油具有更多特点，如：芳香味更浓，奶油得率较高，且由于细菌发酵剂能抑制不良微生物的生长，因此在热处理后再次被杂菌感染的危险性较小。

酸性稀奶油也有其缺点，酪乳也会被酸化，来自酸性稀奶油的酪乳比来自甜性稀奶油的酪乳有更低的pH值，有时酸酪乳要比甜性稀奶油所得的鲜酪乳难处理得多。

酸性稀奶油的另一个缺点是它更容易被氧化，从而产生一种金属味，如果有微量的铜或其他重金属存在，这一趋势就加重，从而给奶油的化学保藏性带来相当大的影响。

奶油生产起初在农场生产的奶油是为了家庭使用，那时用手工操作的奶油搅拌器生产奶油，如图12.1。

随着搅拌和排除酪乳得到的奶油被收集在一个浅槽中，手工压练直到达到所要求的干燥度和组织。

规模化的奶油制造过程包括许多步骤，图12.2是一条典型生产线，图中包括了在搅拌压练机中的批量生产方式，和在一台奶油制造机中连续生产的方式，现在搅拌机仍在使用，但是正被奶油制造机快速取代。

稀奶油可以由液态奶加工厂提供（过剩的稀奶油）或者由奶油厂从全脂乳中分离。

在前一种情况下，稀奶油应由供应厂商进行巴氏杀菌。

稀奶油贮存及运输到奶油厂时，应预防二次污染、充气或产生泡沫。

收到产品后，称重和分析检测以后，把稀奶油贮存在罐中。

奶油可以在搅拌机中进行批量生产，或者在现代奶油制造机中进行批量生产。

图.12.1曾用于家庭奶油生产的传统的手工搅拌桶如果稀奶油在奶油厂里生产，全脂乳被分离之前要预热到63℃进行巴氏杀菌，热的稀奶油进入稀奶油巴氏杀菌器之前经过一个中间缓冲贮罐，对稀奶油进行温和的处理方式，请参看第八章对斯堪的纳维亚方法的叙述。

来自分离机的脱脂乳在被打入贮奶罐之前要进行巴氏处理和冷却。

如果准备生产发酵奶油时，部分脱脂乳，要用于发酵剂的制备。

稀奶油从中间贮存罐被送到95℃或更高的温度下进行巴氏杀菌。

使用高温的目的是为了抑制对保藏质量可能有影响的乳中的酶和微生物。

就酸性稀奶油来说，抑制有害的微生物是必要的，因为这样就可以为添加的发酵剂创造理想的生长条件。

加热处理释放出强烈的抗氧化化合物，进一步减少了奶油氧化的风险。

如果稀奶油带有异常的挥发性气味或香味，如洋葱味，生产线中也可增设真空脱气装置。

由于任何结合于脂肪中的气味如果不除去即会转移到奶油中去，所以在巴氏杀菌前需要进行真空脱气。

真空处理包括将稀奶油预热到所需的温度，然后进行蒸发冷却，放出带入的任何气体和挥发性物质。

真空脱气后，稀奶油返回巴氏杀菌器来完成进一步处理——加热、保温和冷却，然后送往成熟罐。

在成熟罐中，建议最大容积为30,000升，稀奶油要经过序列温度程序，其目的是图.12.2发酵奶油的批量和连续化生产的一般生产步骤1乳的验收2脱脂乳的热处理和巴氏消毒3脂肪分离4稀奶油的巴氏杀菌5真空分离器6发酵剂制备7稀奶油的成熟和酸化(如果使用)8温度处理9搅拌/操作，间歇式10搅拌/操作，连续式11酪乳回收12带有螺杆输送器的奶油仓13包装机乳脱脂乳稀奶油奶油当稀奶油有很强烈的外来气味或香味时，例如，洋葱味，可以适当真空脱气，而真空处理对得率和奶油的硬度有不利的影响。

当稀奶油冷却变硬时，脂肪达到所需的结晶结构。

热处理条件根据各种因素如脂肪的内在构成来决定，比如用碘价表示的不饱和脂肪含量的大小。

通过调整温度程序，即使碘值低，即脂肪的不饱和比例低时，也能获得硬度良好的奶油。

成熟通常要12-15小时，在适当条件下，在温度控制程序之前加入产酸的细菌发酵剂，加入发酵剂的数量，取决于与碘值相应所选的温度程序，参看表12.4。

稀奶油从成熟罐被泵入连续奶油制造机或搅拌机；有时通过板式换热器将其温度提高到所需要的温度。

在搅拌过程中稀奶油被剧烈摔打，以打碎脂肪球，使脂肪球聚合成奶油团粒，使剩余在液体即酪乳中的脂肪含量减少。

这样稀奶油被分为两部分：奶油粒和酪乳。

在传统的搅拌中，当奶油粒达到一定大小时，搅拌机停止，并排走酪乳。

在连续式奶油制造机中，酪乳的排放也是连续式的。

排出酪乳后，将奶油压炼成水呈细微分散的脂肪连续相。

过去通常习惯的做法是在搅拌后，洗涤奶油，以去掉任何剩余的酪乳和乳固体，但现在很少这样做了，如果奶油准备加盐，在间歇生产的情况下盐撒在它的表面，在连续式奶油制造机中盐以盐水的形式加在奶油中。

加盐以后，为了保证盐的均匀分布，必须强有力地压炼奶油。

奶油的压炼也影响产品的感官特性，即香味、滋味、贮存质量、外观和色泽。

最终的奶油被传送到包装设备然后冷却贮存。

原料稀奶油必须有良好的细菌质量，在滋味或香味方面没有缺陷。

在选择生产参数时，碘值是决定性的因素。

如果不校正，高碘值的脂肪（即含不饱和脂肪高）将生产出多脂的奶油，通过各种不同的成熟处理达到适当的碘值后，硬脂肪（碘值低于28）和软脂肪（碘值高达42）都可以制成合格粘度的奶油。

含抗菌素或消毒剂的稀奶油不适于生产酸性奶油，如果有害的微生物已经繁殖，尽管这些有害微生物可通过热处理予以钝化，但这样的稀奶油也不能再用于生产，因此在生产过程的所有阶段，严格的卫生是非常重要的。