货币银行学 米什金 23章
2017年金融考研专业课米什金《货币金融学》重点章节
2017年金融考研专业课米什金《货币金融学》重点章节第一章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场GDP平减指数，通货膨胀率计算第二章金融体系概览1.名词解释逆向选择：在信息不对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品逐出市场；或者说拥有信息优势的一方总是趋向于做出有利于自生而不利于别人的选择。
金融恐慌：由于资金提供者对金融中介机构的稳定性产生怀疑，因而将资金从稳定和不稳定的机构中抽回，导致大量金融机构倒闭。
2.金融市场的基本经济功能：将资金从那些由于支出小于收入而积蓄多余资金的人手中转移至由于支出大于收入而缺乏资金的人手中。
（直接，间接融资）3.金融市场的结构：债权股权市场；一级二级市场；交易所、场外市场OTC；货币市场：小于一年，短期国库券，可转让存单，商业票据，银行承兑汇票，回购协议，联邦基金等。
资本市场：大于一年，股票，公司债券，抵押贷款，美国政府证券，商业贷款等。
4.金融市场国际化：外国债券：在外国市场上发行，并以发行国货币计价的债券。
欧洲债券：在外国市场上发行，但并非以发行国货币来计价的债券。
欧洲货币：存放在本国之外的银行的外国货币。
最重要的是欧洲美元。
欧洲美元：存放在美国以外的外国银行或美国银行国外分支机构的美元。
5.金融中介功能（间接融资）：1）降低交易成本，为客户提供流动性服务。
2）分担风险，减少投资者风险。
3）缓解由信息不对称而产生的逆向选择和道德风险问题。
6.金融中介类型：1）存款机构：银行，信用社。
2）契约性储蓄机构：保险，养、退休基金。
3）投资中介机构：财务公司，共同基金，货币市场共同基金，投行。
6.金融体系的监管帮助投资者获取更多信息，确保金融体系的健全性。
1986《Q》废除。
（Q：美联储有权利设置银行存款利率上限）第三章什么是货币1.货币的功能交易媒介，记账单位，价值贮藏（流动性：资产转化为交易媒介的成本和速度）2.货币计量M1=通货+旅行者支票+活期存款+其他支票存款M2=M1+小额定期存款+储蓄存款与货币市场存款账户+货币市场共同基金份额第四章理解利率1.四种信用市场工具1）普通贷款：到期支付本金与利息，如商业贷款。
广外货币银行学期末重点全英 米什金
考试题型以及分数分布：一、选择题：1’*20=20’二、名词解释：4’*5=20’三、简答题：8’*5=40’四、论述题：20’*1=20’重点制作思路：1.考虑到时间关系，抓大放小2.结合老师提及复习内容进行预测3.以理顺书本架构为主，看到一个知识点猜一下可能会出什么题The economics of money,banking and financial markets----by Kyle Chapter1：Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets？（本章了解一下这个问题即可，最多考一下选择）Answer：•To examine how financial markets such as bond and stock markets work •To examine how financial institutions such as banks work•To examine the role of money in the economyChapter2：An Overview of the Financial System1. Function of Financial Markets•Perform the essential function of channeling funds from economic players that have saved surplus funds to those that have a shortage of funds •Direct finance: borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them securities.•Promotes economic efficiency by producing an efficient allocation（分配）of capital（资金）, which increases production•Directly improve the well-being of consumers by allowing them to time purchases better2.Structure of Financial Markets•Debt and Equity （普通股） Markets•Primary and Secondary Markets•Exchanges and Over-the-Counter (OTC不通过交易所而直接售给顾客的) Markets •Money and Capital Markets（货币和资本市场）3. Financial Market Instruments(要能举出例子，很可能考选择)Money markets deal in short-term debt instrumentsCapital markets deal in longer-term debt and equity instruments.4.Internationalization of Financial Markets（重点，选择、名词解释都有可能）•Foreign Bonds & Eurobond?•Eurocurrencies & Eurodollars?•World Stock Markets5．Function of Financial Intermediaries: Indirect Finance（记一下金融中介机构的功能，交易成本很可能考名词解释）•Lower transaction costs (time and money spent in carrying out financial transactions).•Reduce the exposure of investors to risk•Deal with asymmetric 不对称 information problems•Conclusion:Financial intermediaries allow “small” savers and borrowers to benefit from the existence of financial markets.6. Types of Financial Intermediaries（会分类即可）Depository institutionsContractual saving institutionsInvestment intermediaries7. Regulation of the Financial System•To increase the information available to investors:•To ensure the soundness 健康稳固of financial intermediariesChapter3：What Is Money?1. Meaning of Money（即definition，必考名词解释！！）•Money (or the “money supply”): anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts.2. Functions of Money（重点）•Medium of Exchange:• A medium of exchange must•Unit of Account:•Store 储藏 of Value:3. Evolution of the Payments System•Commodity 商品 Money•Fiat 法定 Money•Checks 支票Electronic Payment (e.g. online bill pay).•E-Money (electronic money):4. Measuring Money （重中之重，M1/M2都很有可能考名词解释）•Construct monetary aggregates using the concept of liquidity: （构建货币总量使用流动性的概念）•M1 (most liquid assets)= currency + traveler’s checks + demand deposits + other checkable deposits.•M2 (adds to M1 other assets that are not so liquid)= M1 + small denomination time deposits + savings deposits and money market deposit accounts + money market mutual fund shares.Chapter 4：Understanding Interest Rates1.measuring interest rates:Present Value(很可能考察名词解释)A dollar paid to you one year from now is less valuable than a dollar paidto you todaySimple Present Value：PV=CF/(1+i)n次方2.Four Types of Credit Market Instruments•Simple Loan•Fixed Payment Loan•Coupon Bond 附票债券•Discount Bond 贴现债券3.Yield to Maturity（重点，很可能名词解释）•The interest rate that equates the present value of cash flow payments received from a debt instrument with its value today计算4种不同信用工具外加Consol or Perpetuity（金边债券或永久债券）的YM4. Yield on a Discount Basis（了解即可）Current Yield当期收益率Yield on a Discount Basis 折价收益率Rate of Return 收益率5.Rate of Return and Interest Rates（收益率与利息率的distinction）•The return equals the yield to maturity only if the holding period equals the time to maturity• A rise in interest rates is associated with a fall in bond prices, resulting in a capital loss if time to maturity is longer than the holding period •The more distant a bond’s maturity, the gr eater the size of the percentage price change associated with an interest-rate change•The more distant a bond’s maturity, the lower the rate of return the occurs as a result of an increase in the interest rate•Even if a bond has a substantial initial interest rate, its return can be negative if interest rates rise6. Interest-Rate Risk•Prices and returns for long-term bonds are more volatile than those for shorter-term bonds•There is no interest-rate risk for any bond whose time to maturity matches the holding period7. Real and Nominal Interest Rates（重点，很可能考察简答题）•Nominal interest rate makes no allowance for inflation•Real interest rate is adjusted for changes in price level so it more accurately reflects the cost of borrowing•Ex ante real interest rate is adjusted for expected changes in the price level•Ex post real interest rate is adjusted for actual changes in the price level8. Fisher Equation（重点考察）Chapter5：The Behavior of Interest Rates1. Determining the Quantity Demanded of an Asset•Wealth: the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets •Expected Return: the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to alternative assets•Risk: the degree of uncertainty associated with the return on one asset relative to alternative assets•Liquidity: the ease and speed with which an asset can be turned into cash relative to alternative assets（流动性很有可能考名词解释）2.Theory of Asset Demand（必考，死活都得背下来）Holding all other factors constant:1.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to wealth2.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to its expectedreturn relative to alternative assets3.The quantity demanded of an asset is negatively related to the riskof its returns relative to alternative assets4.The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to itsliquidity relative to alternative assets3. Supply and Demand for Bonds（见到看一下图）Market Equilibrium4. Shifts in the Demand for Bonds•Wealth: in an expansion with growing wealth, the demand curve for bonds shifts to the right•Expected Returns: higher expected interest rates in the future lower the expected return for long-term bonds, shifting the demand curve to the left •Expected Inflation: an increase in the expected rate of inflations lowers the expected return for bonds, causing the demand curve to shift to the left •Risk: an increase in the riskiness of bonds causes the demand curve to shift to the left•Liquidity: increased liquidity of bonds results in the demand curve shifting right5．Shifts in the Supply of Bonds•Expected profitability of investment opportunities: in an expansion, the supply curve shifts to the right•Expected inflation: an increase in expected inflation shifts the supply curve for bonds to the right•Government budget: increased budget deficits shift the supply curve to the right6. The Liquidity Preference Framework（重中之重）7.Demand for Money in the Liquidity Preference Framework•As the interest rate increases:–The opportunity cost of holding money increases…–The relative expected return of money decreases…•…and therefore the quantity demanded of money decreases.8.Shifts in the Demand for Money（都很重要）•Income Effect: a higher level of income causes the demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift to the right •Price-Level Effect: a rise in the price level causes the demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift to the right•Liquidity preference framework leads to the conclusion that an increase in the money supply will lower interest rates: the liquidity effect.•Income effect finds interest rates rising because increasing the money supply is an expansionary influence on the economy (the demand curve shifts to the right).Chapter9:Banking1.The Bank Balance Sheet•Liabilities–Checkable deposits–Nontransaction deposits–Borrowings–Bank capital•Assets–Reserves(准备金)–Cash items in process of collection–Deposits at other banks–Securities–Loans–Other assets2.Basic Banking:•Cash Deposit：Opening of a checking account leads to an increase in the bank’s reserves equal to the increase in checkable depositsCheck Deposit3．Inter-business•Bank settlement•Finance lease•Fiduciary business•Safe deposit box4. Off-Balance-Sheet Activities•Loan sales (secondary loan participation)•Generation of fee income. Examples:Chapter12:Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System(此章省略很多)1.Structure of theFed(了解即可)Board of Governors（7人）12 FRBs（9人）FOMC (7+1+4人)Federal Advisory Council （12人）2.Federal Reserve Bank（3+3+3人）Functions：Clear checksIssue new currencyWithdraw damaged currency from circulationAdminister and make discount loans to banks in their districtsEvaluate proposed mergers and applications for banks to expand their activities Act as liaisons between the business community and the Federal Reserve System Examine bank holding companies and state-chartered member banksCollect data on local business conditionsUse staffs of professional economists to research topics related to the conduct of monetary policyChapter13&14：The Money Supply Process:1.Players in the Money Supply Process Central bank (Federal Reserve System)Banks (depository institutions; financial intermediaries)Depositors (individuals and institutions)2．Fed’s Balance Sheet3.Monetary Base4.Open Market Purchase•The effect of an open market purchase on reserves depends on whether the seller of the bonds keeps the proceeds from the sale in currency or in deposits •The effect of an open market purchase on the monetary base always increases the monetary base by the amount of the purchaseOpen Market Sale•Reduces the monetary base by the amount of the sale•Reserves remain unchangedThe effect of open market operations on the monetary base is much more certain than the effect on reserves5.Fed’s Ability to Control the MonetaryBaseSplit the monetary base into two components :MBn= MB - BRthe non-borrowed monetary base :MBnborrowed reserves:BR6.The Formula for Multiple Deposit Creation（很重要！必考,记住公式）7. Factors that Determine the Money SupplyChanges in the nonborrowed monetary base MBnChanges in borrowed reserves from the FedChanges in the required reserves ratioChanges in currency holdingsChanges in excess reserves8. The Money Multiplier(重点)Assume that the desired holdings of currency C and excess reserves ER grow proportionally with checkable deposits D. Then,c = {C/D} = currency ratioe = {ER/D} = excess reserves ratioThe monetary base MB equals currency (C) plus reserves (R):MB = C + R = C + (r x D) + ERM=m*MB=m*(MBn+BR)M=1+c/r+e+cChapter 15：Tools of Monetary Policy1. Tools of Monetary PolicyOpen market operationsChanges in borrowed reservesChanges in reserve requirementsFederal funds rate: the interest rate on overnight loans of reserves from one bank to another2.Demand in the Market for ReservesSupply in the Market for Reserves3.Affecting the Federal Funds Rate4.Open Market Operations（超级重点）Advantages：The Fed has complete control over the volumeFlexible and preciseEasily reversedQuickly implemented5.Discount Policy（超级重点）Advantages：Used to perform role of lender of last resortdisadvantages：Cannot be controlled by the Fed; the decision maker is the bank 6.Reserve Requirements（超级重点）Advantages：•No longer binding for most banksdisadvantages：•Can cause liquidity problems•Increases uncertainty for banks7. Monetary Policy Tools of the European Central Bank•Open market operations•Lending to banks•Reserve RequirementsChapter16：The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and Tactics 1. Goals of Monetary Policy（1）The Price Stability Goal•Low and stable inflation•Inflation•Nominal anchor to contain inflation expectations•Time-inconsistency problem（2）Other Goals of Monetary Policy•High employment•Economic growth•Stability of financial markets•Interest-rate stability•Foreign exchange market stability2. Monetary Targeting•Advantages–Almost immediate signals help fix inflation expectations and produce less inflation–Almost immediate accountability•Disadvantages–Must be a strong and reliable relationship between the goal variable and the targeted monetary aggregat e3. Inflation Targeting•Public announcement of medium-term numerical target for inflation •Institutional commitment to price stability as the primary, long-run goal of monetary policy and a commitment to achieve the inflation goal •Information-inclusive approach in which many variables are used in making decisions•Advantages•Does not rely on one variable to achieve target•Easily understood•Reduces potential of falling in time-inconsistency trap•Stresses transparency and accountability•Disadvantages•Delayed signaling•Too much rigidity•Potential for increased output fluctuations•Low economic growth during disinflation4.Monetary Policy with an Implicit Nominal AnchorThere is no explicit nominal anchor in the form of an overriding concern for the Fed.Forward looking behavior and periodic “preemptive strikes”The goal is to prevent inflation from getting started.•Advantages–Uses many sources of information–Avoids time-inconsistency problem•Disadvantages–Lack of transparency and accountability–Strong dependence on the preferences, skills, and trustworthiness of individuals in charge–Inconsistent with democratic principles5. Tactics: Choosing the Policy Instrument•Tools–Open market operation–Reserve requirements–Discount rate•Policy instrument (operating instrument)–Reserve aggregates–Interest rates–May be linked to an intermediate target•Interest-rate and aggregate targets are incompatible (must chose one or the other).6.Linkages Between Central Bank Tools, Policy Instruments, Intermediate Targets, and Goals of Monetary Policy(中间目标是超级重点，死活都要背下来)Chapter19:The Demand for Money1.Velocity of Money and The Equation ofExchangeV=P*Y/MM*V=P*Y2.Quantity Theory of Money DemandSO: Demand for money is determined by:The level of transactions generated by the level of nominal income PYThe institutions in the economy that affect the way people conduct transactions and thus determine velocity and hence k3.Keynes’s Liquidity Prefe rence TheoryTransactions motivePrecautionary motiveSpeculative motiveVelocity is not constant:4.Friedman’s Modern Quantity Theory of Money(记住该公式及其含义)5. Differences between Keynes’s and Friedman’s Model (cont’d)•Friedman–Includes alternative assets to money–Viewed money and goods as substitutes–The expected return on money is not constant; however, r b –r m does stayconstant as interest rates rise–Interest rates have little effect on the demand for money •Friedman (cont’d)–The demand for money is stable ?–velocity is predictable–Money is the primary determinant of aggregate spendingChapter23：Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy: The Evidence1.Framework(1)Structural Modelwhether one variable affects another•Transmission mechanism–The change in the money supply affects interest rates–Interest rates affect investment spending–Investment spending is a component of aggregate spending (output) Advantages and Disadvantages(2)Reduced-Form•Analyzes the effect of changes in money supply on aggregate output (spending) to see if there is a high correlationAdvantages and Disadvantages2.Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy(1) Asset Price EffectsTraditional interest rate effectsExchange rate effects on net exports...(2)Credit ViewChapter24:Money and Inflation1.meaning of inflation(死活背下来)extremely high for a sustained period of time, its rate of money supply growth is also extremely high•Money Growth–High money growth produces high inflation•Fiscal Policy–Persistent high inflation cannot be driven by fiscal policy alone •Supply Shocks–Supply-side phenomena cannot be the source of persistent high inflation•Conclusion: always a monetary phenomenon2. Origins of Inflationary Monetary Policy•Cost-push inflation–Cannot occur without monetary authorities pursuing an accommodating policy•Demand-pull inflation•Budget deficits–Can be the source only if the deficit is persistent and is financed by creating money rather than by issuing bonds•Two underlying reasons–Adherence of policymakers to a high employment target–Presence of persistent government budget deficits3. The Discretionary (Activist)/ Nondiscretionary (Nonactivist) Policy Debate（1）Advocates of discretionary policy：regard the self-correcting mechanism as slowPolicy lags slow activist policy（2）Advocates of nondiscretionary policy:believe government should not get involvedDiscretionary policy produces volatility in both the price level and output。
Mishkin 米什金 货币银行学 课件
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In f la tio n R a te
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Chapter 1
Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?
Why Study Money,Banking and Financial Markets
Why Study Financial Markets?
1. Channel funds from savers to investors, thereby promoting economic efficiency 2. Affect personal wealth and behavior of business firms
3. Financial Innovation
Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?
1. Influence on business cycles, inflation, and interest rates
5பைடு நூலகம்
Bond Market
6
Stock Market
7
Foreign Exchange Market
Why Study Banking and Financial Institutions?
1. Financial Intermediation
Helps get funds from savers to investors
货币银行学(米什金原书第4版)知识点串讲
货币银行学（米什金原书第4版） 串讲第一部分重要知识点梳理第二章重要知识点1．逆向选择（adverse selection）答：逆向选择是指在买卖双方信息非对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场；或者说拥有信息优势的一方，在交易中总是趋向于做出尽可能地有利于自己而不利于别人的选择。
逆向选择主要是交易前的信息不对称造成的。
逆向选择的存在使得市场价格不能真实地反映市场供求关系，导致市场资源配置的低效率。
一般在商品市场上卖者关于产品的质量。
保险市场上投保人关于自身的情况等等都有可能产生逆向选择问题。
解决逆向选择问题的方法主要有：政府对市场进行必要的干预和利用市场信号。
3．货币市场（money market）答：货币市场通常是指以短期金融工具为媒介，融资期限在一年以内（包括一年）的资金交易市场，又称短期资金市场。
货币市场主要是由短期信贷市场、短期证券市场、贴现市场等构成。
货币市场的主要特征表现为：期限短、流动性强、风险小等。
货币市场的主要交易对象有：银行存款、短期证券和商业票据等。
3．道德风险（moral hazard）答：道德风险是指在双方信息非对称的情况下，人们享有自己行为的收益，而将成本转嫁给别人，从而造成他人损失的可能性。
道德风险是信息不对称问题在交易后的影响产生的。
道德风险的存在不仅使得处于信息劣势的一方受到损失，而且会破坏原有的市场均衡，导致资源配置的低效率。
道德风险分析的应用领域主要是保险市场。
解决道德风险的主要方法是风险分担。
4.信息不对称（asymmetric information）答：信息不对称是指市场上的某些参与者拥有，但另一些参与者不拥有的信息；或指一方掌握的信息多一些，另一方所掌握的信息少一些。
信息不对称会导致资源配置不当，减弱市场效率，并且还会产生道德风险和逆向选择。
在很多情况下，市场机制并不能解决信息不对称问题，只能通过其他的一些机制来解决，特别是运用博奕论的相关知识来解决机制设计问题。
米什金版《货币金融学学》笔记(文内可搜索)
货币银行学笔记2.0【米什金笔记】序：货币银行学笔记1.0指的是本座在12年后编写的【胡庆康笔记】，由于缺少了货币理论的三个章节，所以该笔记是一部残篇。
为了能够更好的解释货币银行学，故引用米什金第九版货币金融学作为蓝本进行笔记升级。
笔记主体将由米什金组成，由黄达胡庆康等作品为辅助。
这本笔记的编撰主要是服务于本座的学习实践，所以有的本座认为不必赘述的就略过，不必证明的就直接给结论。
在阅读顺序上，建议读者先阅读笔者的《胡庆康笔记》，后阅读笔者的《米什金笔记》。
章节编写上，由【大纲】/导图，【内容】/主干知识，【补充】/边角知识，【关键术语】，【习题】，【胡说】/编者说（红字） 组成。
其中【胡说】均标红色，仅代表编者看法。
在写作上，笔记多表格少文字，多截图少写字。
表格看的更舒服，截图表示有根据。
【画外音：本座懒】本笔记撰写者：西班牙溃疡/西班牙流感/履虎尾。
天下学问，惟夜航船中最难对付。
2016年7月2日星期六福州 五四路第零章：大纲 我们将针对以下章节展开描述：第1篇 引言第1章 为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场第2章 金融体系概览第3章 什么是货币？第2篇 金融市场第4章 理解利率第5章 利率行为第6章 利率的风险结构与期限结构第7章 股票市场、理性预期理论与有效市场假定 第3篇 金融机构【略】第8章 金融结构的经济学分析第9章 金融危机与次贷风波第10章 银行业与金融机构的管理第11章 金融监管的经济学分析第12章 银行业：结构与竞争第4篇 中央银行与货币政策运作第13章 中央银行的结构与联邦储备体系【略】第14章 多倍存款创造和货币供给过程第15章 货币政策工具第16章 货币政策的操作：战略与战术第5篇 国际金融与货币政策第17章 外汇市场第18章 国际金融体系第19章 货币需求第20章 is-lm模型第21章 is—lm模型中的货币政策与财政政策第22章 总需求与总供给分析第23章 货币政策传导机制的实证分析第24章 货币与通货膨胀第25章 理性预期：政策意义第一章：为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场【胡说】要回答这个问题，首先要回答四个what和一个how1、为什么研究金融市场？2、为什么研究银行和其他金融机构？3、为什么研究货币和货币政策？4、为什么研究国际金融？5、我们如何研究货币、银行与金融市场？简单的说，为什么要研究市场，为什么要研究机构，为什么要研究政策，为什么要研究国际环境。
米什金货币金融学第九版23章：货币政策传导机制的实证分析
汇率水水平对净出口口的影响 其他资产价格途径 托宾q理论 莫迪利亚尼的生生命周期假说 财富效应 q为企业的市场价值与资本重置成本之比比，q值 高高的时候强企业会发行行股票、购置资本，投资 增大大。
银行行信贷途径
考虑的是一一般的权益适用用于住宅市场
资产负债表途径 短期名义利率对现金金流起着重要作用用
信用用途径 货币政策的传导机制 现金金流途径 债务以固定的名义利率计息，意料之外的物价 上涨会降低企业的实际负债而而不降低企业资产 的实际价值。
实际利率和投资支支出的关系紧密 利率水水平对投资支支出的影响仅仅是货币政策影 响总需求的众多途径之一一。「认为早期凯恩斯 主义者使用用的结构模型考虑到的传导机制不 全。」 时序实证
早期货币主义学排队货币重要性的实证分析
统计实证 历史实证
存在因果颠倒和外部因素存在的可能性
货币学派对凯恩斯主义抨击之后经济学界的研 究方方向。 认为简化形式实证分析颠倒了因果，是经济周 期导致了货币供给量的变化。总产出水水平与基 础货币不相关，货币与总产出水水平之间的关系 来自自其他货币供给来源的变化，这些变化受到 银行行、银行行借款人人行行为的影响，而而这些受到经 济周期的影响。
独立立的评估每种传导机制的作用用，获得更多的 实证数据，更准确的把握M与Y的因果关系。 总需求的要素分析，货币供应量影响经济活的 途径也就是货币政策传导机制。建立立结构模型 来考察货币供给变动对经济的影响。结构模型 实证分析考察特定的货币影响途径，从而而揭示示 货币供给量与总产出的关系。 优点 更加准确的预测M对Y的作用用。 更加准确的预测经济社会制度变迁对M与Y之间 联系的影响。 缺点 如果知道正确的结构模型，那么实证分析优于 简化形式的分析方方法。只有了解所有传导机制 的情况下，结构模型才具备下述优点。
米什金《货币金融学》第九章重点-2024鲜版
Chapter
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19
利率市场化改革的背景和意义
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计划经济向市场经济转型
01
随着改革开放的深入，我国由计划经济向市场经济转型，利率
市场化改革是这一过程中的重要环节。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
金融市场发展的需要
02
金融市场的发展要求利率能够真实反映资金供求关系，形成市
场化的利率体系。
促进经济增长的需要
该理论认为，不同期限的债券市 场是相互分割的，各自有独立的 均衡点，因此收益率曲线的形状 是由不同市场的供求关系决定的。
预期理论
该理论认为，长期利率是未来短 期利率的预期平均值，收益率曲 线的形状反映了市场对未来短期 利率的预期。
流动性偏好理论
该理论认为，投资者对不同期限 的债券有不同的流动性偏好，因 此要求对不同期限的债券给予不 同的收益率补偿。
02
储蓄和投资是利率的决定因素：储蓄代表资本供给， 投资代表资本需求。
03
当储蓄大于投资时，利率下降；当储蓄小于投资时， 利率上升。
4
凯恩斯利率理论
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01 凯恩斯认为，利率不是由储蓄和投资决定，而是 由货币的供求决定。
02 货币是一种特殊的资产，人们持有货币是因为它 具有流动性。
03 利率是人们放弃流动性所得到的报酬，因此货币 供求平衡时的利率就是均衡利率。
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22
THANKS
感谢观看
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04
利率在货币政策中的作用
Chapter
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利率作为货币政策中介目标的优点
• 可测性：作为货币政策中介目标的变量应能够得到迅速且准确的观察和测量。 利率作为货币政策的中介目标，其可测性非常强，因为各国中央银行或货币当 局都能迅速获得关于利率的准确数据。
2023内部版米什金版货币金融学简答及知识点
2023内部版米什金版货币金融学简答及知识点第一章：1 .什么是金融市场，金融市场的基本功能是什么？金融市场是资金由盈余单位向短缺单位转移的市场。
金融市场履行的基本经济功能是：从那些由于支出少于收入而积蓄了盈余资金的人那里把资金引导到那些由于支出超过收入而资金短缺的人那里。
第二章：金融体系概述L金融市场的种类划分⑴股权市场和债权市场。
（按契约的性质）2 2）一级市场和二级市场。
（按在发行和交易中的地位）（3）场内交易市场和场外交易市场。
（按交易的地点和场所）（4）货币市场和资本市场。
（按所交易金融工具的期限长短）2 .主要的货币市场工具和资本市场工具有哪些？货币市场工具：（1）美国国库券（贴现发行）（2）可转让银行定期存单（3）商业票据（4）回购协议（5）联邦基金资本市场工具：（1）股票（2）抵押贷款（3）公司债券（4）美国政府债券（5）美国政府机构债券（6）州和地方政府债券3 .金融中介机构的概念和类型概念：金融中介机构是通过发行负债工具筹集资金，并且通过运用这些资金购买证券或者发放贷款来形成资产的金融机构。
（1）存款机构（商业银行，储贷协会，互助储蓄银行，信用社）（2）契约型储蓄机构（保险公司，养老金，退休金）（3）投资中介机构（财务公司，共同基金，货币市场共同基金，投资银行）4 .直接融资和间接融资的区别(1)在直接融资中，借款人通过将证券卖给贷款人，直接从贷款人那里取得资金；在间接融资中，金融机构居于贷款人和借款人之间，帮助实现资金在二者之间的转移。
(2)直接融资的优点：短缺单位可以节约一定的融资成本，盈余单位可以获得较高的资金报酬。
缺点：盈余单位需要有一定专业知识和能力且负担的风险高；对短缺单位来说，直接融资市场门槛较高。
(3)间接融资的优点或功能：降低交易成本，实现规模经济；有助于降低投资者面临的风险；解决信息不对称问题(交易发生前:逆向选择；交易发生后：道德风险)(4)需要注意的是区别这两种融资不在于是否有金融机构的介入，而在于金融机构是否发挥了信用中介作用。
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• Does not describe the specific path
23-7
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1 Real and Nominal Interest Rates on Three-Month Treasury Bills, 1931–2008
Sources: Nominal rates from /releases/h15/update/. The real rate is constructed using the procedure outlined in Frederic S. Mishkin, “The Real Interest Rate: An Empirical Investigation,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 15 (1981): 151–200. This involves estimating expected inflation as a function of past interest rates, inflation, and time trends and then subtracting the expected inflation measure from the nominal interest rate.
• A Monetary History documents several instances in which the change in the money supply is an exogenous event and the change in the business cycle soon followed
• During deflation, low nominal interest rates do not necessarily indicate expansionary policy
• Weak link between nominal interest rates and investment spending does not rule out a strong link between real interest rates and investment spending • Interest-rate effects are only one of many channels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-8
Timing Evidence of Early Monetarists
• Money growth causes business cycle fluctuations but its effect on the business cycle operates with “long and variable lags”
Emphasis on real interest rate: Expansionary monetary policy
Pe e ir I Y
• Disadvantage
– Only as good as the model it is based on
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-4
Reduced-Form Advantages and Disadvantages
Chapter 23
Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy: The Evidence
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Structural Model
• Examines whether one variable affects another by using data to build a model that explains the channels through which the variable affects the other
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-5
Early Keynesian Evidence
• Monetary policy does not matter at all
• Three pieces of structural model evidence
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-2
Reduced-Form
• Examines whether one variable has an effect on another by looking directly at the relationship between the two
23-9
FIGURE 2 Hypothetical Example in Which Money Growth Leads Output
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-10
Statistical Evidence
• Transmission mechanism
– The change in the money supply affects interest rates – Interest rates affect investment spending – Investment spending is a component of aggregate spending (output)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-3
Structural Model Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Opportunity to gather more evidence gives more confidence on the direction of causation – More accurate predictions – Understand how institutional changes affect the links
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23-6
Objections to Early Keynesian Evidence
• Friedman and Schwartz publish a monetary history of the U.S. showing that monetary policy was actually contractionary during the Great Depression • Many different interest rates
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23-13
Asset Price Effects
• Traditional interest rate effects Expansionary monetary policy i I Y r
– Low interest rates during the Great Depression indicated expansionary monetary policy but had no effect on the economy – Empirical studies found no linkage between movement in nominal interest rates and investment spending – Surveys of business people confirmed that investment in physical capital was not based on market interest rates
• Advantage
– No restrictions imposed on the way monetary policy affects the economy
• Disadvantage
– Correlation does not necessarily imply causation
• Reverse causation • Outside driving factor
• Neither model has turned out be more accurate than the other
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
23-11
Historical Evidence
• If the decline in the growth rate of the money supply is soon followed by a decline in output in these episodes, much stronger evidence is presented that money growth is the driving force behind the business cycle