北京外国语大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2011年
北京外国语大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2011年(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)Ⅰ1.APEC（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(亚太经济合作组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) )解析：2.PPI（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(生产者物价指数(Producer Price Index) )解析：3.POS machines（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(销售点终端机(POS: Point of Sale) )解析：4.chartered plane（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(包机)解析：5.down-payment requirement（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(首付要求)解析：6.makeshift hospital（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(临时医院)解析：7.bailout money（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(救济金 )解析：8.domestic abuse（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(家庭暴力 )解析：9.home appliances（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(家用电器 )解析：10.quantitative easing（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(量化宽松 )解析：11.Big Bang（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(宇宙大爆炸)解析：12.House of Commons（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(下议院)解析：13.deposit reserve requirement ratio（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(存款准备金率 )解析：14.Cantonese Opera（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(粤剧)解析：15.product placement ads（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(产品植入广告 )解析：Ⅱ16.经济刺激方案（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(economic stimulus package)解析：17.包容性增长（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(inclusive growth)解析：18.落地签证（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(visa upon arrival )解析：19.黑帮（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(sinister gang )解析：20.二房东（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(sublessor )解析：21.紧凑型轿车（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(compact car )解析：22.潜规则（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(hidden rules )解析：23.留守儿童（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(unattended children )解析：24.良性循环（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(virtuous circle )解析：25.无党派人士（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(nonparty personage)解析：26.下半旗志哀（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(fly a flag at half-mast)解析：27.玩忽职守（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(neglect of duty )解析：28.拆迁费（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(relocation compensation)解析：29.贫富两极分化（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(the polarization between the rich and the poor )解析：30.厨房重地，闲人免进（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(kitchen staff only )解析：Ⅲ31. The Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, is the lowest spot on Earth. Its shoreline is about 400 meters below sea level. As the world's saltiest large body of water, averaging a salt content 6 times higher than that of any ocean, the Dead Sea supports no life. With no outlet, the water that flows into the Dead Sea evaporates in the hot, arid air, leaving the minerals. The Jordan River is the chief source of the incoming water, but since the 1960s much of its water has been diverted for irrigation. Its length has already shrunk by more than a third, and, while the sea will never entirely disappear due to evaporation slowing down as surface area decreases and saltiness increases, the Dead Sea as we know it could become a thing of the past.（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：( 死海位于以色列与约旦交界，是世界上海拔最低的地方。
2011年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译(同声传译)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译（同声传译）考研真题及详解(考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效)一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe case of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Unemployment is highly dependent on economic activity；in fact,growth and unemployment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin:when economic activity is high,more production happens overall,and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services.And when economic activity is low,firms cut jobs and unemployment rises.In that sense,unemployment is countercyclical,meaning that it rises when economic growth is low and vice versa.But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth.It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same number of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is,to increase their productivity.Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers.As a consequence,unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recovery begins.The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn,when firms would rather reduce work hours,or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go.Unemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged.Because unemployment follows growth with a delay,it is called alagging indicator of economic activity.(228words)【参考译文】自大萧条后，最严重的经济危机与最高的失业率同时显现于全球经济，这并非偶然。
2011年翻译硕士全国考卷大全(二)
二, 2011 MTI真题】山师MTI翻译硕士全套试题回忆
翻译硕士英语：
第一题是30个单选题，前15个是词汇题，是划出某个生僻词，然后从四个选项中选取同义词，后15个是语法题，比专四水平略高。
第二题是4篇阅读理解，第一篇关于美国细胞研究减速对国家的影响，第二篇是对某作家写的地中海历史一书的批评，第三篇是美国银行业性质的转变以及对美国消费的批评，这三篇都是单选题，一篇5个，第四篇是主观题，是关于现代人对于工作的失望，总体难度与专八差不多。
第三部分 60分
待价而沽的景观 给了一篇文章 摘自《“城”长的烦恼》让就文章中的某些观点发表看法，800字 议论文
要求：用词优美 文体合适 结构合理
五, 2011年北京大学MTI，CAT，TT英汉互译真题，考场真实记录
——ziqijinghong手打
(考研论坛在我考研的时候给了我很大帮助，现在是回报的时候了，希望广大的后来者也将这一传统继承下去，给更多的后来者以帮助……考场上实在不会做了，于是将试题抄在了准考证上，希望对你们有帮助，另外，有考TT的同学们，还将会有TT基础英语的考场记录的试题——不知道TT或者CAT直接忽略就可以了，大家敬请期待吧。PS：翻译完之后我我看了看，然后就笑了，希望自己的翻译会给阅卷老师带来欢乐。)
作文?? 是否应该推广the general education
二、百科知识
名词解释??? 竟然不是预料的选择题型 还是之前的解释形式。。。单位?? 华夏? 国务院?? 打酱油? 女娲?? 因特网?? 二战 冷战? 苏联? 赤字?? 欧元区??? 大多是比较常见的 都是用自己话答得?
应用文是 自荐信
第三题是作文，400词，the essence of happiness
育明考研：2011年北京外国语大学翻译硕士真题及答案解析
汉语写作与百科知识一、百科知识：解释出现在下列短文中划线的名词，共25个名词，50分。
1. 原始人对自然界不只是简单地解释和探索，为了更好地生活，他们还要与自然做不屈的斗争，于是就创造了歌颂与自然作斗争的英雄的故事，如精卫填海、夸父逐日、鲧禹治水等。
2.从天宝十五载六月潼关失守，杜甫到奉先携家属北上避难，到乾元二年秋赴秦州之前，产生了两个系列的作品，一是自叙经历，兼抒优家国心情的作品，如《月夜》、《春望》、《喜达行在所》、《述怀》、《羌村三首》、《北征》、《彭衙行》等。
二是集中写时事见闻的新乐府诗，如《哀王孙》、《悲陈陶》、《悲青坂》、《哀江头》、《塞芦子》、《洗兵马》及“三吏”、“三别”等。
3.佛教对中国文化的影响广泛而深刻，远不止与上述几方面。
佛教是中国民众的一种普遍信仰，因此形成了很多佛教圣地，如佛教四大名山，它们分别是文殊菩萨、普贤菩萨、观音菩萨、地藏菩萨的道场。
4.在明清之际三大思想家中，王夫之的哲学思想丰富而深刻，代表了中国古代哲学发展的高峰。
他对前代哲人提出的问题几乎都进行了重新审视，或引申发挥，或批判匡正。
5.五代时，在南方和河东地区，先后存在过十个割据政权（不包括一些小的割据势力），史称“十国”。
6.唐代书法作品流传至今者比前代为多，留下了大量宝贵的艺术珍品。
“初唐四大家”、“颜柳”并称，成为书法史上的高峰。
7.《本草纲目》共分16部60类，以部为纲，以类为目。
每一种药又以正名、余名为目。
这个纲目分类法已经具有与现代科学双名法相同的性质，有的科学史家将之与林标的分类法相提并论。
8.古代四大发明是我国之所以成为文明古国的标志之一。
古代，我国的科学技术在许多方面居于世界的前列。
5世纪后的千余年里，欧洲处在封建社会中。
在这个漫长的时期里，我国的科学技术一直在向前发展，而欧洲的科学技术却停滞不前。
四大发明在欧洲近代文明产生之前陆续传入西方，成为“资产阶级发展的必要前提”。
9.作为四大文明古国之一的埃及，古王国时期包括3—6王朝，时间约为公元前2686—2181年，建都于孟斐斯。
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题(复语)——汉译英部分参考译文
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：复语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals. Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected, sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s bo oks,several publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of adult books. Many print books are also bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card are lost on most 6-year-olds. (210)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Like most creatures on earth, humans come equipped with a circadian clock, a roughly 24-hour internal timer that keeps our sleep patterns in sync with our planet. At least until genetics, age and our personal habits get in the way. Even though theaverage adult needs eight hours of sleep per night, there are “short-sleepers,” who need far less, and morning people, who, research shows, often come from families of other morning people. Then there’s the rest of us, who rely on alarm clocks.For those who fantasize about greeting the dawn, there is hope. Sleep experts say that with a little discipline (well, actually, a lot of discipline), most people can reset their circadian clocks. But it’s not as simple as forcing yourself to go to bed earlier (you can’t make a wide-awake brain sleep). It requires inducing a sort of jet lag without leaving your time zone. And sticking it out until your body clock resets itself. And then not resetting it again.To start, move up your wake-up time by 20 minutes a day. If you regularly rise at 8 a.m., but really want to get moving at 6 a.m., set the alarm for 7:40 on Monday. The next day, set it for 7:20 and so on. Then, after you wake up, don’t linger in bed. Hit yourself with light. In theory, you’ll gradually get sleepy about 20 minutes earlier each night, and you can facilitate the transition by avoiding extra light exposure from computers or televisions as you near bedtime.But recalibrating your inner clock requires more commitment than many people care to give. For some, it’s almost i mpossible. Very early risers and longtime night owls have a hard time ever changing. Night-shift workers also struggle because they don’t get the environmental and social cues that help adjust the circadian clock. (305)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）虽然导致不平等的原因很多，但我们可以大体上把它们分为三类。
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年.doc
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年(总分：150.01，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠBriefly explain the following terms. （分数：20.00）(1).perlocutionary act（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).minimal pair（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).distinctive feature（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).linguistic variable（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).lingua franca（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅡAnswer the following questions.（分数：30.00）(1).Why do we say linguistics is a science?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Briefly explain how language is (a) systematic (b) symbolic, and (c) social.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅢRead the following paragraphs and then answer four questions.The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more "traditional" approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning) leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experiential approach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an "in at the deep end strategy". Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001:79)An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularities oflanguage and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularities can facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners" ability to put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general, the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996:83) refers to as "generativity" and "economy". Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners" ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001:86-7)（分数：50.00）(1).What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ⅣRead the following passage and answer three questions.Teachers employ different types of conceptual organization and meaning. One level of meaning relates to subject matter knowledge and how curricular and content aspects of teaching are conceptualized (Shulman 1987). Woods (1996) describes teachers" conceptions of lessons as made up of conceptual units at different levels of abstraction. He distinguishes between the following: overall conceptual goals—the overall purposes teachers identify for a course; global conceptual units—the individual subcomponents of the curriculum (e. g., the grammar, reading, writing, and listening components of an integrated skills course); intermediate conceptual units-activities or clusters of activities framed in terms of accomplishing one of the higher-level conceptual goals; and local conceptual units—the specific things teachers do to achieve particular instructional effects. Other constructs that have been proposed to account for how teachers realize the curricular agendas they set for lessons and the kinds of cognitive processes they employ include lesson formats (Wong-Fillmore 1985), tasks (Doyle 1983), scripts , and routines(Shavelson and Stem 1981). Constructs such as these seek to describe how teachers approach the subject matter of teaching and how they transform content into learning. Much of this research draws on a framework of cognitive psychology and has provided evidence of the kinds of pedagogical content knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving teachers make use of as they teach (Cliff 1991). In addition to the curricular goals and content, teachers have other more personal views of teaching (Johnston 1990). Zeichner, Tabachnick, and Densmore (1987) try to capture this with the notion of perspective, which they define as the ways in which teachers understand, interpret,and define their environment and use such interpretation to guide their actions. They followed teachers through their year-long professional training and their first year in the classroom, and found that their personal perspectives served as powerful influences on how they taught. In describing the basis for teachers" conceptualizations of good practice, Clandinin (1985, 1986) introduced the concept of image , which she describes as "a central construct for understanding teachers" knowledge" (1985:362). An image is a metaphor, such as "the classroom as home," "setting up a relationship with children," or "meeting the needs of students," that teachers may have in mind when they teach. Johnston (1992) suggests that images such as these are not always conscious, that they reflect how teachers view themselves in their teaching contexts, and that they form the subconscious assumptions on which their teaching practices are based. In a study of what second language teachers perceive to be good classes, Senior (1995) found that experienced ESL teachers in an Australian educational setting attempting to implement a communicative methodology appeared to have arrived at the tacit assumption that, to promote successful language learning, it is necessary to develop a bonded class—that is, one in which there is a positive, mutually supportive group atmosphere. The teachers appeared to employ a range of both conscious and unconscious strategies in order to develop a spirit of cohesion within their class groups.Halkes and Deijkers (1984) refer to teachers" teaching criteria, which are defined as "personal subjective values a person tries to pursue or keep constant while teaching." Teachers hold personal views of themselves, their learners, their goals, and their role in the classroom and they presumably try to reflect these in their practice. Marland (1987) examined the principles used to guide and interpret teaching, and identified five such working principles that were derived from stimulated recall interviews with teachers. For example, the "principle of progressive checking" involved checking students" progress periodically, identifying problems, and providing individual encouragement for low-ability students. Conners (1978) studied elementary teachers and found that all of those in her study used three overarching principles of practice to guide and explain their interactive teaching behavior: "suppressing emotions," "teacher authenticity," and "self-monitoring." The "principle of teacher authenticity" involved the teacher presenting herself in such a way that good personal relationships with students and a socially supportive classroom atmosphere would be achieved. This principle required the teacher to attempt to be open, sincere, and honest, as well as fallible.（分数：50.01）(1).What could be the title of this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What are the functions of those conceptual units as described by Woods (1996) in language teaching?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Discuss the relationship between "perspective" and "image" and between "image" and "teaching criteria" as mentioned in this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题解析
真题解析2011年北外真题英语翻译基础一、名词解释：汉译英全面建设小康社会Build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects中国特色社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics构建两岸关系和平发展的框架Build the framework of peaceful development for the relationship across the Taiwan Strait.祸从口入a close mouth catches no fire知足常乐content is happiness水火无情fire and water have no mercy一蹶不振cannot recover from a setback黑帮sinister gang经济刺激方案economic stimulus plan留守儿童left-behind children降半旗致哀fly a flag at half-staff as a sign of mourning厨房重地闲人免进kitchen area,staff only紧俏型轿车cars in short supply无党派人士person with no political affiliation包容经济inclusive economyNASA–National二，汉译英：真题漓江，无数仁人志士寻找灵感的地方。
/两岸是连绵的山峰，秀丽的河水上倒映着魔幻般的美景，宛如神话。
山峰在薄雾的笼罩下时隐时现。
//泛舟漓江，每一个转弯处都有新奇：或是懒洋洋的水牛在拉水车，或是渔夫在狭窄的竹筏上悠闲自得。
解析漓江，无数仁人志士寻找灵感的地方。
The Li River of Yunnan province in China is a famous scenic spot which has inspired many people’s love of nature.[意译比直译好]两岸是连绵的山峰，秀丽的河水上倒映着魔幻般的美景，宛如神话。
北京市研究生英语学位课统考(GET)答案2011年6月 2011.6.25key
KEYS(20110625)A 卷PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A1. C2.B3. C4. B5. C6. D7. C8. C9.ASection B10. D 11. B 12.B 13.A 14. C 15. CSection C听力每题一分，答对一词给0.5分。
16. to your advantage.17.habits and skills.18. positive messages.19. failures and mistakes.20.working at its best.PART II VOCABULARY21-30 C A B D A C B D A C31-40 B C B A B C A B D CPART III CLOZE TEST41. B 42. C 43. D 44. D 45. A 46. B 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. BPART IV READING COMPREHENSION51. A 52. C 53. B 54. B 55.D 56. B 57. C 58. A 59. C 60. D61. C 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. C 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. A71 B 72. D 73. B 74. C 75. B 76. D 77. C 78. C 79. D 80. AB 卷PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection ASection A1. C2.D3. B4. A5. B6. B7. D8. A9. CSection B10. B 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. BSection C16. to your advantage.17.habits and skills.18. positive messages.19. failures and mistakes.20.working at its best.PART II VOCABULARY21-30 D A B C B D A C A D31-40 D B C B D A B C A CPART III CLOZE TEST41. A 42. C 43. B 44. D 45.B 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. D 50. BPART IV READING COMPREHENSION51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. C 57. B 58. D 59. C 60. A 61.D 62. B 63. B 64. D 65. B 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. C 70. D 71. C 72. A 73. D 74. B 75. C 76. D 77 B 78. A 79. D 80. C试卷二PART V TRANSLATIONSection A：英译汉参考译文：（10分）没人会花很长时间来决定是阅读印刷的广告还是听播放的广告（2分）。
2011年北京第二外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题解析
2011年北京第二外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题During the first many decades of this nation’s existence,the United States was a wide-open, dynamic country with a rapidly expanding economy.It was also a country that tolerated a large amount of cruelty and pain—poor people living in misery,workers suffering from exploitation. Over the years,Americans decided they wanted a little more safety and security.This is what happens as nations grow wealthier;they use money to buy civilization.Occasionally,our ancestors found themselves in a sweet spot.They could pass legislation that brought security but without a cost to vitality.But adults know that this situation is rare.In the real world,there’s usually a trade-off.The unregulated market wants to direct capital to the productive and the young.Welfare policies usually direct resources to the vulnerable and the elderly.Most social welfare legislation,even successful legislation,siphons money from the former to the latter. Early in this health care reform process,many of us thought we were in that magical sweet spot. We could extend coverage to the uninsured but also improve the system overall to lower costs. That is,we thought it would be possible to reduce the suffering of the vulnerable while simultaneously squeezing money out of the wasteful system and freeing it up for more productive uses.That’s what the management gurus call a win-win.It hasn’t worked out that way.The bills before Congress would almost certainly ease the anxiety of the uninsured,those who watch with terror as their child or spouse grows ill,who face bankruptcy and ruin.And the bills would probably do it without damaging the care the rest of us receive.In every place where reforms have been tried—from Massachusetts to Switzerland—people come to cherish their new benefits.The new plans become politically untouchable.But,alas,there would be trade-offs.Instead of reducing costs,the bills in Congress would probably raise them.They would mean that more of the nation’s wealth would be siphoned off from productive uses and shifted into a still wasteful health care system.The authors of these bills have tried to foster efficiencies.The Senate bill would initiate several interesting experiments designed to make the system more effective—giving doctors incentives to collaborate,rewarding hospitals that provide quality care at lower cost.It’s possible that some of these experiments will bloom into potent systemic reforms.But the general view among independent health care economists is that these changes will not fundamentally bend the cost curve.The system after reform will look as it does today,only bigger and more expensive.As Jeffrey S.Flier,dean of the Harvard Medical School,wrote in The Wall Street Journal last week,“In discussions with dozens of health-care leaders and economists,I find near unanimity of opinion that,whatever its shape,the final legislation that will emerge from Congress will markedly accelerate national health-care spending rather than restrain it.”Rather than pushing all of the new costs onto future generations,as past governments have done, the Democrats have admirably agreed to raise taxes.Over the next generation,the tax increases in the various bills could funnel trillions of dollars from the general economy into the medical system.Moreover,the current estimates almost certainly understate the share of the nation’s wealth thatwill have to be shifted.In these bills,the present Congress pledges that future Congresses will impose painful measures to cut Medicare payments and impose efficiencies.Future Congresses rarely live up to these pledges.Somebody screams“Rationing!”and there is a bipartisan rush to kill even the most tepid cost-saving measure.After all,if the current Congress,with pride of authorship,couldn’t reduce costs,why should we expect that future Congresses will?The bottom line is that we face a brutal choice.Reform would make us a more decent society,but also a less vibrant one.It would ease the anxiety of millions at the cost of future growth.It would heal a wound in the social fabric while piling another expensive and untouchable promise on top of the many such promises we’ve already made.America would be a less youthful,ragged and unforgiving nation,and a more middle-aged,civilized and sedate one.We all have to decide what we want at this moment in history,vitality or security.We can debate this or that provision,but where we come down will depend on that moral preference.Don’t get stupefied by technical details.This debate is about values.阅读理解Obama Loses a RoundPublished:November24,2009While the jury is still out on what President Obama’s China visit has achieved for the long term, the president has most decidedly lost the war of symbolism in his first close encounter with China. In status-conscious China,symbolism and protocol play a role that is larger than life.U.S. diplomatic blunders could reinforce Beijing’s mindset that blatant information control works,and that a rising China can trump universal values of open,accountable government.During Mr.Obama’s visit,the Chinese outmaneuvered the Americans in all public events,from the disastrous town hall meeting in Shanghai to the stunted press conference in Beijing.In characteristic manner,the Chinese tried to shut out the public,while the U.S.unwittingly cooperated.The final image of President Obama in China that circulated around the world is telling:A lone man walking up the steep slope of the Great Wall.The picture is in stark contrast to those of other U.S.presidents who had their photographs taken at the Great Wall surrounded by flag-waving children or admiring citizens.Maybe Mr.Obama wanted a quiet moment for himself before returning home.But a president’s first visit to the wall is a ritual that needs to be properly framed. Mr.Obama could have waited until the next visit,when he could bring the first lady and the children.Instead,he went ahead by himself to pay tribute to China’s ancient culture.In return,the Chinese offered nothing,no popular receptions,not even the companionship of a senior Chinese leader.The trouble for the U.S.started at the town hall meeting two days earlier—a more scripted event than those organized with students for earlier U.S.presidents.There was no real dialogue,as a programmed audience,most of them Communist League Youth members,asked coached questions.The Chinese also rejected the U.S.request for live national coverage and defaulted on a promise to live-stream the meeting at ,the online version of China’s state-owned news agency.Mr. Obama scored a point when he managed to address the issue of Internet freedom after the U.S. ambassador,Jon Huntsman,fielded him the question from a Chinese netizen submitted online.Meanwhile,Chinese officials garnered from the meeting generous quotes from Mr.Obama affirming China’s achievements and America’s expressions of good will,which were turned into glowing headlines for the Chinese media.In this round of the propaganda skirmish,the U.S. scored one point while China reaped a handful.Mr.Obama was similarly shut out from addressing the public in Beijing.At the Beijing press conference,President Hu Jintao and President Obama read prepared statements and would not take questions from reporters.“This was an historic meeting between the two leaders,and journalists should have had the opportunity to ask questions,to probe beyond the statements,”protested Scott McDonald,the president of China’s Foreign Correspondents Club,but to no avail. In a final dash to break through the information blockade,the Obama team offered an exclusive interview to Southern Weekend,China’s most feisty newspaper,based in Guangzhou.Once again, journalists’questions were programmed and the paper censored.In protest,the paper prominently displayed vast white spaces on the first and second page of the edition that carried the interview. Propaganda officials are investigating this act of defiance.Only the Obama team knows for sure how they allowed themselves to be outmaneuvered. Unwittingly,the U.S.helped to produce a package of faux public events.Pundits argued that the visitors were not supposed to impose the“American way”on China and that America needs to respect Chinese practices.The argument is both patronizing and condescending.Increasingly,the Chinese public has been clamoring for greater official transparency and accountability,while the Chinese government has been making progress on these fronts.No one in his right mind would ask Mr.Obama to lecture Beijing on human rights.But the Chinese public deserves better accounting,no less than Americans citizens.To their credit,U.S.officials did try to get their message out online.But it was the Chinese bloggers who were most active in challenging official information control.They at least fought the good fight with growing confidence,a fight the Americans seem unable to wage effectively.Ying Chan is director of the Journalism and Media Studies Center at The University of Hong Kong.。
育明考研：北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试复语同声传译专业考研真题
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试复语同声传译专业试题北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：复语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）The genesis of a Chinese factory town is always the same: In the beginning nearly everybody is a construction worker. The booming economy means that work moves fast, and new industrial districts rise in distinct stages. Those early laborers are men who have migrated from rural villages, and immediately they're joined by small entrepreneurs. These pioneers sell meat, fruit, and vegetables on informal stands, and later, when the first real stores appear, they stock construction materials. After that cell phone companies set up shop: China Mobile, China Unicom. During these initial stages there's rarely any sign of police. Government officials are prominently absent. It's not until plants start production that you see many women. Assembly-line bosses prefer young female workers, who are believed to be more diligent and manageable. After the women appear, so do the clothes shops. In the early days garbage accumulates in the gutters; the government is never in a rush to institute basic services. Public buses don't appear for months. Manholes remain open till the last instant, forfear that early settlers will steal the metal covers and sell them for scrap.(186 words)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Glaciers in Antarctica are melting faster and across a much wider area than previously thought, a development that threatens to raise sea levels worldwide and force millions of people to flee low-lying areas. Researchers once believed that the melting was limited to the Antarctic Peninsula, a narrow tongue of land pointing toward South America. But satellite data and automated weather stations now indicate it is more widespread. The melting also extends all the way down to what is called west Antarctica. By the end of the century, the accelerated melting could cause sea levels to climb by 3 to 5 feet — levels substantially higher than predicted by a major scientific group just two years ago. Making matters worse, the ice shelves that hold the glaciers back from the sea are also weakening.For years, the continent at the bottom of the world seemed to be the only place on the planet not experiencing climate change. Previous research indicated that temperatures across much of Antarctica were staying the same or slightly cooling. The big surprise was exactly how much glaciers are melting in western Antarctica, a vast land mass on the Pacific Ocean side of the continent that is next to the South Pole and includes the Antarctic Peninsula. The glaciers are slipping into the sea faster becausethe floating ice shelf that would normally stop them — usually 650 to 980 feet thick — is melting. And the glaciers' discharge is making a significant contribution to increasing sea levels.Together, all the glaciers in west Antarctica are losing a total of around 114 billion tons per year because the melting is much greater than the new snowfall. That's equivalent to the current mass loss from the whole of the Greenland ice sheet, New research found that melting glaciers will add at least 7 inches to the world's sea level — and that's if carbon dioxide pollution is quickly capped and then reduced. (319)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）朋友们，21世纪第一个十年就要过去了，离世纪之初所制定的千年发展目标的实现日期也更近了。
北外高翻MA2011年英汉互译参考译文
北京外国语大学2011年英汉互译（同传）试题一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe ca se of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Un employment is highly dependent on economic activity; in fact, growth and unemploy ment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin: when economic activity is high, more production happens overall, and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services. And when economic activity is low, firms cut jobs and unemployment rises. In that sense, unemployment is countercyclical, meaning that it r ises when economic growth is low and vice versa.But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth. It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same nu mber of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is, to increase their productivity. Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers. As a con sequence, unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recove ry begins. The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn, when firms w ould rather reduce work hours, or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go. U nemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged. Because unemployment follows growth with a delay, it is called a lagging indicator of eco nomic activity. (228 words)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Centuries ago, while Europe, Africa and the Americas were third-world poor, Chi na was not only the most populated, wealthiest, and most sophisticated country in Asi a, but on the planet. "The Travels of Marco Polo," published in 1295, told astonishing tales of enormous banquet rooms with a thousand seats, walls studded with precious st ones, and consumers using paper money to purchase mass-printed books from well-st ocked bookstores. In Europe, monks hand-copied books while in China thousands of bestsellers rolled off modern printing presses. China’s iron manufacturing industry pr oduced one hundred twenty-five thousand tons a year—an amount not equaled the We st until the twentieth century. Cast iron, the crank handle, deep drilling for natural gas, the belt drive, the fishing reel, chess, matches, brandy, gunpowder, playing cards, the spinning wheel, the umbrella, and countless other inventions—such were the productsof China’s inventive genius.Europeans would eventually borrow Chinese innovations like the plow and experi ence an agricultural revolution. Similarly, literacy spread as the Europeans exploited p aper and printing, both Chinese inventions. The European industrial revolution was bu ilt atop Chinese technology.It seems profoundly difficult for American leaders to acknowledge some sort of c ultural equivalency with the Chinese. The only way the Chinese can succeed, such log ic goes, is via underhanded, uncivilized methods. President Obama points the finger at the mandarins running the world’s second largest country, accusing them of manipula ting U.S.-China trade. Yet the unspoken truth is that China is expert at doing what the president wants Americans to do: “discovering, creating and building the products that are sold all over the world.” Mr. Obama repeats the canard that China’s remarkable e conomic success is due to sinister currency deflation. But when the Federal Reserve re cently announced it would purchase $600 billion dollars of U.S. treasury securities, th e German finance minister observed: “What the U.S. accuses China of doing, the U.S.A. is doing by different means . . . it doesn’t add up when the Americans accuse the C hinese of currency manipulation and then, with the help of their central bank’s printin g presses, artificially lower the value of the dollar.”-----------------------------------------------------* canard：a false report or piece of news三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）20年来，中国颁布实施了100多项政策法规，建立完善了消耗臭氧层物质生产管理、消费管理、产品质量管理和进出口管理制度，形成了以禁止新建、改建、扩建生产线，实施生产、消费、进出口配额许可证制度为核心的法律、法规和政策体系。