阅读专题五 篇章结构

专题五篇章结构（含七选五）高频考点·探究突破《考试大纲》明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。

高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法理解文章的结构。

把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章的主题。

其考查主要有两种方式，一是在普通阅读理解中，二是在阅读理解第二节七选五题型中。

一、篇章结构（普通阅读理解）方法一：文章的段落组织通常采用总分；分总；总分总的框架，如下图所示：主要设题形式：①Which of the following (best)shows the organization /structure of the passage?②How is the passage organized?例1（2015·北京D）Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys(调查)on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be“very”or “somewhat”overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult”children.In the context(背景)of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. Thisphenomenon is neither good nor had; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点) C：Conclusion方法二：按写作方法理解文章的结构篇章结构类型：1、时间顺序2、空间顺序3、举例论证（数据、事例）4、对比或类比主要设题形式：The passage is mainly developed by _________.The author develops the passage mainly by ___________.How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?方法突破①找出文章的中心话题，找出段落的中心句。

②认真分析文章或段落内容与中心话题的关系，以及内容安排形式所属类别。

例2（2015·安徽E）Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture’s celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them —are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural（农村的）and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(时刻)or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺)in the New Year. InGreece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake ,which signifies (预示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role .In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.74.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by _______.ing examplesB.making comparisonsC.analyzing causesD.describing processes演练2（2014·陕西C）Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favourite TV show is over.According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition ,he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead ,tend to shop daily ,walking to small shops and farmers’markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quallity meats for each meal.After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don’t Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight —among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing.55.The text is mainly developed________.A.by contrastB.by spaceC.by processD.by classification二、篇章结构——七选五题目选项根据句法功能大致可分为：大小标题类、主题句子类、承上启下类、语篇拓展类、概括总结类。