植物演化历史(中英文版)
花的演变过程及来历作文
花的演变过程及来历作文英文回答：The evolution of flowers is a fascinating topic that showcases the diversity and beauty of nature. Flowers have been around for millions of years and have gone through various changes and adaptations to become what they are today.Flowers first appeared on Earth around 140 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. They evolved from primitive plants that reproduced through spores, like ferns and mosses. The development of flowers was a significant breakthrough in the evolution of plants because it allowed for more efficient reproduction.One of the key factors that led to the evolution of flowers was the co-evolution with pollinators, such as insects and birds. Flowers developed colorful petals, sweet nectar, and enticing fragrances to attract thesepollinators. In return, the pollinators would transfer pollen from one flower to another, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds.Over time, flowers diversified in shape, size, color, and scent to attract specific pollinators. For example, some flowers have long tubes to accommodate the long tongues of hummingbirds, while others have landing platforms for bees. This co-evolutionary relationship between flowers and pollinators has resulted in a wide array of floral designs and adaptations.Furthermore, flowers have also evolved different mechanisms to ensure successful pollination. Some flowers have evolved to be self-pollinating, meaning they can fertilize themselves without the need for external pollinators. Others have developed specialized structures, such as sticky surfaces or intricate traps, to capture and ensure the transfer of pollen.In addition to their reproductive function, flowers have also played a significant role in human culture andsociety. They have been used for centuries in various rituals, celebrations, and expressions of love and gratitude. Flowers have become symbols of beauty, love, and emotions in different cultures around the world.中文回答：花的演变过程是一个令人着迷的话题，展示了大自然的多样性和美丽。
写远古植物进化过程作文
写远古植物进化过程作文英文回答：The evolution of ancient plants is a fascinating topic to explore. Over millions of years, these plants have undergone significant changes to adapt to their changing environment. Let me take you on a journey through the evolution of ancient plants.It all started billions of years ago, when the first plants emerged in the Earth's oceans. These early plants, known as algae, were simple and lacked the ability to reproduce on land. However, they played a crucial role in the evolution of plants by producing oxygen through photosynthesis.As time went on, some algae began to venture onto land, adapting to the harsh conditions. One example of an ancient plant that made this transition is the moss. Mosses are small, non-vascular plants that can survive in varioushabitats, from deserts to forests. They rely on water for reproduction and have a unique life cycle that involves spore dispersal.Another significant step in plant evolution was the development of vascular tissues. Vascular plants, such as ferns, have specialized tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. This innovation allowed plants to grow taller and develop complex root systems. Ferns, with their feathery leaves and spore-producing structures, were dominant during the Carboniferous period.The next major milestone in plant evolution was the emergence of seed-bearing plants. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, were the first plants to produce seeds. These seeds were protected by cones and could be dispersed over long distances. Conifers, with their needle-like leaves and evergreen nature, are well-adapted to dry and cold environments.Finally, the evolution of flowering plants, or angiosperms, revolutionized the plant kingdom. Angiospermshave flowers that attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, to aid in reproduction. They also producefruits that protect and disperse their seeds. Examples of flowering plants include roses, sunflowers, and apple trees.中文回答：远古植物的进化过程是一个令人着迷的话题。
古代以来跨地域传播的植物发展史
古代以来跨地域传播的植物发展史1.植物的传播始于古代，从一个地区传播至另一个地区。
Plants have been spread since ancient times, from one region to another.2.一些植物是通过人类和动物的运输而传播到不同的地理区域。
Some plants have been spread to different geographical areas through human and animal transportation.3.农业和贸易的发展促进了许多植物的跨地域传播。
The development of agriculture and trade has facilitated the cross-regional spread of many plants.4.南北美洲大陆交换中，欧洲和非洲的作物移植到新世界，然后美洲的玉米和土豆传播到欧洲和非洲。
In the Columbian Exchange, crops from Europe and Africa were transplanted to the New World, and then corn and potatoes from the Americas were spread to Europe and Africa.5.中国的丝绸之路促进了沿线国家之间的作物传播，如茶叶、桑树和棉花。
The Silk Road in China facilitated the spread of crops between countries along the route, such as tea, mulberry trees, and cotton.6.马铃薯是从南美洲传播到欧洲和其他地区的重要作物。
Potatoes are an important crop that spread from South America to Europe and other regions.7.咖啡和茶叶是两种从亚洲传播到其他地区的重要饮品。
GRE写作素材之植物的进化起源
GRE写作素材之植物的进化起源一篇好的新GRE作文，需要以丰富的GRE写作素材作为依托,并且说理明确,逻辑清晰。
那么好的文章的前提就是，要有大量可以使用的素材作为后盾。
因此前程百利小编为备战GRE的考生提供了一篇有关植物的进化起源的文章，希望对考生的作文提升有所帮助。
The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations（适应）. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic（光合作用）single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably（推测）lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae（藻类）, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic（动植物类史）(natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll（叶绿素）and accessory pigments（辅助色素）in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose（纤维素）, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.植物的进化史是以一系列对周遭环境的适应为标记的。
植物演化历史(中英文版)
裸子植物在系统发育过程中，主要演化趋势是： A．植物体茎干由不分枝到多分枝； B．孢子叶由散生到聚生成各式孢子叶球；大孢
子叶逐渐特化；
C．雄配子体由吸器发展为花粉管；雄配子由游 动的、多纤毛精子，发展到无纤毛的精核； D．颈卵器由退化发展到没有，等。
买麻藤纲是裸子植物中最早进化的类群。
苛得狄
返回
植物演化地质年代表
代 纪 第四纪 Quaternary 世 现代 更新世 上新世 中新世 渐新世 始新世 古新世 白垩纪 晚白垩世 早白垩世 晚侏罗世 早侏罗世 晚三叠世 早三叠世 晚二叠世 早二叠世 距今年代 /百万年前 12 000年前 2.5 7.0 26 38 54 65 90 136 166 190 200 225 260 280
（ 2 ）从欧亚大陆向南发展到中国和日本，
再向南伸展到马来西亚、澳大利亚； （ 3 ）由加拿大经美国进入拉丁美洲，最后 扩散到全球。 现在看来，这种主张证据是不足的。
2．中、低纬度起源说
大多数学者支持被子植物起源于热带。 大量被子植物化石在中、低纬度出现
的时间实际上早于高纬度。
现代被子植物的地理分布情况，同样说明植 物可能起源于中、低纬度地区。 雷文（Raven）和阿克塞尔罗（Axelrod）等人 根据板块学说和古植物的证据，主张被子植物可能
细菌及蓝藻 1 500～5 000
高 等 植 物 演 化 的 地 质 年 代 表
返回
二、真核藻类的起源与演化
① 单核丝状蓝藻，与现代的颤藻属(Oscillatoria) 和念珠藻属(Nostoc)相似；
② 细菌；
③ 真核真菌；
④ 真核绿藻。
距今6亿～20亿年间，海洋中充满了生物，包括了许
多原始的动、植物类型。
写植物进化过程作文
写植物进化过程作文英文回答：Plant evolution is a fascinating topic that showcases the incredible adaptability and resilience of the plant kingdom. Over millions of years, plants have undergone numerous changes and adaptations to survive and thrive in different environments. From simple algae to complex flowering plants, the evolution of plants is a testament to the power of natural selection and the ability to adapt to changing conditions.One of the earliest forms of plant life on Earth was algae. These simple organisms had the ability to photosynthesize and convert sunlight into energy. As they evolved, they developed more complex structures, such as cell walls and specialized reproductive organs. This allowed them to colonize different habitats, including freshwater and marine environments.As plants continued to evolve, they faced newchallenges and opportunities. One significant development was the emergence of plants that could live on land. This transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats required adaptations to prevent desiccation and obtain nutrientsfrom the soil. Early land plants, such as mosses and ferns, developed structures like cuticles and stomata to reduce water loss and absorb water efficiently.The evolution of seed plants was another majormilestone in plant evolution. Seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms, developed structures likeseeds and pollen to reproduce and disperse more effectively. This allowed them to colonize even more diverse habitats, from deserts to rainforests. The development of flowers in angiosperms further enhanced their reproductive success by attracting pollinators and ensuring efficient fertilization.Furthermore, the coevolution of plants and animals played a crucial role in shaping plant evolution. For example, the evolution of flowering plants and their symbiotic relationships with pollinators, such as bees andbutterflies, led to the diversification of both plants and animals. This mutualistic relationship benefited both parties, as plants gained efficient pollination while animals obtained food sources.In addition to physical adaptations, plants also developed chemical defenses to protect themselves from herbivores and pathogens. Some plants produce toxic compounds or emit volatile chemicals to deter herbivores, while others form mutualistic relationships with beneficial microbes that help ward off pathogens. These chemical defenses have played a significant role in shaping plant diversity and interactions with other organisms.中文回答：植物进化是一个令人着迷的主题，展示了植物王国的适应能力和适应力。
写远古植物进化过程作文
写远古植物进化过程作文英文回答：Evolution of Ancient Plants.Throughout the history of the Earth, plants have undergone significant evolutionary changes. From simple, single-celled organisms to complex, multicellular beings, the evolution of ancient plants is a fascinating journey.In the early stages of plant evolution, algae played a crucial role. These aquatic organisms were the ancestors of land plants and paved the way for their emergence. Algae developed specialized structures, such as chloroplasts, which allowed them to perform photosynthesis and convert sunlight into energy. This adaptation was a game-changer, as it enabled plants to thrive in various environments.As plants transitioned from water to land, they faced numerous challenges. One of the key obstacles was the needto obtain water and nutrients from the soil. To overcome this, plants developed root systems that allowed them to anchor themselves and absorb water and minerals. This innovation was essential for their survival and enabledthem to colonize terrestrial habitats.Another crucial adaptation was the development of vascular tissues. These specialized tissues, includingxylem and phloem, enabled plants to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout their bodies. Thisinternal transport system facilitated the growth of larger and more complex plant structures, such as stems and leaves.The evolution of seeds was another significantmilestone in the history of ancient plants. Seeds provideda protective covering for plant embryos and ensured their survival during periods of dormancy or unfavorable conditions. This adaptation allowed plants to dispersetheir offspring over long distances and colonize new habitats.Furthermore, the evolution of flowers and fruitsrevolutionized plant reproduction. Flowers, with their colorful petals and enticing scents, attracted pollinators such as bees and butterflies. This mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators ensured the transfer of pollen and facilitated fertilization. Fruits, on the other hand, developed as a means of seed dispersal. Animals would consume the fruits and subsequently disperse the seeds through their droppings, contributing to the plant's survival and propagation.中文回答：远古植物的进化过程。
远古植物演化成现在的植物的英语作文
远古植物演化成现在的植物的英语作文The Evolutionary Journey of Plants: From Ancient Origins to Modern Diversity.The Earth's verdant tapestry, woven with the vibrant hues of countless plant species, is a testament to the enduring power of life's evolutionary odyssey. Over eons, plants have undergone a remarkable transformation, adapting to diverse environments and giving rise to the breathtaking botanical realm we witness today.Origins in Ancient Seas.The earliest known photosynthetic organisms, the cyanobacteria, emerged approximately 3.5 billion years ago and are believed to be the ancestors of all plants. These humble microbes flourished in the primordial oceans, fueled by the Sun's energy and transforming carbon dioxide into oxygen.Colonization of Land.Around 500 million years ago, a momentous event occurred: plants ventured beyond the watery confines of the oceans onto dry land. This momentous transition was facilitated by the evolution of specialized structures such as roots, stems, and leaves. The conquest of land opened up a vast new frontier for plant life, allowing for unprecedented diversification.The Age of Ferns and Gymnosperms.The Carboniferous Period (360-286 million years ago) witnessed the rise of giant ferns and gymnosperms. These plants, with their towering stature and intricate foliage, dominated the landscape and played a crucial role in the formation of coal deposits. However, their reign would not last forever.The Rise of Angiosperms.Approximately 140 million years ago, a new group ofplants emerged: the angiosperms. Unlike ferns and gymnosperms, which relied on spores for reproduction, angiosperms possessed flowers and fruits. These innovations provided a distinct advantage, allowing for more efficient pollination and seed dispersal.The Adaptive Radiation of Angiosperms.The angiosperms underwent a remarkable adaptive radiation, diversifying into an astonishing array of forms and functions. From the towering oak trees that grace our forests to the delicate wildflowers that adorn meadows, angiosperms have conquered every terrestrial habitat.Modern Plant Diversity.Today, angiosperms constitute the vast majority of plant species on Earth, numbering over 300,000. They play a fundamental role in ecosystems, providing food and shelter to countless organisms. Their evolutionary legacy is evident in the vast array of adaptations that allow them to thrive in diverse environments, from the arid deserts tothe frozen Arctic.The Importance of Plant Evolution.The evolutionary journey of plants has had a profound impact on the history of life on Earth. Plants are the primary producers in food chains, providing the basis for all life. They regulate the Earth's atmosphere, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Additionally, plants have served as a source of food, medicine, and shelter throughout human history.Conclusion.The evolution of plants from their humble origins in ancient seas to the breathtaking diversity that characterizes the modern botanical realm is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of life. This evolutionary saga has shaped our planet's ecosystems and played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization. As we continue to unravel the intricate tapestry of plantevolution, we gain a deeper appreciation for the wonder and complexity of the natural world.。
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植物与我们的环境
一、植物与环境 二、植物小常识
植物与环境
绿化植物具有调节气候、保持水土、防风固 沙、保护农田的作用，还具有净化空气、净 化污水和降低噪声等功能。 绿化植物在环境保护中具有维护生态平衡、 美化环境和保护人体健康的作用。但是，如 果污染超过了绿化植物所能忍受和缓冲的限 度，它们的生长和繁殖就会受到影响。所以 要在减少污染的基础上发挥绿化植物的有效 功能。
两枝是平行发展的。单子叶植物起源于双子叶植物
的毛茛目，并在早期就分化为三个进化线：萼花群 （ Calyciferae ）、瓣花群（ Corolliferae ）和颖花群 （Glumiflorae）。
3．塔赫他间被子植物分类系统
塔赫他间于 1954 年公布。他认为被子植物 起源于种子蕨，并通过幼态成熟演化而成；草本 植物由木本植物演化而来；单子叶植物起源于原
始的水生双子叶植物的具单沟舟形粉的睡莲目莼
菜科。
4．克郎奎斯特被子植物分类系统
克郎奎斯特分类系统是美国学者克郎奎斯特 （ Cronquist ） 1958年发表的。该分类系统亦采用真花学 说及单元起源的观点，认为有花植物起源于一类已经绝灭
的种子蕨；现代所有生活的被子植物亚纲，都不可能是从
现存的其他亚纲的植物进化来的；木兰亚纲是有花植物基 础的复合群，木兰目是被子植物的原始类型；葇荑花序类 各目起源于金缕梅目；单子叶植物来源于类似现代睡莲目 的祖先，并认为泽泻亚纲是百合亚纲进化线上近基部的一
地球演化历史
第一部分 第二部分
植物的起源与演化 植物与我们的环境
成都理工大学 王海荣 学生试讲
第一部分 植物的起源与演化
一、植物演化梗概 二、真核藻类的起源与演化 三、裸子植物的发生与演化 四、被子植物的起源与演化 五、被子植物的分类系统 六、植物进化规律
第一部分 植物的起源与演 化
恩格勒系统是根据假花说的原理， 认为无花瓣、单性、木本、风媒传粉等为
原始的特征，而有花瓣、两性、虫媒传粉
的是进化的特征。
2．哈钦森被子植物分类系统
英国植物学家哈钦森于 1926年在《有花 植物科志》一书中提出，1973年作了修订， 从原来332科增加到411科。
该系统认为被子植物是单元起源的，双子叶植 物以木兰目和毛茛目为起点，从木兰目演化出一支 木本植物，从毛茛目演化出一支草本植物，认为这
中的弯柄麻黄（Ephedra campylopoda）。
雄花的苞片 雌花的苞片 花被 心皮
雄花的小苞片消失，剩下雄蕊 雌花小苞片退化剩下胚珠
假花说由恩格勒学派的韦特斯
坦（Wettstein）建立。
现代被子植物的原始类群是单性花的葇荑花 序类植物，有人甚至认为，木麻黄科就是直接从 裸子植物的麻黄科演变而来的原始被子植物。
细菌及蓝藻 1 500～5 000
高 等 植 物 演 化 的 地 质 年 代 表
返回
二、真核藻类的起源与演化
① 单核丝状蓝藻，与现代的颤藻属(Oscillatoria) 和念珠藻属(Nostoc)相似；
② 细菌；
③ 真核真菌；
④ 真核绿藻。
距今6亿～20亿年间，海洋中充满了生物，包括了许
多原始的动、植物类型。
里的物种大灭绝。
有花植物的孕育在三叠纪开始。
白垩纪是第三个快速进化时期， 原因：气候和地质的巨大变化，虫媒
传粉盛行。
白垩纪最为显著的特征：被子植 物的散布和恐龙的灭绝。
种子蕨的结构发展到现代被子植物的相应结构。
蕨类植物从志留纪、泥盆纪到全
盛的晚石炭世，历时不下于 0.8亿～1 亿
年。裸子植物从晚泥盆世到全盛的中生 代，历时 1.5 亿年。被子植物起源的时 代不迟于三叠纪。
个侧枝。
返回
六、植物进化规律
1．植物类群演化的趋势 植物类群演化的趋势：由结构和功能简单和 不分化向复杂、分化和完善演化。
上升演化（upward evolution）
单细胞个体 细胞裂殖 群体 细胞分工、组织分化 无性繁殖和有性繁殖
一种植物体
两种植物体
下降演化（downward evolution）:有些 器官和组织的结构从复杂走向简单，如苔藓
植物由孢子体发达的裸蕨退化而成。
专化（specification）——指植物的演进 水平并无变化的特化。
2．单元起源和多元起源
现代多数植物学家主张被子植物单元起
源（monorheithry），主要依据是被子植物具
有许多独特和高度特化的特征。如双受精现象 和三倍体的胚乳。
多元起源（polyrheithry）
（ 2 ）从欧亚大陆向南发展到中国和日本，
再向南伸展到马来西亚、澳大利亚； （ 3 ）由加拿大经美国进入拉丁美洲，最后 扩散到全球。 现在看来，这种主张证据是不足的。
2．中、低纬度起源说
大多数学者支持被子植物起源于热带。 大量被子植物化石在中、低纬度出现
的时间实际上早于高纬度。
现代被子植物的地理分布情况，同样说明植 物可能起源于中、低纬度地区。 雷文（Raven）和阿克塞尔罗（Axelrod）等人 根据板块学说和古植物的证据，主张被子植物可能
大约到了１.５亿多年前，全球气候由温暖湿润变得 干燥起来，裸子植物成了陆地上最繁盛的植物，如我 们现在能看到的苏铁、银杏、松柏类植物。裸子植物 是最早的种子植物，它们开始离开水边向高山、陆地 发展。那时另一大类群的种子植物——被子植物也出 现了，它们的种子被保护起来，受外界条件的影响小， 在繁殖后代上占有了更大的优势。被子植物还有个显 著特点，就是产生了特有的繁殖器官——花。现在， 被子植物占据了植物王国的统治地位。 在植物漫长的进化过程中，新的物种不断产生， 老的物种不断被淘汰。在进化过程中，植物逐寸逐尺 地扩大着自己的生存空间，最让绿色充满面了地球， 绿色是生命的象征。
现代被子植物中的多心皮类，尤 其是木兰目植物是现代被子植物的较
原始的类群。
真花说由毛茛（ g èn ）学 派建立。
2．假花说（Pseudo-anthium Theory）
认为被子植物的花和裸子植物的完全一致，每 一个雄蕊和心皮分别相当于 1 个极端退化的雄花和
雌花，因而设想被子植物来自于裸子植物的麻黄类
植物的进化速率可分为三类：
（1）低速进化（bradytelic evolution）
（2）中速进化（horolely evolution）
（3）高速进化（tachytely evolution）
进化速率不同的原因：
居群内遗传变异的数量； 居群的结构和大小； 居群对环境的适应程度； 生殖方式的多样性； 居群内突变率的大小。
三、裸子植物的发生与演化
古生代最显著的标志是：早泥盆世 2500
万年时间里由纤弱的维管草本（维管束
（vascular bundle）是维管植物（蕨类植物、裸子植物 和被子植物）的叶和幼茎等器官中，由初生木质部和 初生韧皮部共同组成的束状结构。维管束彼此交织连 接，构成初生植物体输导水分，无机盐及有机物质的 一种输导系统 —— 维管系统，并兼有支持植物体的作 用）发展出了森林乔木，二叠纪4500万年时间
优势植物
泥盆纪 Devonian
古生代 Paleozoic
中泥盆世 早泥盆世
蕨类植物兴起， 苔藓及裸子植物发生
志留纪 Silurian
奥陶纪 Ordovician 寒武纪 Cambrian
简单维管植物，最早的蕨类
500 570 570-1500
藻类植物繁盛
元古代 太古代
前寒武纪 Precambrian
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六、被子植物的分类系统
1．恩格勒的分类系统 德国植物学家恩格勒 (Engler) 和柏兰特 （ Prantl ）于 1987 年在《植物自然分科志》
一书中发表。
将植物界分成 13门， 而被子植物是第 13门 中的一个亚门，即种子植物门被子植物亚门，并 将被子植物亚门分成双子叶植物和单子叶植物二 个纲，将单子叶植物放在双子叶植物之前。
似的分类群——平行演化。
4．原始性状和进化性状
判断性状的原始与进化最客观的
标准是：早出的原始，晚出的进化。
5．植物进化的速率
有些植物既具有进步的性状，也具 有较原始的性状，这种性状进化速率不
同 的 现 象 被 称 为 异 速 进 化
（ heterobasmy ）或镶嵌进化（ mosaic
evolution）。
植物演化地质年代表
代 纪 第四纪 Quaternary 世 现代 更新世 上新世 中新世 渐新世 始新世 古新世 白垩纪 晚白垩世 早白垩世 晚侏罗世 早侏罗世 晚三叠世 早三叠世 晚二叠世 早二叠世 距今年代 /百万年前 12 000年前 2.5 7.0 26 38 54 65 90 136 166 190 200 225 260 280
净化空气植物排名
第 一名，吊兰：在24小时内，一盆吊兰在8至 10平方米的房间内可杀死80％的有害物质，吸 收掉86％的甲醛。 第二名，虎尾兰：一盆虎尾兰可吸收10平方米 左右房间内80％以上多种有害气体。 第三名，芦荟：在24小时照明的条件下，可以 消灭1立方米空气中所含的90％的甲醛。 第四名，常春藤：一盆常春藤能消灭8至10平方 米的房间内90％的苯。 第五名，龙舌兰：在10平方米左右的房间内， 可消灭70％的苯、50％的甲醛和24％的三氯乙 烯。 第六名，月季：能较多地吸收氯化氢、硫化氢、 苯酚、乙醚等有害气体。
裸子植物在系统发育过程中，主要演化趋势是： A．植物体茎干由不分枝到多分枝； B．孢子叶由散生到聚生成各式孢子叶球；大孢
子叶逐渐特化；
C．雄配子体由吸器发展为花粉管；雄配子由游 动的、多纤毛精子，发展到无纤毛的精核； D．颈卵器由退化发展到没有，等。