重邮大学物理英文版-(4)PPT课件
大学物理4PPT课件

• 大学物理4课程简介 • 力学基础 • 电场与磁场 • 电磁感应与麦克斯韦方程组 • 相对论基础 • 实验与习题
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大学物理4课程简介
课程目标
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掌握大学物理的基本概念、原理和方法。
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培养学生对物理现象的观察、分析和解决问题的能力。
培养学生的科学素养和创新能力,为后续专业课程和科研工作
详细描述
电磁波是由电场和磁场相互激发并传播的波。它们的传播速度与介质有关,在真空中等于光速。电磁波的应用广 泛,如无线电通信、雷达和微波炉等。
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相对论基础
狭义相对论
狭义相对论的基本
假设
所有惯性参照系中光速都是一样 的,即光速的不变性。同时,物 理定律在所有惯性参照系中都是 一样的,即参照系的相对性。
课程考核方式包括平时作业、实验报告和期末考 试等。
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力学基础
牛顿运动定律
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牛顿第一定律
物体若不受外力作用,将 保持静止或匀速直线运动 状态不变。
牛顿第二定律
物体加速度的大小与作用 力成正比,与物体的质量 成反比。
牛顿第三定律
作用力和反作用力大小相 等,方向相反,作用在同 一条直线上。
等效原理
在任何局部区域内,不能通过任何实验区分均匀引力场和加速参照 系。
广义协变原理
物理定律在任何参照系中都应具有相同的数学形式。
黑洞与宇宙学
黑洞的形成
黑洞是由于大质量恒星坍缩形成 的,其强大的引力使得周围的物
质和光线都不能逃脱。
霍金辐射
根据量子力学的不确定性原理,黑 洞会向外辐射能量,即霍金辐射。
磁场概念
磁体或电流周围存在的一种特 殊物质,对放入其中的磁体或
大学物理课件英文版课件,现代物理An Aperitif of Modern Physics

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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
2. The discovery of X-rays
§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
J. J. Thomson’s original tube
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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
a. Measured the charge of the cathode rays; b. Make a static electric deflection of the cathode rays; c. Measured the charge to mass ratio of the cathode rays; d. Prove the universal existence of the electron. The charge to mass ratio of electron
Radioactivity occur naturally and have with us on the earth from the very beginning. Henri Becquerel discovered Uranium, Marie Curie discovered Polonium and Radium Ernest Rutherford found that the substances emit several distinct types of radiations. One is a penetrating radiation, dubbed α, that propagates through several centimeters in air and can even penetrate very thin metal foils. Another less penetrating radiation, dubbed β, is easily stopped by even a sheet of paper. Another type, called γ, was discovered in 1900 and is much more penetrating than even the α radiation.
大学物理PPT完整全套教学课件pptx

非弹性碰撞
碰撞后系统动能不守恒,部分机械 能转化为内能,损失了机械能。如 湿纸或橡皮泥的碰撞等。
完全非弹性碰撞
碰撞后两物体粘在一起运动,动能 损失最大,机械能损失也最大。
能量守恒定律
定律表述
自然界中的一切物质都具有能量,能量既不能创 造也不能消灭,而只能从一种形式转换成另一种 形式,从一个物体传递到另一个物体;在转化和 传递过程中能量的总量保持不变。
大学物理的学习方法和要求
掌握基本概念和基本规律
注重实验和实践
学习大学物理首先要掌握基本概念和基本 规律,理解它们的物理意义和适用范围。
大学物理实验是学习物理学的重要环节, 通过实验可以加深对物理概念和规律的理 解,培养实验技能和动手能力。
培养物理思维
拓宽知识面
学习大学物理要注重培养物理思维,即运 用物理学的方法和观点去分析和解决问题 的能力。
热力学第二定律的表述及实质
表述
实质
应用
热力学第二定律有多种表述方式,其 中最著名的是开尔文表述和克劳修斯 表述。开尔文表述指出,不可能从单 一热源吸取热量,使之完全变为有用 功而不产生其他影响。克劳修斯表述 指出,热量不可能自发地从低温物体 传到高温物体而不引起其他变化。
热力学第二定律的实质是揭示了自然 界中一切与热现象有关的宏观过程都 具有方向性,即不可逆性。这种方向 性是由系统内部的微观状态数目的变 化所决定的,也就是由系统的熵增原 理所决定的。
循环过程卡诺循环
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定义
工作原理
卡诺循环是一种理想的可逆循环,由 两个等温过程和两个绝热过程组成。 它是热力学第二定律的出发点,也是 热机效率的理论极限。
卡诺循环通过高温热源吸收热量,在 低温热源放出热量,并对外作功。其 效率只与高温热源和低温热源的温度 有关,而与工作物质无关。
重邮大学物理英文版 (5)ppt课件

➢The electric field lines are related to the electric field in any region of space in the following manner:
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➢(1) The tangent direction at every point on an electric field line is just the direction of the field intensity at that point or the direction of the force on the positive point charge at that point.
If the surface is unclosed, the positive normal direction can be free chosen.
is a scalar. Its SI unit: N·m2/C.
Example
There is a cube surface of edge length a in the uniform
大学物理上课件04electrostatic field(final)

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Coulomb stated that the electrical force between two electrified objects is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between them and to the product P of their electrical masses.
I
the Magnetic Effect of Electrical Currents
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Just over a month after the discovery, Jean-Baptise Biot (1774-1862) and Felix Savart (1791-1841) were the first to provide a precise analysis of the effect. Biot and Savart announced the Biot-Savart Law which can be used to calculate the magnetic field for a segment of current carrying wire.
force
work Divergent Field
E U
Gauss Theorem Circulation Theorem
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Two Fundamental Theorems
Nonrotational Field
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Main Contents (from 11-1 to 11-7) Coulomb Law, Superposition Principle of Coulomb Force
大学物理第4章PPT课件

dW=dW1+dW2
第一节 功 和 功 率
因为
所以
f1=-f2
dW=f1·dr1+f2·dr2=f1·dr1-f1·dr2=f1·(dr1-dr2)=f2·dr12 4- 5) 在式(4- 5)中, dr12是m1相对于m2的位移,此相对位移与参考系的 选择无关.由式(4- 5)分析可知,系统内的质点没有相对位移时,一对相互
第二节 动能 动能定理
动量是矢量,不但有大小,而且有方向,这是机械运动 的性质;动能是标量,而且永远为正,它是能量的一种形式, 能量并不限于机械运动.除了动能外,还有其他各种形式的能 量,如电能、热能、光能、原子能等.动能与这些能量是可以 相互转化的.
另外,与动量变化相联系的是力的冲量,冲量是力的时 间累积作用,其效果是使物体的动量发生变化.而与动能变化 相联系的是力所做的功,功是力的空间累积作用,其效果是使 物体的动能发生变化.这两个物理量各自遵从一定的规律,它 们是从不同侧面来描写物体机械运动的物理量.
力做的功等于力的大小与位移沿力的方向的分量的乘积.由
此看出,功是力的空间累积作用.功也可以用力F与位移Δr的标
积表示,即
W=F·Δr
(4- 2)
功是一个标量,但有正负之分,功的正负由F与Δr之间的
夹角θ决定.在国际单位制中,功的单位是牛顿·米(N·m).
第一节 功 和 功 率
2. 变力的功
式(4- 2)为恒力做功的定义式,但在一般情况下作用 在物体上的力不一定都是恒力,质点也不一定做直线运动.这 时,不能直接用式(4- 2)来讨论变力的功,那么如何计算 变力的功呢?设有一个质点,在大小和方向都随时间变化的 力F作用下,沿任意曲线从a点运动到b点,如图4-2所示.
大学物理英文版PPT
4.Units 单位
International System of Units SI: Syst me International d’Unit s 法语 is used in China
mass
m
kg:千克 kilogram
length
L m:米 meter
Time
t s:秒 second
5. Scalar and vector 标量和矢量 : Two types of physical quantities 量 :
主要讲授内容:
经典力学 相对论
电磁学
振动与波动 日常生活
波动光学
热学
量子论简介
puter 计算机科学
Medicine 医学
Physics
Chemistry 化学
Mechanics 机械学
Biology 生物学
Physics: fundamentals and methods.
References 参考书
主要贡献: •发明了望远镜,维护、坚持和发展了哥白尼学说, 发现木星的四个卫星; •摆的等时性、惯性定律、落体运动定律; •运动的合成原理和独立性原理,相对性原理; •方法:实验科学。
§1-1 Frame of Reference Particle 质点
1. Frame of Reference 参照系
C=A+B B
A
B C
A
In Cartesi an coordinate system 直角坐标系 :
A A xiA yjA zk
i,jankd are unit vectors along OX,OY,OZ Y
O
X
Z
物理英文版
Corresponding Relation Between SHM and UCMThe simple harmonic motion is the side view of circular motion.Draw x-t Diagram Using Circle of ReferenceExampleUsing the phasorExampleExample: π=+0v >ExampleExampleExampleExample:A wooden block floats in water. We press it until its upper surface2Example ——Vertical SHM:Suppose we hang a spring with force constant k and suspend from it a body with mass m. Oscillation will now be When the body hangs at rest, in equilibriumTake x=0 to be the equilibrium position, andThe body ’s motion is still SHMwith the angular frequency:kmω=ExampleWhen the body is at the position x, the total 0=)0l mg ∆−=0Example cont ’d§6 Damped OscillationsThe dissipative force causes the decrease in amplitude ——damping, the corresponding motion is called damped oscillation.Restoring force:Resistance force:Newton ’s second law:The solution:s F kx=−R bv=−F kx bv ma=−−=∑220d x b dx k x dt m dt m ++=(/2)cos()cos()b m t x Ae t A t ωφωφ−′=+=+22(/2)20, 22b m t k b b A Ae m m m ωω−⎛⎞⎛⎞′==−=−⎜⎟⎜⎟⎝⎠⎝⎠τ=2m /b is called damping time constant, or mean lift time.If the system no longer oscillates,and is called critically dampedDamped Oscillations Cont ’d§7 Forced OscillationsA forced oscillator is damped oscillator driven by an external force that varies periodically.A sinusoidally varying driving force:Newton’s Second Law:The solution:0()sin F t F t ω=202sin dxd xF t b kx m dt dt ω−−=202sin F d x b dx k x tdt m dt m m ω++=cos()x A t ωφ=+()022220/F mA b m ωωω=⎛⎞−+⎜⎟⎝⎠The forced oscillator in its “steady state”isoscillated with the frequency of driven force.The goblet breaks as it vibrates in the resonance In 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed four months and six days after it was opened for traffic, due to gusty ResonanceUsing Circle of Reference12212cos()A A φφ+−1122122sin sin cos cos A A φφφφ++Chapter 12 Oscillatory Motion are in phase, the resultant amplitude take are out of phase, the resultant amplitude Chapter 12 Oscillatory MotionExample。
大学物理 英语版课件
)θ X
r
P
Right-angled Coordinates System
X-axis or abscissa Y-axis Z-axis 原点 :origin
z y
x
o
象限:quadrant 象限
Polar coordinates system (ρ,θ) Ball coordinates system (R,θ, )
The displacement of A is:
A = 17.7 i 17.7 j km
(a) Similarly, the magnitude of displacement of B is 40 km.
B =| B |= Bx 2 + By 2 = 40 km
tower car ) 60o B
z o
θ
R
y
x
column coordinates system (R, , z )
z
R
r =r= x +y
2
2
Y
Magnitude of the position vector
)θ O X
y θ = arctg x
angular position / direction angle
r
P
Chapter 1
Particle kinematics
What is particle?
Ideal Model
A geometrical point with certain mass
The shape and the size of the body Could be neglected. Mass is the most important
大学物理英文版PPT
Elastic mechanics
When a force is applied to an object, it may under deformation If the force is removed, the object returns to its original shape and size, the deformation is said to be elastic
Polarization refers to the direction of these movements within the plane perpendicular to the direction of promotion
Polarization is a property of electrical waves and is observed in both natural and artistic sources of light
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum It is defined as the product of an object's mass and its angular velocity, and it is conserved in closed systems
要点一
要点二
Magnetic induction intensity
The magnetic induction intensity or magnetic field strength is the magnet of the magnetic field at a given point in space
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What force will a positive “test” charge feel if placed into the electric field?
+
.
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4. Calculation
(1). EDue to the System of Point Charges (The
charges are countable ).
FF 1F 2F 3
Q2
E
F
Q0
F1
Q0
F2
Q0
F3
Q0
E1E2E3
QQ 1
rrF12
Q0
F1
Q3 F3
.
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2. Definition
➢At a point in the given electrostatic field the ratio of the electric field force F on the test point charge q 0 with its electric quantity
E
E
2 x
E
2 y
E
2 z
,
cos E x , cos E y , cos Ez .
E
E
E
.
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3. Superposition Principle of Electrostatic Field
F F1 F2 F3 Fn
F F1 F2 Fn
q0 q0 q0
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2. Electric Field Intensity
(1). Test Point Charge
➢ Purpose The test particle is used to measure the force and thus detect the existence of the field and evaluate its strength.
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➢the field distributed round a static charge is called the electrostatic field, and the static charge is just called the source charge of electrostatic field.
particle into the field.
E
F
q0
Magnitude the electric field force on unit positive charge
Direction
Unit N/C 、V/m
➢the uniform electric field, non-uniform electric field
q0
➢The total electric field intensity at a point in space
equals the vector sum of the electric field intensity.
n
E E1 E 2 E n E i
i1
.
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charge
(b) (ether)
(c) electric field
(1832,Faraday)
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Charge
1
.
field
charge
1
Definition
A region of space characterized by the existence of a force generated by electric charge . ➢Electric field is a special matter distributes round charge.
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➢Requirement
q0
⊕
F
The charge as detector should be a point charge whose electric quantity is smaller far than the source charge in order to decrease the disturbance as much as possible to the source charge and its electrostatic field.
§2.2 Electric Field , Electric Field Intensity
1. Electric Field
➢Question How does the interaction force between charges transmit? ➢Three viewpoints
(a) (without medium) charge
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➢The electric field at point P due to a group of source charges can be expressed as
E
i
Ei
i
Qi r0i 4 0ri2
where ri is the distance from the ith charge qi to the point P (the location at which the field is to be evaluate ).
➢the static or steady electric field, the non-static electric
field
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➢Vector. E E ( x , y , z ) E ( r )
E x dE x , E y dE y , E z dE z ,
E
F
q0
Unit N/C, V/m
is not related with value of q 0 , and is called the electric field intensity at the point in electrostatic field.
7
.
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Discussion
➢ E is present whether or not we introduce a test