信息流动原则在托福阅读句子插入题中的运用
一举拿下托福阅读长难句之插入语

首先,在进行对应的讲解之前,我们必须搞清楚插入语的概念,在英语的语言使用习惯中,若有这么一部分内容,在句中以标点形式和主句分隔(常见为双逗号或破折号),不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,也不表示语气,这样的成分称之为插入语。
最大的原则在于如果将其删除,句子本身结构依旧完整。
就作用而言,插入语一般用于对主句的额外补充说明或解释,表示说话人的观点或想法,强调或突出主句意思,或进行逻辑上的承接和过渡等。
关于插入语的分类:1.形容词或形容词短语作插入语(true,wonderful,excellent,strange to say,most important of all, sure enough等)例一:True,he left us.例二:Most important of all,we must do enough research before writinga paper.2.副词或副词短语作插入语(indeed,surely,still,otherwise,certainly,however,generally, personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,though,besides,exactly,perhaps,maybe,probably,frankly,or rather等)例一:Indeed,it was the attitude and not the result that is important. 例二:When we got there,we found,however,he had already gone.3.介词短语作插入语(in fact,in one’s opinion,in general,in a word,in other words,in a few words,of course,by the way,as a result,for example,on the contrary,on the other hand,to one’s surprise,in short,as a matter of fact,in conclusion,in brief等)例一:In fact,I failed the exam finally.例二:As a matter of fact,we are supposed to gain something after working hard.4.分词或分词短语作插入语(现在分词-ing,过去分词-ed)现在分词:例一:Generally speaking,men are stronger than women.例二:Judging from the tone,I think Tom is in a bad mood.过去分词:例一:Compared with women,men are stronger.5.不定式或不定式短语作插入语(to be frank,to be honest,to be sure,to tell you the truth,to make matters worse,to sum up,to start with,to begin with等)例一:To tell the truth,it was Tom who stole the bag.例二:To conclude,chances are for the people who have prepared better.6.句子作插入语(I am sure,I believe,I think,I know,I suppose,I hope,I’m afraid,you see, what’s more,that is to say,as we know,as I see,believe it or not等)例一:What’s more,enough sleep ensures a better exertion.例二:We will win the match finally,I believe.若对英语中句子成分进行划分,有以下几类:主谓宾定状补表,尤其注意,在进行理解和分类时,综上所述的插入语部分,并不在此列,属于主句以外单独的成分,实际对于主干的理解影响并不是特别重大。
托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧

托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧今日我们学习句子插入题答题技巧吧,我们一起来看看,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读备考之句子插入题答题技巧句子插入问题许多同学会花很长时间在这个话题上,或者花太多时间。
主要缘由是每个人都没有想出这个主题背后的核心测试点。
假如每个人都关注的是使用这句话的意思来推断应当消失在原始段落中的正确位置,那么将会有一半的状况。
接下来,让我们争论解决此类问题的重要思想。
在分析解决问题的思想之前,首先要明确的是,本课题着重于同学对句子与句子之间规律关系的把握和推断。
所以这提示我们的同学,除了留意这句话的意思之外,我们还试图推断这句话与其前后句子之间的规律关系,以关心每个人确定正确的位置。
然后,在我们的句子插入问题中,将在测试中测试什么规律关系,这里是对其中一个的简洁分析。
参考规律在我们的插入问题中,我们常常会遇到这种类型的句子。
在句子的前半部分,将消失代词+名词结构。
这意味着在前一句中提到代词后面的名词。
而且,我们所能做的就是回到最初的段落来找到该术语中消失的句子。
但是,这里需要强调的是,在原始段落中很难找到术语本身,由于一般来说,插入句子中代词之后的名词不会复制原始词,但会使用更一般性。
名词或同义词,所以我们在原始文本中查找的是名词的特定内容。
找到包含这样一个词汇表的句子,那么你最初可以假设我们的插入应当放在它之后。
我们可以看一下典型参考规律的以下示例。
The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of Englands earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.依据我们前面的分析我们在这句插入句中找到了两个代词后的名词,这意味着在这句话前面已经提到过了一些地质学家的发觉,而且我们需要留意的是这两个名词都是复数。
托福阅读句子插入题解题技巧

托福阅读句子插入题解题技巧在托福阅读考试中,有一种叫做插入题的托福阅读题型,插入句子题是托福阅读中的新题性,这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。
本文将为大家深入分析托福阅读中的插入题型如何处理。
句插题考察句间关系,所以通常情况下句插题的被插入句子都包含指示代词:it, this, that, those, these,such,another等,以及表示因果,转折等关系的过渡词语:如,therefore,so,however,as a result,consequently,on the contrary,however 等;递进扩展词:如,furthermore,also,as well,too,in addition,moreover,besides,even,additionally 等;结构配对词:如,on the one hand…,on the other hand,some…others等,所以搞清楚这些词汇所涉及的信息是解答正确的关键。
我们来具体看一个例子:Paragraph 2: The systematic study of this art is a relatively new discipline in Australia. Over the past four decades new discoveries have steadily added to the body of knowledge. The most significant data have come from a concentration on three major questions. First, what is the age of Australian rock art? Second, what is its stylistic organization and is it possible to discern a sequence or a pattern of development between styles? Third, is it possible to interpret accurately the subject matter of ancient rock art, bring to bear all available archaeological techniques and the knowledge of present-day Aboriginal informants? ■Paragraph 3: The age of Australia’s rock art is constantly being revised, and earlier datings have been proposed as the result of new discoveri es. ■Currently, reliable scientific evidence dates the earliest creation of art on rock surfaces in Australia to somewhere between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. ■This in itself is an almost incomprehensible span of generations, and one that makes Australia’s rock art the oldest continuous art tradition in the world. ■Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageWhile a great deal of information exists, the answers to these questions are not yet definitive. (TPO 23-3)被插入句子里面出现while做让步和代词these questions,代词显然充当了这道题最重要的解题关键,因为被插入句子前面一定要出现questions才能让被插句本身能够说的通,所以观察一下四个备选位置,questions都出现在第一段,所以该句最合适的位置就是第一个黑色方块。
托福阅读句子插入题的妙招

托福阅读句子插入题的妙招很多考生看到句子插入题都会有犯懵的感觉,因为乍一看去,全然不知所措:要处理的信息不仅包括被插入句,而且还有四个目标句,不知从何下手。
即使你最终弄懂了这五个句子,花费的时间也会让你不寒而栗。
那么,这种题型是不是真得硬碰呢?究竟有没有一种”四两拨千斤”的方法呢?答案是肯定的。
接下来给大家分享分享我的一些小妙招,希望对各位有所帮助。
1、结构突破法。
所谓结构突破法,第一步就是观察被插入句的特殊结构(如比较句、平行句等),然后从目标句中挑选出与被插入句结构相似的句子,最后判断它们的先后顺序。
请看下面的例题Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.Where would the sentence best fit?注意到被插入句是一个很对称的结构,but前面是个肯定句,后面是个否定句,而第二个方框后面的句子也是同样的结构,再结合被插入句的第一个单词“thus”可知,被插入句应该插在第三个方框处。
托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析

句中出现“also”,根据句意,可以推测正确位置之前至少会提到与动物相关的某种特性,所以才会紧跟插入句所说的“also有雄性O动物的call”。发现第二个位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill的叫声cries和gibbons的喊声calls,那么把插入句放到第二个位置,起到了进一步举例说明的作用,满足了also的关系,前后逻辑严谨。
例题2
题目出现however,表示本句为转折句。转折句出现表示前后文应该出现论述重点的不同,较多出现的情况为后文反驳前文,较少出现的情况也会表示后文开始论述与前文不完全相同的另一个内容。
根据插入句的句意“然而,为了更好理解睡眠中的呼吸,先搞清楚平时是如何呼吸是很有帮助的”,可以推断出本句具有明显的承上启下的作用,承接上文论述的“睡眠中的呼吸”,引起下文所述的“平时是如何呼吸的”。根据推断寻找后,发现C位置符合承上启下的关系,即为正确答案。
例题如下:
句中出现代词“this period”,插入位置前面必然提到某一个时期。同时,我们还要注意,句子还提到,这个时期里Sweden和Denmark经济发展特别好。
原文前三个位置之前的句子都提到了时期,分别是18世纪、19世纪上半叶和19世纪下半叶。然而前两句话所说的时期中,Sweden和Denmark都是处在落后的位置。而第三句话however转折之后的信息提到,19世纪下半叶,尤其是最后二三十年,它们(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)发展特别快。也就是说,19世纪下半叶才是插入句中this period指代的内容,前两个时期都不能复合指代内容的特性。所以C是正确答案。
误区三:托福阅读文章和题目关系界定
在托福阅读中,文章是基础,但很多考生认为托福阅读题目要比文章重要。这表现在考生在托福阅读备考中常常会极力寻找关于题目解答和应试的技巧而并没有注意文章的重要性。其实很多时候是因为文章没有读懂而答不对题目,而不是因为不会答题而答不对题。所以要重视文章,在文章理解中注意猜词,尽量理解透彻;从整体上看文章,而不是只关注对题目有帮助的文章部分,考生往往因为只是从小范围看文章,只针对题目理解文章,对文章的理解常常是支离破碎没有全局概念的。这样极容易答不对最后一个大题,对文章的理解也是有问题的。
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题

托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题托福阅读不同于传统阅读,其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型,这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。
此类题型中,题干中会给出一个新的句子,然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框,考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。
针对于此类题型的解答,有很多实用的方法,今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下,最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。
在上下句的关联中,代词是最为紧密的一类词。
当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时,为了避免重复,遵循语言学的最简单化原理,作者会用代词指代上文内容,常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ,还有their, such, another等。
对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下:①确认指代对象:根据指代词找到其所指代的对象;②定位指代对象:通过浏览扫描段落信息,确定指代对象位置;③代入验证:把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。
接下来,我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。
案例:Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?分析:本题待插入句中含有明显的指代词This,并有伴随有名词词组new form of manufacturing,这样可以推断出This指代的内容则为”new form of manufacturing”。
托福阅读句子插入题技巧

托福阅读句子插入题技巧一、了解句子插入题。
托福阅读里的句子插入题啊,就像是给一篇文章补个小补丁。
你得找到最适合这个补丁的地方,让文章读起来顺顺当当的。
这种题主要就是考你对文章结构和逻辑关系的理解啦。
二、先看插入句。
拿到题,咱先瞅一眼要插入的那个句子。
这个句子就像个小钥匙,它里面往往有一些线索能帮咱们找到它该去的地方。
比如说,这个句子里可能会有指代的词,像“this”“that”“these”“those”之类的。
要是有“this theory”,那你就得在文章里找提到的相关理论呀。
还有的时候,插入句里会有一些逻辑连接词,像“however”“therefore”“moreover”之类的。
要是有“however”,那这个句子肯定是要放在和前面内容有转折关系的地方啦。
三、找文章中的线索。
1. 代词指代。
文章里也会有很多代词,这时候你就得把插入句里的代词和文章里的内容对应起来。
比如说,插入句里说“These animals”,那你就在文章里找提到的动物种类呗。
如果文章前面说了好几种动物,那你就得看哪个地方说的动物最符合“These animals”的指代内容,这个插入句就很可能放在那后面。
2. 逻辑关系。
文章里到处都是逻辑关系。
如果插入句是个表示因果关系的句子,像“Therefore, the population decreased.”那你就得在文章里找导致人口下降的原因,然后把这个句子放在原因的后面。
要是文章里前面说“Due to the lack of food and thespread of disease”,那这个插入句就可以放在这儿啦,这样整个逻辑就通了。
3. 话题相关性。
有时候呢,插入句讲的是一个特定的话题。
那你就在文章里找这个话题开始或者被提及的地方。
比如说插入句是关于“Ancient Greek architecture”的,那你就在文章里找啥时候开始讲古希腊建筑的,这个句子可能就放在那附近。
托福阅读插入题的做题技巧

托福阅读插入题的做题技巧当你做〔托福〕阅读时,你在有限的时间里透彻地理解文章是很难的,建议考生速读一遍文章,今天我主要给大家分享托福阅读插入题的做题技巧,希望对你们有帮助!很多人都知道,托福阅读文章的倒数第二题(第13题)也就是插入题。
其实这类题目有一定的难度,但只要大家阅读能力过硬,掌握一些做题目的技巧,这类题目的准确率还是可以确保的。
理解文章段落托福阅读插入题通常会给出一个句子,让你选择它在课文中的位置。
因此,做好这类题目的前提是理解文章,如果你在理解这篇文章上还有困难,我建议你先回去背单词。
托福阅读比其他三个部分有更多的生词。
在这种状态下,即使你已经掌握了解决问题的技巧,也是没有用的,因为没有基础的技巧是没有用的。
句子代入文章当你做托福阅读时,你可以在有限的时间内非常透彻地理解文章。
建议你先读这一段,然后把句子放到文章的空格里,然后看看文章的意思是否连贯,文章的结构是否通畅。
如果你插入一句话,发现文章的原意被打断了,或者很突兀,那肯定不好。
插入句子后,阅读段落要更加完整连贯,衔接要更加恰当合理。
因此,代入法是做这类题最基本的方法,可以确保正确的答题率。
掌握做题技能在上一节中,你通常会使用代入法方法来解决这个问题,但是也有一些技巧可以帮助你更快地找到插入句子的最正确位置。
如果插入题有一个空格在段落的结尾,要优先合计代入,因为在断尾插入一句话对整段文章不会产生很大影响。
相反,如果空格出现在段落的开头,这个空格应该储存到最后替换,因为段落的开始通常是整个段落的中心,如果缺少一个句子,文章本身会出现奇怪,这里缺少一个句子的可能性是最低的。
这两种类型是我们在做题的时候一定要注意的,还有一些其他的不太有用的技巧,如空格后的代词,不放在首位,空格后的过渡或进行时,不放在首位的选择……在这类问题中有很多技巧,但是这些技巧的有用性还有待证实。
你也可以在平常做题的时候总结一下规则,依据规则多尝试,多刷题,以后碰到这类问题可以做的又快又对。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
信息流动原则在托福阅读句子插入题中的运用摘要:下面两段话说明的都是同一件事情。
甚至两段每一句话分开来看所陈述的内容也相同。
但读起来,例2却要比例1流畅易懂。
首先,来看下面两段话。
Example 1: Every Tuesday, Samantha takes her dog to the dog park near her house. The city of San José maintains the dog park in an effort to promote healthy lifestyles. The city of San José sustains several dog parks throughout the city.Example 2: Every Tuesday, Samantha takes her dog to the dog park nearby her house. The dog park is maintained in an effort to promote healthy lifestyles by the city of San José. The city of San José sustains several dog parks throughout the city.上面两段话说明的都是同一件事情。
甚至两段每一句话分开来看所陈述的内容也相同。
但读起来,例2却要比例1流畅易懂。
之所以如此,是因为例2符合了信息流动的原则。
即在一段话中,每一句话应该遵循旧信息在前,新信息在后的原则。
越是符合这个原则,一个篇章就越流畅、越易懂。
而违背了这一原则,文章就会变得突兀,不连贯。
我们来分析一下这两个例子。
两段的第一句话相同,均为Every Tuesday, Samantha takes her dog to the dog park nearby her house。
当读者读第一句时,该句话的内容对读者而言全都是新信息。
但当读者读到第二句时,这句话里的信息就变成了旧信息。
再看第二句话。
两个例子在第二句话的信息排列上出现了不同。
例 1 仍以新信息The city of San José开头,却将旧信息the dog park放在了后面。
违背了旧信息在前,新信息在后这一原则,读起来十分突兀。
而例2的第二句话则以旧信息the dog park 开头,新信息the city of San José结尾。
符合了信息流动的原则,因而一二句的衔接要连贯许多。
同时,第二句结尾的新信息到了第三句又作为旧信息出现在了开头,引出了新信息throughout the city。
这样,例2全段都符合了新旧信息的流动原则,读起来流畅自然。
总结起来,如果以ABCD…代表第一次出现的信息,A'B'C'D'…代表ABCD信息在后文中的复现。
这些信息通常要遵循AA'BB'CC'DD'…的排列规则。
当然,现实中由于各种因素,作者出于各种考虑,新旧信息在一句话中有时并不一定严格按照旧信息在前新信息在后的排列顺序。
但在绝大多数情况下,同一信息的相关几个句子应排列在一起。
我们来看看如何运用这一原则来帮助我们解托福阅读中的句子插入题。
例1.Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 2In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.首先,看需要插入的句子。
句子的开头是damage by humans,结尾是damage by natural events and processes。
根据信息流动的原则,开头的damage by humans应该是旧信息,应该在前一句话中提到,而damage by natural events and processes应该是新信息,应该在下一句话中提到。
因此,答案只能是2,插入句的开头damage by humans对应前一句的“climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.”,插入句的结尾damage by natural events and processes对应“The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens”。
插入句放在此处不但符合了信息流动的原则,而且与下一句形成了观点和举例的论证关系,因此完全正确。
再看一道难度较大的句子插入题。
例2.Paragraph1: The periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). It is a monumental scientific achievement, and its development illustrates the essential interplay between observation, prediction, and testing required for scientific progress. In the 1800's scientists were searching for new elements. By the late 1860's more than 60 chemical elements had been identified, and much was known about their descriptive chemistry. Various proposals were put forth to arrange the elements into groups based on similarities in chemical and physical properties. The next step was to recognize a connection between group properties (physical or chemical similarities) and atomic mass (the measured mass of an individual atom ofan element). When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated itself at regular intervals. Thus when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new horizontal row with each alkali metal, elements of the same groups were automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the elements. This table was the forerunner of the modern table.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.It was a natural Idea to break up the series of elements at the points where the sequence of chemical groups to which the elements belonged began to repeat itself.Where would the sentence best fit?此题以sequence of chemical groups或repeat itself定位,同一信息的相关几个句子应排列在一起的原则,正确答案应该在2和3之间选。