山东自考英语二 unit3 the history of books
播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。
Text Analysis
The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their books with pictures of very fine, delicate lines. The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular. The quality of the paper improved too.
印书者开始把书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。 此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致了，在每一 章之前增添插图和装饰性字母。
Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller, finer and more delicate. The letters began to look less like manuscript letters, and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.
已有500多年的历史了。古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅 字版上印成的。这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊 皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。
Para. 2.
Text Analysis
Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established themselves as independent printers. By 1 500, about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30, 000 books had been printed.
大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷 者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细腻、精致。在书中的第 一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。纸张的质量也提 高了。
Para. 6. By 1800, hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy the demand. Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.
在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。到了
1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上。
1. 过去完成时
Text Analysis
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成 了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”， 侧重事情的结果
② 表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成某种 影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经 完成了的一个事件，侧重事情结果。
Text alysis
欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰 内斯.古腾堡。他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁 文圣经。第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着。
inventor
invent
invention
They are now over five hundred years old. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead. Most of the copies were printed on paper, but a few were printed on vellum. The books are about 12 inches wide and 16.5 inches long.
engraving n. 雕刻术，雕版图
handpress
手动操作印刷机
Para. 1. The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany. The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible. A few copies of this first book still exist.
在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部 分就复印出来，当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但渐渐 地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。 意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰 名。
Para. 5. In the seventeenth century, great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed. These pamphlets were not always neat or artistic because the writers were only interested in spreading their ideas quickly, and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book important. 6. great numbers of + 可数名词复数 很多的
Text B The History of Books
1.independent adj. 独立自主的，不受约束的 (14/4, 08/7) independence n. 独立自主，不受约束
dependent
dependence
adj. 依赖的，不独立的
n. 依赖，不独立
e.g. One hundred years ago China was not totally independent (dependent).
7. on the heels of 紧跟在· · · 之后 8. speed up 加速，加紧，增速 随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的 相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。
过去完成时 past
现在完成时
now
过去完成时的基本结构
Text Analysis
had + 动词过去分词
had not +动词过去分词（否定式） had + been + 动词过去分词（过去完成时的 被动语态）
e.g. I had eaten my breakfast before I came here.
印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。印刷字母开始看 起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全 适合铅字的要求。
3. delicate adj. 精美的，细致的，纤细的
Para. 4. Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts. Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.
2. elaborate adj. elaboration n. 详细阐述，精心制作，精致 3. ornamental adj. ornament vt. 装饰 & n. 装饰，装饰物
4. simplify vt.
simple adj. 简单的，单一的 simply adv. 简单地，单一地 5. well-adapted adj. adapt vt. 使适应，使适合
最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。 15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。由于很多人不懂 希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。
2. move about 四处搬动
The printers also began to make the books smaller, so that they could be handled more easily. Furthermore the printers began to make their books more elaborate, adding pictures and ornamental letters at the beginning of chapters.
圣经依旧是最流行的书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、 希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。
Para. 3. The tools of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily. At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe. Since many people could not read Latin and Greek, books were soon printed in various languages.
The door had been locked when I realized what I had done.
Text Analysis
The Bible was still the most popular book. Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.
2021年山东省7月自考英语二试题及答案
绝密★启用前山东省7月高等教诲自学考试英语（二）试题（课程代码：00015 考试时间：150分钟）注意事项：答案必要写在答题卡规定区域内，未按规定作答答案无效。
I.Vocabulary and Structure ( 10 points ，1 point for each item )在每小题列出四个备选项中只有一种符合题目规定，请将其选出并将答题卡相应代码涂黑。
错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。
1.If we _______ him，he would have come.A．invited B．had invited C．have invited D．invite2.Would you mind me five dollars?A．to borrow B．borrowing C．to lend D．lending3.Many poor people who could not _______ books before can now buy them.A．offer B．charge C．cost D．afford4.My teacher _______ with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.A．has been B．had been C．is D．was5._______ such a beautiful sight.A．Never have I seen B．Never I have seen C．Not have I seen D．Not I have seen6.The trip was cancelled through _______ interest.A．lack of B．out of C．demand of D．end of7.When judging his performance，don’t take his age _______ account.A．in B．of C．into D．for8.Even the best of men _______ that simple rule.A．preserved B．passed C．ignored D．tolerated9.You’ve done so much work that you _______ pass the exam.A．might B．are to C．may D．are bound to10.He moved his family to a warmer state _______ his wife’s health.A．for the sake of B．in honor of C．in sight of D．in terms ofII.Cloze ( 10 points ，1 point for each item )下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。
00015自考英语(二)教程课后试题答案
大学英语自学考试教程下册0015自考英语二课后习题答案 unit1Unit 1(英语二)Text AExercises for the TextI.1.d 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.dII.1.alternative 2.fundamental 3.accompany4.implement5.preccedent6.attain7.objectives 8.vary 9.multiple10.isolateIII.1.c 2.d 3.i 4.j 5.g 6.e 7.h 8.a 9.f 10.bIV.our ; helped ; form ; front; to; passed; it; same;V.1.Decision makers should be able to make the best guess at the future.2.Some people think that everything managers do involves decision making.(or Some people think that everything managers do has something to do with decision making.)3.If there are no correct alternatives ,there are no correct decisions to be made.4.Since different people have different ideas about the same problem ,so the approaches to it vary from person to person.5.Decision makers usually hold the key to the business development of the company.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.be organized anizational anization2.a.simple b.simplified c.simply d.simplification3.a.profit b.profitable c.profitability4.a.intention b.intended c.unintendedII.1.preccdent2.skilled3.achievement4.implement5.optimal6.goal7.accomplish 8.accompanies 9.tendency10.ongoingIII.1.His friend accompanied him to a concert.2.He has argued her out of her decision.3.he owed his success in part to luck.4.According to his suggestion ,the formalities have been much simplified.5.The broadcasting station predicts that it will turn cold tomorrow.6.Motion is defined as a change in position or place.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.TII.1.preparation; confidence2.idea3.unattractive indifference4.hardworking; personality; interest5.speechless6.holidays; pay7.clean; neat; conservative8.the floor beside your chair9.politely; naturally10."I beg your pardon?" or "Could you please repeat it?" etc.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.at a disadvantage2.conservative3.indifference4.make sure5.vague6.clutched7.turned down 8.to your advantage 9.neat10.prospects 11.take the trouble to 12.place Grammar ExercisesI.1.连词；让步状语从句。
自考英语二(00015)Unit3 TextB 练习
Section C (P156)
1. How can you stand _b_y_ and let him treat his dog like that?
2. The survey made by scientists shows that kids are all prone _to__ eat junk food.
游风险保持警惕) in the north of the country. (be alert to)
4. At the conference, the CEO annouced that the senior
managers _e_n_jo_y_e_d__c_er_t_a_in__p_ri_v_il_e_g_e_s (享有一定的特权).
If left alone on a desert island, what would you do first?
10
3. Do you still remember those days when we spent in Hong Kong last year?
Do you still remember those days we spent in Hong Kong last year? 4. All their belongings, together with the remains of torn-up newspapers, lies scattered over the carpets. All their belongings, together with the remains of torn-up newspapers, lie scattered over the carpet. 5. It seems that more and more of my friends are facing great challenges in his lives.
山东省自考英语二试题及答案详解
山东省自考英语二试题及答案详解一、阅读理解（共20分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
A篇In the small town of Greenfield, there is a library that has become the heart of the community. The library not only provides books and a quiet place for reading but also offers a variety of services to the residents. It has a computer lab for public use, a children's reading area, and hosts regular events such as book clubs and author talks.Q1: What services does the Greenfield library offer? (2分)A) Book lendingB) Computer lab accessC) Children's reading areaD) All of the above答案：D) All of the aboveQ2: What type of events does the library host? (2分)A) Sports eventsB) Book clubsC) ConcertsD) Author talks答案：B) Book clubs 和 D) Author talks2. 阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
B篇John has been working at a local grocery store for the past three years. He is well-liked by his colleagues and customers alike. Recently, he was offered a promotion to become the store manager. However, the promotion would require him to relocate to another city. John is now considering the opportunity and weighing the pros and cons.Q1: Why is John considering a new job opportunity? (2分)A) He wants a pay raiseB) He was offered a promotionC) He dislikes his current jobD) He wants to live in another city答案：B) He was offered a promotionQ2: What is the drawback of accepting the promotion? (2分)A) Longer working hoursB) Relocation to another cityC) Less interaction with customersD) More paperwork答案：B) Relocation to another city二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. Choose the best word to fill in the blank. (10分)Q1: Despite the heavy rain, the marathon runners continued to run, showing great _______.A) enthusiasmB) disappointmentC) determinationD) confusion答案：C) determinationQ2: The scientist made a _______ discovery that changed the field of medicine.A) significantB) minorC) temporaryD) irrelevant答案：A) significant2. Identify the grammatical error in the sentence and correct it. (10分)Q1: If you will spend more time practicing, you can improve your skills.A) will spendB) more timeC) can improveD) your skills答案：A) will spend - 改为 "spend"Q2: There are a lot of people believes in the power ofpositive thinking.A) There areB) a lot of peopleC) believesD) in the power答案：C) believes - 改为 "believe"三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
山东省自考英语二试题答案及解析
山东省自考英语二试题答案及解析一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的观点？A. 自然资源的过度开发是不可避免的。
B. 环境保护与经济发展可以并行不悖。
C. 经济发展必须以牺牲环境为代价。
D. 人类对自然资源的需求正在减少。
答案：B解析：文章中作者提到了环境保护与经济发展之间的关系，并强调了两者可以协调发展，而不是相互排斥。
2. 文章中提到的“可持续发展”是指什么？A. 只考虑当前利益的经济发展模式。
B. 以牺牲后代利益为代价的经济发展模式。
C. 既满足当代人需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求能力的发展模式。
D. 完全禁止任何形式的工业活动以保护环境。
答案：C解析：可持续发展的概念在文章中有明确的定义，它强调在满足当前需求的同时，不损害未来代际满足需求的能力。
3. 根据文章，以下哪项不是造成环境污染的原因？A. 工业排放。
B. 汽车尾气。
C. 过度使用化肥。
D. 个人节约用水。
答案：D解析：文章列举了造成环境污染的多个原因，包括工业排放、汽车尾气和过度使用化肥，而个人节约用水是环境保护的积极行为，不是造成污染的原因。
4. 文章认为解决环境问题的最佳途径是什么？A. 加强立法和执法。
B. 提高公众环保意识。
C. 采用更清洁的能源。
D. 所有选项都是。
答案：D解析：文章中提到了多种解决环境问题的途径，包括加强立法和执法、提高公众环保意识以及采用更清洁的能源，因此最佳途径是综合这些方法。
5. 文章中提到的“绿色技术”主要指的是什么？A. 减少工业废物的技术。
B. 提高能源效率的技术。
C. 保护自然资源的技术。
D. 减少温室气体排放的技术。
答案：B解析：文章中提到的“绿色技术”是指那些能够提高能源效率、减少能源消耗的技术，从而减少对环境的影响。
二、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）6. The company has decided to ________ the production line toreduce costs.A. shut downB. set upC. speed upD. slow down答案：A解析：根据句子中的“reduce costs”可以推断出公司决定关闭生产线以降低成本。
10月山东自考《英语二》真题试卷及参考答案
10月山东自考《英语二》真题试卷及参考答案2022年10月自考《英语二》真题试卷及参考答案选择题区第一部分:阅读判断(第1~10题，每题I分，共10分)下面的短文后列出了10个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A ;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B ;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
Lacking in Self-Esteem (自尊)? Good for you!According to psychological and educational theories, self-esteem is essential for a successful life. Generations of children, especially minority kids, have been educated according to the theory (that they lack self-esteem), and that this deficiency is central to any problems (they may have in making their way in the world).Well, guess what? A new research has found that self-esteem can be just as high among grade D students and drunk drivers as it is among Nobel Prize winners and former presidents. In fact, people with high self-esteem can engage in, far more anti-social behavior than those with low self- esteem.“Wc used to believe that high self-cstcem would cause all sorts of positive conscquences and that if we raised self-esteem, people would dobetter in life," a researcher said.“Mostly, the data have failed to support that." Racists, street thugs and school bullies all have high scores on the self-esteem tests.And you can see why. If you think youre highly gifted, you re particularly offended if other people dont treat you that way. So you hit out or commit crimes to defend your pride. After all, who are they to suggest that you could be doing something wrong? What do they know?Self-esteem can also be an educational concern. College teachers are constantly complaining about the high self-esteem of their students.When every grade in the school is assessed so as to，make the kid feel good rather than to give an accurate measure of his work, the kid can develop self-esteem dangerously unrelated to the truth. When hes told he is getting a C grade in college, he can then get deeply offended or extremely angry. Weak professors give in to the pressure - hence, grade inflation, which results in their students vague touch with reality.1. It is believed that minority kids often have self-esteem problem.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given2. A new research shows that high self-esteem is essential to success.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given3. Parents are responsible for their childrens self- esteem.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given4. Anti-social behavior is related to low self-esteem.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given5. Racists have low self-esteem.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given6. People with high self-esteem are hurt more easily.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given7. College students are faced with high economic pressure.A. True .B. FalseC. Not Given8. College teachers are often annoyed with students high self- esteem.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given9. High grades help students know the truth of themselves.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given10. Some college students may find a C grade offending.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given第二部分:阅读选择(第11~15题，每题2分，共10分)阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置.上将该项涂黑。
山东自考英语二Unit-3
Ideally（a.完美的），family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number of books—any books．
但如果你没有这种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会认为读书是件讨厌的事。
A few，but very few，come to the habit late in life．
有一些人，为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的习惯。
The circumstances which help to set a child on the path to the literary adventure are：
many read something light for pleasure， a few dip into something more serious now and then；
多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少数；
while very many men，women and children never advance beyond the sports page of a newspaper，a fashion article or a comic．
发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。
3、China took a stand on these issues.
中国在这问题上标明了立场。
4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬） their suggestions.
不理睬他们的建议是不对的。
5、I always prefer（更喜欢） starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.
自考英语二(00015)Unit3 TextA 课文
A) To make friends with anybody.
A
B) To get reconnected with old friends.
C) To search friends' private matters.
D) To seek loyal Net-friends.
2. In the passage, loyalty in a friend is compared to __B__.
无风不起浪，事出必有因。
A Famous Quote 名人名 言
Betraying a trust is a very quick and painful way to terminate a friendship. ----Ralph Waldo Emerson 背信弃义会使人迅速而痛苦地 断送友谊。 ----拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
• available adj.可利用的;可获得的;通用的;有空的
Text A
Reflections: Friendship and loyalty
反思：友谊与忠诚
Checking Your Comprehension
1. According to the passage, what is the new trend on the Internet?
Phrases and Expressions
• 5. perish the thought 甭想了；但愿不会如此 • 6. engage in （使）从事，参加 • 7. in essence 本质上 • 8. assure…of… 使放心；向…保证 • 9. pay attention to 注意 • 10. warn…of… 警告某人某事
山东自考英语二unit3thehistoryofbooks
1. 过去完成时
Text Analysis
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成
了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”， 侧重事情的结果
② 表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成某种
影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经 完成了的一个事件，侧重事情结果。
过去完成时
现在完成时
Text Analysis
The Bible was still the most popular book. Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.
圣经依旧是最流行的书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、 希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。
Para. 3. The tools of the first printers were simple and could
be moved about easily. At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe. Since many people could not read Latin and Greek, books were soon printed in various languages.
past
now
过去完成时的基本结构
Text Analysis
had + 动词过去分词
had not +动词过去分词（否定式）
had + been + 动词过去分词（过去完成时的 被动语态）
山东英语2自考试题及答案
山东英语2自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a fruit?A. AppleB. OrangeC. TomatoD. Carrot答案：D2. The word "unique" is most closely related to which of the following?A. UnusualB. CommonC. SimilarD. Ordinary答案：A3. What is the past tense of the verb "write"?A. WriteB. WritesC. WroteD. Writing答案：C4. In the sentence "She has been studying English for twoyears," what is the tense?A. Present PerfectB. Past SimpleC. Present ContinuousD. Future Simple答案：A5. What does the phrase "break a leg" mean in the context of theater?A. Get injuredB. Trip and fallC. Perform wellD. Leave the stage答案：C6. Which of the following is a verb?A. HappyB. QuicklyC. DanceD. Big答案：C7. The correct spelling of the word meaning "to make something more interesting" is:A. EnhanceB. ExtentC. ExtinguishD. Extort答案：A8. What is the comparative form of the adjective "fast"?A. FasterB. FastC. FastestD. Fastly答案：A9. The opposite of "agree" is:A. DisagreeB. AgreeC. DislikeD. Like答案：A10. In the sentence "I don't think it will rain today," what is the correct tag question?A. Do you?B. Don't you?C. Will it?D. Won't it?答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The _______ (capital) of France is Paris.答案：capital12. She is one of the most _______ (talent) singers in the world.答案：talented13. The _______ (discover) of penicillin was a major breakthrough in medicine.答案：discovery14. He is too _______ (exhaust) to move after the long race.答案：exhausted15. The _______ (recent) report shows a decline in the number of endangered species.答案：recent16. They decided to _______ (travel) abroad for their honeymoon.答案：travel17. The _______ (science) behind the new technology is quite complex.答案：science18. She has a _______ (natural) gift for music.答案：natural19. The _______ (history) of the castle dates back to the13th century.答案：history20. The _______ (global) economy is facing a downturn this year.答案：global三、阅读理解（每题3分，共15分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。