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中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. T o have the CPU;5．T o have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (e xtranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International T elecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "T echnology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International T elecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet o f Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International T elecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S.business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet" strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. T o a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.T oday, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the UnitedStates, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from$ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automoti ve and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales. 7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In the era of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature.8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprisesto strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the app lication of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information T echnology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to T aiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things willbecome a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensortechnology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.T er, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.es。

获取中英文文献资料的途径

获取中英文文献资料的途径
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中英文对照(适用社会学)资料讲解

中英文对照（适用社会学）专业英语Sociological Terminologies 中英文术语对照第一部分 Part OneI-欧洲古典社会学家Auguste Comte 奥古斯特?孔德Karl Marx 卡尔?马克思Herbert Spencer 赫伯特?斯宾塞Vilfredo Pareto 维尔弗雷多?帕累托Ferdinand Toennies 费迪南德?滕尼斯Emile Durkheim 埃米尔?涂尔干Georg Simmel 格奥尔格?齐美尔Gaetano Mosca 加耶塔诺?莫斯卡Max Weber 马克斯?韦伯Leonard T. Hobhouse 莱奥纳多。

T。

霍布豪斯Robert Michels 罗伯特?米歇尔斯II-北美古典社会学家William Graham Sumner 威廉姆?格拉汉姆?萨姆纳Lester Ward 莱斯特?沃德Albion Small 阿比奥?斯莫尔Franklin Giddings 弗兰克林?吉丁斯Thorstein Veblen 索斯坦?凡勃伦George Herbert Mead 乔治?赫伯特?米德W. I. Thomas W。

I。

托马斯Charles Horton Cooley 查尔斯?霍顿?库利Robert E. Park 罗伯特。

E。

帕克E. A. Ross E。

A。

罗斯III-现代早期Pitirim Sorokin 皮特里姆?索罗金Elton Mayo 埃尔顿?梅约Georg Lukacs 格奥尔格?卢卡奇William F. Ogburn 威廉姆。

F。

奥格本Karl Mannheim 卡尔?曼海姆Alfred Schutz 阿尔弗雷德?舒茨Herbert Blumer 赫伯特?布鲁默Paul Lazarsfeld 保罗?拉扎斯菲尔德George Gallup 乔治?盖洛普Tarcott Parsons 塔尔科特?帕森斯George Homans 乔治?霍曼斯IV-现代晚期David Riesman 大卫?里斯曼Robert King Merton 罗伯特?金?默顿Barrington Moore 巴林顿?摩尔Lewis Coser 刘易斯?科塞Reinhard Bendix 莱因哈特?本尼迪克斯C. W. Mills C 。

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Steam trace: 加热蒸汽管道Cutting:切割socket weld 承插焊接fillet weld 角焊 , 填角焊branch connection分支接续fabrication tolerance.制造容差local heat treatment局部热办理threaded pipe 螺纹管seal welding.密封焊接flange joint凸缘接头undercut底切feeder馈电线conduit outlet电线引出口seal fitting密封接头,密封配件Screw thread lubricant螺纹润滑剂Seal:绝缘层weld reinforcement焊缝补强lock washer锁紧[止动,防松]垫圈electrical panel. 配电板 , 配电盘nipple螺纹接头zinc plated.镀锌的ring joint环接,围缘接合bolt螺栓control:控制器National Electrical Code全国电气规程master schedule主要图表,综合图表,设计任务书,主要作业表torque wrench转矩扳手job site施工现场flange connection.凸缘联接Hard hat ：安全帽Goggles ：护目镜stockpile储存packing list装箱单crate:柳条箱purchased material list原资料进货单back-feed反应wire coil线盘，线卷，NPT thread.美国标准锥管螺纹cable gland电缆衬垫terminal block 线弧 ,接头排接线盒,接线板,线夹power drill机械钻connector.接线器insulated sleeve绝缘套管wire connector接线器wire terminal电线接头control wiring控制线路motor lead 电动机引出线power wiring电力布线tender document ．供给证件orifice plate.挡板nut螺母flange gasket法兰垫片dimensional inspection尺寸查验burn through烧蚀piping system. 管道系统reinforcement of weld 增强焊缝fabrication.制造dye penetrant examination染料浸透试验法magnetic particle examination磁粉查验girth weld 环形焊缝cement lined piping水泥衬里weld joint焊缝,焊接接头spool drawing管路图,管路详图spot test抽查,就地测试butt weld对接焊缝Random Radiography随机射线照相检查radiographic examination射线照相检查assembly. 装置erection架设examination试验cable tray.电缆盘rigid steel conduit钢制电线管power control功率控制arc welding电弧焊control cable 控制电缆操控索normal bend法向[法线]弯管cable glands:电缆衬垫exfoliation剥落power receptacle电力插座grounding conductor接地导体lighting fixture照明器械junction box分线箱race way电缆管道terminal box 接线盒distribution board 配电盘 ,配电屏receptacle插座tumble switch.翻转开关,拨动式开关cathodic protection system阴极保护系统Circuit breaker断路开关amplifier panel放大器盘control console控制台electrical material电气资料convenience receptacle.电源插座cable gland 电缆衬垫TIG：Tungsten-arc Inert-Gaswelding 钨极电弧惰性气体保护焊filler rod 焊条tensile strength 抗张强度shield gas 保护气体shield jig 保护夹具high frequency generator.高频发电机welding rod焊条filler metal焊料,焊丝shop fabrication车间制造field installation现场安装welding bead焊道both sides welding.双面焊接residual stress剩余应力electrode电焊条condensation冷凝longitudinal.纵向的horizontal line水平线circumferential joint周圈接缝nondestructive examination.非损坏性查验, qualification:合格性construction work 施工工程welded joint焊接缝焊接节点gas cutting.气割arc cutting电弧切割grind off磨掉metallic luster金属光彩Screwed Piping Joints螺丝状的管接头gouging. 刨削槽Bending:挠曲witness test订货人在场的试验Welding:焊接Threading:车缧纹Leveling ：校平color identification彩色辨别Alignment ：瞄准 , 定位调整check against检查,查对Fixing ：固定Console ：控制台cubicle 室 , 箱audit审计material certificate.资料合格证vertical panel 竖直面板power distribution panel配电盘gauge board 仪表板beveling磨斜棱 , 磨斜边local panel现场配电盘grouting灌浆fabrication加工,制造instrument rack计测器支架tank gauge液面计flushing冲刷，填缝analyzer剖析器piping管道敷设tubing敷设管道cable fitting电缆配件elbow. 弯管接头main pipe主管道bend. 弯管弯头solvent溶剂postweld heat treatment焊后热办理jig.夹具arc gouging电弧刨削chipping修琢machining机械加工bridges.管式桥clamp. 夹钳tack welding点焊butt welding对接焊grinder.磨床commencement.开始gusset plate角撑板,加固板process pipe工艺管道land纹间表面tee 三通管丁字钢T 形梁opening张口reinforcing pad. 补强垫 , 增强衬板flux焊剂wet developer湿显像剂blowhole气泡,气孔inclusion杂质imperfection缺点limitation限度valve阀, 闸门structural attachment构造附件tapered allowance削尖余量tack welding平头焊接sputter喷溅scale废料lateral translation侧向平移weld joint焊缝,焊接接头plug. 塞fusion熔融base material基底资料lead foil铅箔intensifying screen增光屏,光增强屏pressure test.压力试验film density.电影密度line number 行数leak test漏泄试验plate thickness筛板厚度restoration维修field fabricated工地制造的,现场装置的junction box. 接线盒flow sheet流程图vent 放气孔 ,通风孔drain排水管instrument air 仪表气源blind挡板pipe arrangement管配置civil engineer.土木匠程师bus duct母线槽substation分站flow instrument流量计power distribution panel 配电盘level instrument 位面计 , 水平仪pressure instrument 压力仪表 / 压力计level switch ( 信号 ) 电平开关 ,gage glass液位玻璃管pilot tube 指示灯line check小检修recalibration.复校 , 从头校准blinding plate盲板expansion joint伸缩接头hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验pneumatic pressure气压scaffolding脚手架check valve 止回阀liquid penetrant examination液体浸透探伤test pump试验泵witnessed inspections现场检测hanger 吊架control valve 控制阀 ,fabrication drawing制造图纸,制作图schedule number 表示管壁厚度系列的号码hydrostatic test. 流体静力学试验, 水压试验design pressure设计压力disposition notice处分通知书pipe stanchion管支柱bellow type涟漪管式expansion joint伸缩接头vibration stopper ：减震器subcontractor转包商WPS Works Process Specification典型工艺规程piping.管道系统flange.凸缘sleeve套筒ferritic. 铁素体的identification mark辨别标记stencil. 模绘片版 , 镂花模板stamping. 冲压silicone paint硅树脂油漆weld bead焊缝automatic temperature recorder温度自动记录器penetrameter透度计film viewer底片察看用光源civil works 土建工程，建筑工程lump sum price混淆价钱, 统包价钱scrap material废料caulking metal 填隙合金 [ 金属 ]( 资料 ) application drawing 操作图 ,应用图cable routing电缆路由选择channel bases 水渠基底vertical panel 竖直面板local panel现场配电盘power distribution panel配电盘gauge board 样板 ,模板规准尺anchor bolt锚定螺栓expansion bolt伸缩栓,扩开螺栓field instrument.携带式仪表instrument rack计测器支架,计测器框架tank gauge油箱液位计guide wire尺度[定距]索,准绳name plate名牌,商标lead pipe 铅管take-off valve 输出阀sub-header分联箱air header集气管pneumatic signal气动信号steam trace 加热蒸汽管道electric heat tracing. 电陪伴加热cable trunk 电缆管道stop end 封端fire barriers 防火间隔bonding wire 接合线 , 焊线conduit box [ 电 ] 导管分线匣rigid conduits 刚性导管flexible conduit软管conduit entry导管引入装置road crossing duct bank 平交道口管道组Capping ends 顶盖尾端cable armor 电缆铠装Cable sheath 电缆包皮层sealing compound 电缆膏coaxial cable 同轴电缆loop test环路测试sequence test.联锁次序试验lintel beam水平横楣梁flash plate闪熔镀层anchor bolt地脚螺栓expansion bolt伸缩栓,扩开螺栓shim plate垫板push button station按钮式控制站logic diagram 逻辑图calculation sheet 计算书flow instrument流量计level instrument位面计,水平仪layout drawing部署图tie band 捆扎用带材Heating boxes 加热室cutting opening 切孔control valve actuator阀控传动机构air set 空气中凝结 ,常温自硬自然硬化solenoid valve.螺线管阀,电磁阀calorimeter热量计odometer 历程标tachometer转速计chronometer精细计时表Angle Stop valves角式截止阀Angle Throttle Valves角式节流阀Angle Type Globe Valves门角式截止阀Ash valves排灰阀Aspirating valves吸（抽）气阀Auxiliary valves协助（副）阀Balance valves均衡阀Bellows valves涟漪管阀Blowdown valves泄料（放空，排污）阀Brake valves制动阀Butterfly Type Non-slam Check蝶式缓冲止回阀Butterfly Valves with Gear Actuator蜗轮传动蝶阀Buttwelding valves对焊连结阀Clamp valves对夹式阀门Cock二通Combination valves组合阀CQ Thread Ball Valves CQ螺纹球阀Culvert valves地下管道阀Deceleration valves减速阀Diaphragm Valves隔阂阀Decompression valves泄压阀Double Disc Flat Gate Valves 双闸板平板闸阀Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves 明杆平行式双闸板闸板Double Opening Exhaust Valves 双口排气球Drainage valves 排水阀Electric Actuated Stop Valves 电动截止阀Electric Actuated Wedge Gate Valves 电动楔式闸阀Electric Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves 电动平行式双闸板闸板Emergeny Cut-off Valves 紧迫迫断阀Exhaust valves排气阀Free Float Type Steam Trap浮球式疏水阀Flange Ball Valves法兰球阀Flange Gate Valves法兰闸阀Flange Globe Valves法兰截止阀Gauge Valves仪表阀Hand-operated valves手动阀Hard Seal Butterfly Valves金属密封碟阀High Temperature Pressure Power Station Gate Valves高温高压电站闸阀High Temperature Pressure Power Station Globe Valves高温高压电站截止阀Hydraulic relay valves液压继动阀Lift Check Valves起落式止回阀Lift Check Valves起落式止回阀Limit valves限位阀Lining Ball Valves衬里球阀Lining Butterfly Valves衬里碟阀Lining Check Valves衬里止回阀Lining Cock衬里二通Lining Globe Valves衬里截止阀Lining T-Cock Valves衬里三通旋塞阀Liquid Indicator液位计LPG Pipe Fitting液化气管件Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves 磁耦合截止阀Magnetism Forle Pumps磁力泵Manual Oil Pumps Valves手摇油泵(阀)Meter Needle Type Globe Valves仪表针形截止阀Oblique Stop Valves直流式截止阀Parallel Slide Valves浆液阀Pintle valve针形阀Piping Centrifugal Pumps管道离心泵Plunger valves柱塞阀Pressure valve压力（増压）阀Piping Pumps管道泵Piping Safety Valves管道安全阀Plunger Globe Valves柱塞截止阀Quick Draining Valves迅速排污阀Restrictor Valves过流阀(或节流阀)Safety Valves安全阀Screw Pumps螺杆泵Scum Gate Valves排渣闸阀Solenoid valves电磁阀Single Disc Flat Gate Valves单闸板平板闸阀Single Opening Exhaust Valves单口排气球Slurry Pumps泥浆泵Stop Valves截止阀Strainer过滤器Submerged Motor Pumps潜水电泵(排污泵)Swing Check Valves旋启式止回阀Swing Check Valves旋启式止回阀Tank Lorry Ball Valves槽车球阀T-Cock三通Thin Gate Valves薄型闸阀Throttle Valves节流阀Tiny Drag Slow Shut Check Valves微阻缓闭止回阀Triple(tee)valves三通阀Two-way valves二通阀Under Water Pumps液下泵Vacuum Pumps水力发射器(真空泵)Vertical Lift Check Valves立式止回阀Wafer Check Valves对夹式止回阀Wafer plate valves对夹蝶板阀Wafer Type Butterfly Valves with Rubber Itning对夹式衬胶蝶阀Waste Valves排污箱(阀)Water Seal Gate Valves水封闸阀Wedge Gate Valves楔式闸阀Y Type and Cylinder Filters Y 型筒型过滤器Ball球、球芯Ball seat密封圈Blowdown Sealing Face启、阀件密封面Body阀体Bonnet阀盖Disc阀瓣Mut螺母Screw螺栓Sealing密封件Spring弹簧Stem阀杆Stem Mut阀杆螺母Stem seal填料Wedge Disc闸板Applicable temperature合用温度Butt Clamp对夹Chemical analysis 化学成份Connecting format连结形式Double disc双闸板Flexible disc弹性闸板Flange 法兰Hoop 卡箍Inside thread 内螺纹Jacket 夹套Mains 电源Material chemical analysis and mechanical capacity资料化学成份和机械性能materials 资料Materials for main parts主要部件资料Mechanical capacity机械性能Max. Discharging Capacity最大排水量Max. Operating Temperature最高工作温度Max. Allowable Temperature最高同意温度Max. Allowable Pressure最高同意压力Model 型号Name of parts 部件名称nitrogen (N)氮Nominal bore公称通径Nominal Pressure 公称压力Nozzle 排气口Outside thread 外螺纹Oxidant 氧化性介质Parallel 平行Piping 管路Piston 活塞Reductant 复原性介质Rising stem 明杆Seal 阀座，密封面Seat testing pressure 压力气密封试验压力Socket 卡套Specifications性能规范Single disc 单闸板Solid 刚性Strengh testing pressure 强度试验压力Steam , condensate 蒸汽 ,凝结水Stroke 冲程，行程Water,oil,steam 水,温度 ,气Wedge 楔式Welding焊接Buna-N rubber 丁晴橡胶Casting aluminium brass 铸铝黄铜Casting aluminium bronze 铸铝青铜Ceramic metal 陶瓷金属Chromel alloy 镍铬合金CHR rubber氯晴橡胶Chrominm-molybdenum-vanadium steel铬钼钒钢Chromium stainless steel铬不锈钢Chromium-molybdenum steel铬钼钢Corrugation pad波形垫Cuprum alloy铜合金Ductile Cast iron球墨铸铁Expanded graphite柔性石墨Fine Steel Casting iron优良碳素钢Fluorous rubber氟橡胶Gray Cast iron 灰铸铁Hayne’s alloy 钴铬钨合金High tem perature steel 高温钢Monel蒙乃尔合金Low temperature steel低温钢Nylon尼龙塑料Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTEF)聚四氟乙烯Polythene聚乙烯Pure aluminium纯铝Pure cupper纯铜Rubber graphite board 橡胶石墨板Spring steel 弹簧钢Stainless acid-resisting steel不锈耐酸钢Stainless and Graphite 不锈钢 / 石墨Stainless steel 不锈钢Steel Casting iron碳素钢铸件Shell Test Pressure壳体试验压力Service Fluid工作介质。

常用临床申报资料翻译中英文对照

FDA（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRA TION）：（美国）食品药品管理局IND（INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG）：临床研究申请（指申报阶段,相对于NDA而言）；研究中的新药（指新药开发阶段，相对于新药而言，即临床前研究结束）NDA（NEW DRUG APPLICATION）：新药申请ANDA（ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICA TION）：简化新药申请EP诉（EXPORT APPLICATION）：出口药申请（申请出口不被批准在美国销售的药品）TREATMENT IND：研究中的新药用于治疗ABBREVIATED（NEW）DRUG：简化申请的新药DMF（DRUG MASTER FILE）：药物主文件（持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料，可以包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物品。

只有在DMF持有者或授权代表以授权书的形式授权给FDA，FDA在审查IND、NDA、ANDA时才能参考其内容）HOLDER：DMF持有者CFR（CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATION）：（美国）联邦法规PANEL：专家小组BA TCH PRODUCTION：批量生产；分批生产BATCH PRODUCTION RECORDS：生产批号记录POST-OR PRE- MARKET SURVEILLANCE：销售前或销售后监督INformED CONSENT：知情同意（患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验）FDA（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRA TION）：（美国）食品药品管理局IND（INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG）：临床研究申请（指申报阶段,相对于NDA而言）；研究中的新药（指新药开发阶段，相对于新药而言，即临床前研究结束）NDA（NEW DRUG APPLICATION）：新药申请ANDA（ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICA TION）：简化新药申请EP诉（EXPORT APPLICATION）：出口药申请（申请出口不被批准在美国销售的药品）TREATMENT IND：研究中的新药用于治疗ABBREVIATED（NEW）DRUG：简化申请的新药DMF（DRUG MASTER FILE）：药物主文件（持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料，可以包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物品。

GD&T中英文学习资料02

半径和控制半径半径半径是从圆心到圆弧或圆的表面的一条直线。

半径的符号是R。

符号R使用时，就产生了由两条圆弧（最小半径和最大半径）定义的公差带。

零件表面必需位于公差带内。

控制半径控制半径是不准许平直和相反的半径。

控制半径的符号为CR。

当CR使用时，就产生了由两条圆弧（最小半径和最大半径）定义的公差带。

零件表面位于新月型的公差带内，并且不是平直和相反圆弧。

6Radius and Controlled RadiusRadiusA radius is a straight line extending from the center to the surface of an arc or a circle. The symbol for a radius is “R”. When the “R” symbol is used, it create a zone defined by two arcs(the minimum and maximum radii). Thepart surface must lie within this zone.Controlled RadiusA controlled radius is a radius with no flats of reversals allowed. The symbol for controlled radius is “CR”. When the “CR” symbol is used, it creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii). The part surface must be within the crescent-shaped tolerance zoneand be an arc without flats or reversals.6统计公差符号统计公差符号表示被应用的尺寸公差是由统计方法建立的.。

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英文参考资料The enterprise information system is the enterprise information material base, enterprise information system construction good and the badness, regarding enhances the enterprise the economic efficiency to have the very important function. The establishment enterprise information system, carries on the management in enterprise's each level and each function domain to enterprise's management decision-making activity, is enhances the enterprise competitive ability the important way. The level each kind of enterprise information system construction, specially faces the supervisory work the management information information system construction, has become the enterprise information advancement the main part.The enterprise information system establishment mainly is in the management information system (MIS) in the foundation, uses the computer-aided design and makes (CAD/CAM), establishes the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS). In development decision-making support program (DSS) in the foundation, and controls through the man-machine dialogue action program, from material demand plan (MRP), manufacture resources plan (MRPII) and enterprise resources plan (ERP). Also has a volume of development, the production and the material object retails to a body punctual production (JIT), unceasingly eliminates the waste the fine production (LP), supplies in the chain management the fast response and the agile manufacture (AM), non- pollution clean production and green manufacture, as well as through network coordination design and production parallel project (CE) and so on. These information society new production methods merge into one organic whole the information technology revolution and the management progress, cause the enterprise to win in the aspects the competitive advantage, these information systems applications also cause the enterprise to produce, the business data, in the enterprise policy-maker three levels in the enterprise realize the information. Under introduced several kind of main enterprises information system management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, software, the network corresponds these equipment and other office equipments carries on the information the collection, the transmission, the processing, the storage, the renewal and the maintenance achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency goal, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck control and the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendent provides the report, provides the enterprise the recent situation as well as the historic record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, for management function and so on level plan, control and decision-making serves, generally provides the data by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS will be able the actual enterprise's each kind of movement situation, and using the past historical data forecast future, embarks the assistance enterprise from the enterprise overall situation angle to carry on the decision-making, used the message control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to achieve its plan goal. The present management information system is, "Antony which design and the deduction comes according to renowned" Antony the model "model" is the modern management information system founder. In 1965, Antony (Anthony) and so on the business management studied the expert through 15 years massive practices to the European and American system modelling enterprise to observe and to confirm, established the manufacturing industry management management service flow and its the information system skeleton theory, namely renowned "Antony model", this theory thought the management management service activity, namely the business management system mightdivide into the strategic plan, the tactical decision-making and the service decision-making 3 levels (1) the strategic plan level (Strategic Planning Layer, SPL): For the highest management level, is refers to such as the enterprise to organize the goal the hypothesis and the change, for realizes plan, the plan, the budget process and so on resources policy which this goal adopts. (2) tactic decision-making strata (Tactics Decision Layer, TDL): Also is called the management control level, for the middle management level, is for the realization business goal, enables the enterprise effectively to obtain and the use resources concrete application process. (3) handling of traffic level (Business Treatment Layer, BTL): Also is called the operating control level, for the lower level management level, is for determined some specific service can the entire process which effectively, highly effective carries out. Antony the management information system definition will be: "can nimbly utilize the information technology, in the systematized transmission, the memory, the exchange enterprise the exterior information, thus forms either support enterprise's management or service system". Along with the time progress, the information technology and the management science development, the business management information system function already foundation unceasingly performed in "Antony in the model" to expand and the consummation, at this point has developed for the 5th generation based on the electronic accounting machine network technology and the electronic commerce technology modern management information system. The management information can support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. These three levels are the enterprise are high, center, the low three levels administrative personnel, it has reflected regarding the enterprise in the marketing function, the manufacture function, the information service function, human resources management function each level the and so on management function, financial control function comprehensive support. The management information system is based on the information technology the challenge, the organization and the management explanation which proposed to the environment. The administrative personnel wants to face the objective environment regarding enterprise's challenge, first in under the management information technology support, must have a management information system. The management information system utilized has been advanced, the management, the information processing technology aims at the environment the challenge, it actually was along with the information technology unceasingly front then advance, changed the management information along with the environment unceasing diastrophism to be able to support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. Each level regarding management information specific request including following several aspects: (1) the information origin is different. Management, namely strategic plan level administrative personnel, not only needs the enterprise interior the information, moreover must know the external environment the information. Because must formulate the enterprise developmental strategy plan, must understand the competitor the information, the partner information, government all policies, the laws and regulations change information. But the enterprise interior operation level personnel needs the information originates mainly is the internal information. (2) the information comprehensive degree is different. High level administrative personnel comprehensive nature high, each aspect requests the information content is big. But regarding the concrete operation control personnel, only is responsible for the partial management the concrete work, the request information synthesis degree very is low. (3) the information processing method is different. Because the high level personnel involves the policy-making question many and varied, the different question needs the different processing method process information, therefore regarding the strategic plan level said the processing the method is indefinite. But said regarding the operation control level personnel that, the processing method is definite. For instance, keeps in stock the stock information which the personnel processes nothing but is: How many goodsinside the storehouse has received? How much materials sent out? How much materials has received? Then carries on correspondingly counts splits out the report form, these all are the extremely fixed processing methods. Information provides which to the different administrative personnel, whether is suitable for the different administrative personnel's need, this is a question which the management information system design needs to solve. Therefore should aim at differently needs to process the different information content, uses the different processing method to satisfy each level the request. The management information system (M I S) not only supports the underlying bed administrative personnel, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's management control, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system constitutes by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden duty and so on information transmission, processing, preservation; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the realization and the maintenance. The management information system is generally regarded as a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the first floor handling of traffic to the operating control, the management control, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse business information and the condition information constitution by the duty. The level more upward, business processes the scope is smaller, in view of also is quite special and the non- structure question. A organization's management information system decomposable is four major components: 1st, EDPS are partial, mainly completes the data the collection, the input, the database management, the inquiry, the fundamental operation, the daily report form output and so on. 2nd, the analysis part, mainly above the EDPS foundation, the logarithm according to carries on the deep processing, like utilizes each kind of management model, the quantitative analysis method, the sequenced method, the operations research method and so on carries on the analysis to organization's production operating condition. 3rd, the decision-making are partial, the MIS policy-making model is restricted in solves the structure management decision-making problem primarily, its policy-making result must provide a best policy-making plan for the high level superintendent. 4th, database partial, mainly completes function and so on data file storage, organization, backup, the database is the management information system core are partial. In addition, a organization's management information system may act according to manages the function the different division for the longitudinal subsystem. The main subsystem includes: 1st, stock management subsystem, function including to stock control, stock account management, ordering plan formulation and warehouse own management and so on. 2nd, production management subsystem, function including material demand plan formulation, productive plan arrangement, production scheduling and daily production data management analysis and so on. 3rd, the personnel management subsystem, the function including personnel's records management, the personnel checks attendance the situation management, the personnel each kind of insurance fund management and the personnel trains the plan the system to grade. 4th, the financial control subsystem, the function including a financial account item management, the production cost of operation management, the financial condition analysis and the financial plan system grades. 5th, sales management subsystem, function including sales plan formulation, sales condition analysis, customer information management and sales contract management and so on. 6th, the policy-making support subsystem, the function manages strategic including the enterprise the formulation, the enterprise resources assignment and so on. The system function subsystem division different has the difference because of enterprise's production management characteristic, the above six functions subsystems common enterprise all has, moreover the above each sub- system may carry on a thinner levelthe division, here we no longer give the detailed explanation. The management information system assistance completes the enterprise daily structure information processing task, generally thought MIS the primary mission has the following several aspects: 1st, carries on the strict management to the foundation data, the request measurement tool standardization, the procedure and the method correct use, causes the information circulation channel to be smooth. Some point must be clear about when goes in is a trash, comes out also is trash ", must guarantee the information the accuracy, the uniformity. 2nd, determination information processing process standardization, unified data and report form standard form, in order to establishes a centralism unified database. 3rd, highly effective feeble-mindedly completes the daily business to process the service, the optimization assigns each kind of resources, including manpower, physical resource, financial resource and so on. 4th, the full use had the resources, including present and the historical data message and so on, utilizes each kind of management model, the logarithm according to carries on processing processing, supports the management and the policy-making work, in order to realization organization goal.企业信息系统是企业信息化的物质基础，企业信息系统建设的好与坏，对于提高企业的经济效益有至关重要的作用。