外文翻译文献综述
文献综述及外文翻译
关于钢铁制造企业的物料控制研究参考文献综述学号408417011320，姓名党杨前言：依美国生产及库存管理学会(American Production and Inventory Control Sociery,APICS)的定义，物料（Materials）是指制造产品或提供服务时所需直接或间接投入的物料。
物料一词所涉及的范围相当广泛，除企业生产过程中所需直接投入的物料外，还涉及所需间接投入的物料。
而物料控制简称物控，是指对企业生产经营活动所需各种物料的储存、请购与采购、收发、保管与搬运等业务活动进行的计划、实施及控制。
随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，制造企业正面临市场预测不准、计划多变、物料控制难度大、物流成本居高不下等严峻问题。
如何建立高效的物料控制运作体系，提高物料控制对生产与销售计划变动的适应性和快速反应能力；如何有效控制物料消耗，控制物料库存和在制品占用；如何强化采购业务管理，提升物料跟催力敌，确保物料供应；如何根据ISO9000和TS16949国际质量认证要求，实行物料从入库接收、储存保管到出库、配送全过程规范管理等，已成为制造企业降低物流成本、提升对市场需求快速反应能力的关键。
从查找的文献来看，我们了解到目前针对物料控制的研究越来越多，解决方法也各不相同，本文从近几年我国学者研究物料控制以及成本计划的相关文献20余篇中选择了其中的10篇，来说明我国物料管理的一些现实问题和发展方向。
在研读文献之后，笔者可以获知目前国内学者对物料控制的研究主要有以下三个方向：1.面向订单的物料控制；2.面向供应链的物料控制；3.面向物料清单管理的物料控制。
正文：物料控制的研究早在18世纪70年代的英国就已经初现雏形。
傅和彦的《现代物料管理》指出，自工业革命开始后，工厂制度逐渐形成。
物料的采购、储存、存量管制、加工及呆废料的处理问题等处处影响工厂经营的绩效与盈亏，物料控制因而逐渐引起普遍的重视，18世纪70年代单边检验的应用及双边检验的出现，开创了物品品质检验的里程碑。
英语笔译文献综述
英语笔译文献综述Here is an essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on English-Chinese Translation" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of English-Chinese translation has been a subject of extensive research and study for decades. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for accurate and effective translation services has grown significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research in this field, highlighting key themes, methodologies, and areas for further exploration.One of the primary focuses in English-Chinese translation research has been on the linguistic and cultural challenges inherent in the process. Scholars have examined the differences in grammatical structures, idioms, and cultural references between the two languages, and how these disparities can impact the quality and accuracy of translations. Studies have explored strategies for navigating these challenges, such as the use of machine translation, the role of human translators, and the importance of cultural awareness and adaptation.Another area of research has been the impact of technological advancements on the translation industry. The rise of machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and cloud-based platforms has transformed the way translation services are delivered. Researchers have investigated the strengths and limitations of these technologies, as well as the implications for the role of human translators in the future. Additionally, studies have examined the ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in translation, such as issues of data privacy, bias, and the potential displacement of human workers.The quality and evaluation of English-Chinese translations have also been the subject of extensive research. Scholars have developed frameworks and methodologies for assessing the accuracy, fluency, and overall effectiveness of translations, taking into account factors such as linguistic equivalence, cultural appropriateness, and the intended purpose of the translation. These evaluation methods have been applied to a wide range of translation contexts, including literary works, technical documents, and business communications.Another area of focus in the field of English-Chinese translation is the training and professional development of translators. Researchers have explored the skills, knowledge, and competencies required for effective translation, and have investigated the bestpractices for educating and training translators. This includes the use of translation-specific curricula, the integration of technology into the learning process, and the importance of ongoing professional development and certification.In addition to these core areas of research, scholars have also examined the role of English-Chinese translation in various domains, such as international business, education, and healthcare. These studies have explored the unique challenges and considerations that arise in these specialized contexts, and have provided insights into the strategies and approaches that can lead to successful translations.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of English-Chinese translation, there are still many areas that require further research and exploration. For example, the impact of globalization and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca on translation practices is an emerging area of interest. Additionally, the ethical implications of translation, such as the potential for misrepresentation or the perpetuation of cultural biases, warrant deeper examination.Furthermore, the field of English-Chinese translation would benefit from more interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies. By fostering a more holistic and multifaceted approach to translationresearch, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in the process.In conclusion, the field of English-Chinese translation has been the subject of extensive research and study, yielding valuable insights into the linguistic, cultural, and technological challenges involved in the translation process. As the demand for translation services continues to grow, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners work together to advance the field, develop innovative solutions, and ensure the highest quality of translation services. By doing so, they can contribute to greater cross-cultural understanding and effective communication in an increasingly globalized world.。
文献综述及外文文献翻译
⽂献综述及外⽂⽂献翻译华中科技⼤学⽂华学院毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译（本科学⽣⽤）题⽬：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学⽣姓名：_周训⽅___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06⾃动化（1）班_指导教师：张晓丹___职称或学位：助教__20 年⽉⽇外⽂⽂献翻译（译成中⽂1000字左右）：【主要阅读⽂献不少于5篇，译⽂后附注⽂献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论⽂题⽬）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。
提供所译外⽂资料附件（印刷类含封⾯、封底、⽬录、翻译部分的复印件等，⽹站类的请附⽹址及原⽂】英⽂节选原⽂：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding b it in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC cont roller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中⽂翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文中文翻译格式：
标题：将外文标题翻译成中文，可以在括号内标明外文标题
摘要：将外文摘要翻译成中文，包括问题陈述、研究目的、方法、结果和结论等内容。
关键词：将外文关键词翻译成中文。
引言：对外文论文引言进行翻译，概述问题的背景、重要性和研究现状。
方法：对外文论文方法部分进行翻译，包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
结果：对外文论文结果部分进行翻译，介绍研究结果和统计分析等内容。
讨论：对外文论文讨论部分进行翻译，对研究结果进行解释和评价。
结论：对外文论文结论部分进行翻译，总结研究的主要发现和意义。
附录：如果外文论文有附录部分，需要进行翻译并按照指定的格式进行排列。
文献综述模板格式：
标题：文献综述标题
引言：对文献综述的背景、目的和方法进行说明。
综述内容：按照时间、主题或方法等进行分类，对相关文献进行综述，可以分段进行描述。
讨论：对综述内容进行解释和评价，概括主要研究成果和趋势。
结论：总结文献综述，概括主要发现和意义。
要求说明：
1.外文中文翻译要准确无误，语句通顺流畅，做到质量高、符合学术
规范。
2.文献综述要选择与所研究领域相关的文献进行综述，覆盖面要广，
内容要全面、准确并有独立思考。
4.文献综述要注重整体结构和逻辑连贯性，内容要有层次感，段落间
要过渡自然。
5.外文中文翻译和文献综述要进行查重，确保原文与译文的一致性，
并避免抄袭和剽窃行为。
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计)文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范一、毕业论文(设计)文献综述（一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。
2.正文综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向,特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果.通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。
文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确,量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。
文献综述字数在5000字以上。
正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。
参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号.期刊类文献书写方法:［序号］作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题(篇）名[J]。
刊名,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年:起止页次。
论文集类文献书写方法:［序号］作者.篇名［C].论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年:起止页次。
学位论文类书写方法：［序号]作者.篇名[D]。
出版地：单位名称，年份。
电子文献类书写方法:［序号]主要责任者。
题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志］出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径。
参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文(设计）工作的要求。
（二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1。
封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）"根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”,其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。
第二部分：文献综述主题1.中文摘要与关键词摘要标题(五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）摘要内容(五号，宋体）关键词标题(五号，宋体，顶格,加粗）关健词内容（五号,宋体，词间用分号隔开）2.正文标题标题最多分四级。
关于移动支付过去,现状,未来的文献综述外文翻译
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译一、外文原文标题：Past，present and future of mobile payments research: A literature review 原文：The mobile payment services markets are currently under transition with a history of numerous tried and failed solutions, and a futu of promising but yet uncertain possibilities with potential new technology innovations. At this point of the development, we take a look at the current state of the mobile payment services market from a literature review perspective. We review prior literature on mob payments, analyze the various factors that impact mobile payment services markets, and suggest directions for future research in the still emerging field. To facilitate the analysis of literature, we propose a framework of four contingency and five competitive force factor and organize the mobile payment research under the proposed framework. Consumer perspective of mobile payments as well as technic security and trust are best covered by contemporary research. The impacts of social and cultural factors on mobile payments, as well comparisons between mobile and traditional payment services are entirely uninvestigated issues. Most of the factors outlined by framework have been addressed by exploratory and early phase studies.Mobile phones have transformed telephony profoundly. They are equipped with functionalities which surpass telephony needs, and which inspire the development of value-added mobile services, the use of mobile phones as access devices, and mobile commerce in general. The number of mobile phones in use far exceeds any other technical devices that could be used to market, sell, produce, or deliver products and services toconsumers. These developments open lucrative opportunities to merchants and service providers.Purchased products and services have to be paid for. Initially, fixed-line telephony billing systems were modified to charge mobile telephony. Later, mobile telephony billing systems were introduced, and used also to charge various mobile services when such services emerged. Yet, payments based on billing systems have several limitations. These include comparatively high payment transaction fees, merchant and service provider complaints about unfair revenue sharing, and the necessity to provision services to billing systems [66,80]. In some areas, such as the European Union, credited payment services to third parties require a (limited) credit institution license. The lack of suitable pay-ment instruments has for a long time been regarded as a factor that hampers the development of mobile commerce.Mobile payments are payments for goods, services, and bills with a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, smart-phone, or personal digital assistant (PDA)) by taking advantage of wireless and other communication technologies. Mobile devices can be used in a variety of payment scenarios, such as payment for digital content (e.g., ring tones, logos, news, music, or games), tickets, parking fees and transport fares, or to access electronic payment services to pay bills and invoices. Payments for physical goods are also possible, both at vending and ticketing machines, and at manned point-of-sale (POS) terminals.A mobile payment is carried out with a mobile payment instrument such a mobilecredit card or a mobile wallet. In addition to pure mobile payment instruments, most electronic and many physical payment instruments have been mobilized. Furthermore, mobile payments, as all other payments, fall broadly into two categories: payments for daily purchases, and payments of bills (credited payments). For purchases, mobile payments complement or compete with cash, cheques, credit cards, and debit cards. For bills, mobile payments typically provide access to account-based payment instruments such as money transfers, Internet banking payments, direct debit assignments, or electronic invoice acceptance.In the early 2000s, mobile payment services became a hot topic and remained so even after the burst of the Internet hype. Hundreds of mobile payment services, including access to electronic payments and Internet banking, were introduced all over the world. Strikingly many of these orts failed. For example, most, if not all, of the dozens of mobile payment services available in EU countries and listed in the ePSO database in 2002 [5] have been discontinued. To facilitate the development of better mobile payment services, it is important to understand the lessons of his history by learning what previous studies have discovered about mobile payments and about the mobile payment services markets, as well as what issues have remained unanswered.The aim of this paper is to summarize findings from past mobile payments research, and to suggest promising directions for future research. There are a number of factors that highlight the significance and usefulness of such a literature review. Firstly, the field has seen a growing number of publications, yet a thorough review of existing work is missing. The lack of published literature reviews impedes the progress in the field; review articlesare critical to strengthening an area as a field of study [88]. Secondly, research so far seems fragmented, and lacks a roadmap or an agenda. Reviewing existing literature not only leads to a better understanding of the state of the research in the field, but it also discerns patterns in the development of the field itself. Finally, a synthesis of existing findings allows researchers not to repeat similar work, and discover important gaps. In other words, it closes areas where a plethora of research already exists, and at the same time uncovers those areas where research is lacking [88].Another contribution of this literature review is the proposed theoretical framework, around which the review is organized. Webster and Watson [88] recommend that the best reviews need to be conceptually structured, and based on a guiding theory. Our framework provides a guiding structure that allows us to effectively accumulate knowl edge, and to interpret previous findings. Because the frame work itself aims to explain relevant factors in the mobile payment services market, basing the literature review on the framework ensures that the review is comprehensive and holistic, and reveals research gaps that could otherwise be overlooked. The framework not only helps to explain the existing body of knowledge on each factor of the frame work, but, more importantly, it also provides an overview of the mobile payment services market, illustrating how the various perspectives and research findings fit together as part of the big picture.The framework used for the review of literature applies two guiding theories. They are the five forces model developed by Porter [68], and the generic contingency theory which emerged from the work of Lawrence and Lorch Perrow and Thompson [81]. The framework is used to classify past research, to analyze research findings of classifiedstudies, and to propose meaningful research questions for future research for each factor.The prime actors in the mobile payment services market are mobile payment service providers and their customers. Various parties assuming these roles in the market include consumers, merchants, financial institutions and telecom operators. Additional parties, typically vendors of hand sets, software, networks and other technologies may also be involved. The power and the interests of these parties impact how technologies and other resources are orches trated into mobile payment services, and how these services are ored to and used by the market. Moreover, mobile payment services compete for the attention of customers and other parties against physical and electronic payment services. Mobile payment services are a natural choice to pay for mobile services. Yet, to succeed, mobile payment services may have to offer added value and be available for other relevant payment environments as well.Porter’s [68] competitive factors strategy model, or the five forces model, describes both the key role of a mobile payment service provider, and other market factors. The model applies insights from industrial organization theory to analyze the competitive environment on the level of business units [3], and relates the average profitability of the participants in an industry to competitive forces [30]. The basic proposition is that organizational performance mainly depends on the industry structure. According to Pearce and Robinson [65] and Johnson [29], the strengths of Porter’s model are that it provides one simple approach to analyze industry structure, identify and determine the attractiveness of an industry, reveal insights on profitability, inform important decisions about whether to leave or enter industries or sectors, and develop strategic optionstoimprove relative performance in the industry or influence relative position in the industry. As one of the most influential management tools for strategic industry analysis [3], the model has been applied by numerous practitioners and academics [30]. The above arguments suggest that the model is well suited to guide the classification of literature on the mobile payments services markets.In addition to the competitive forces within the mobile payments services markets, other factors are believed to impact these markets as well, for example, technology and standards, regulatory activities and legislation, estab lished purchase and payment habits, or national economy infrastructures. If we regard a mobile payment services market as the unit of analysis (organization), these other factors become contingency factors, which influence the performance of the unit but are beyond the influence and control of that unit, as defined in the contingency theory. Contingency theory therefore is also well suited to classify mobile payments research and to capture the environmental factors which are characteristic to the mobile payment services markets .The roots of contingency theory are typically seen in open systems theory and in Cyert–Simon–March stream of theory (e.g., [23,89]). Contingency theory emphasizes the importance of environmental influences, especially technology, on the management of organizations, and suggests that there is no single best way to manage or organize. The identification of contingency factors is one typical research theme. In addition to technology, other typical contingency factors include cultural, social and economic factors. In the context of mobile payment services markets, it is natural to include regulation, jurisdiction and standardization factors too because financial services andtelecommunication are among the most regulated industries, and the use of standards is characteristic to telecommunication.Two features of contingency theory make it useful for our purposes. Contingency theory is described as a mid range theory which falls between two extreme views [21,89]. According to one extreme view, it is possible to find universally true theories, whereas the other one claims that each unit of analysis is unique and has to be analyzed based on situational factors. Contingency theory postulates that environmental factors are important but also that the impacts of environmental factors are systematic, rather than entirely situational. The contingency approach is useful for the classification of mobile payment research, since, for example, mobile payment services dier between markets, such as Japan, various European countries, or the USA, but they do so in systematic ways, for instance due to dierences in payment technology infrastructure, regulation, laws, or habits.The other useful feature of contingency theory is the ‘‘environment – strategy –performance’’ link [21]. T he theory claims that the environment, such as the amount and type of regulation, impacts the structure of the organization, by, for example, influencing which entities have incentives to become mobile payment service providers. This, in turn, impacts performance, such as adoption interests of merchants and consumers. Another example is that enhanced technology makes it possible to provide enhanced services, which in turn increases interest toward the services. The resulting framework is presented in Fig. 1. The framework is multi-faceted since it includes both market factors and contingency factors. The inner facet of the framework, that is competitive factors, describes the five main competitive forces of the mobile payment services markets. Theouter facet of the framework includes contin gency factors, that is, technological, social/cultural, commercial, and legal/regulatory/standardization.In addition to the theoretical basis described above, the framework has also been influenced by research models proposed in earlier studies [10,28,27]. Jayewardene and Foley [28] proposed that changes in technological, cultural, commercial and legal factors, together with the competitive forces of financial services market, drive financial services development. Javalgi and Ramsey [27] suggested that information technology and telecommunication, social/cultural commercial, and government/legal factors impact the diusion of global eCommerce. Dahlberg and Mallat [10] combined these two models to describe factors which characterize mobile payment services markets and impact the diusion of these services.We stress that the framework can be used as a metamodel to classify the existing literature, and as a research model to examine the die rent factors that influence the mobile payments services market. The framework is useful for these purposes because: (1) it is based on guiding theories, is conceptually sound, and draws from previous research; (2) it helps to bring clarity to the multiple topics and to the vague, conflicting terminology present in professional and academic mobile payment literature; and (3) it shows clearly what factors impact the mobile payments services market and services development, another issue in need of clarity.出处：Tomi Dahlberg .Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 7 (2008) 165–181二、翻译文章标题：关于移动支付过去，现状，未来的文献综述译文：手机已经深刻地改变了电话史，他们具备的了普通电话所不具备的很多功能，比如说激励增值移动服务发展，作为接入设备使用的移动电话，以及通用移动商务的使用。
文献综述含外文翻译
文献综述【摘要】在我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
[ Abstract ]reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection techno logical development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection techno logy achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development te ndency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization【关键词】继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展【Key word】relay protection present situation development，relay protections f uture development1 继电保护发展现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。
建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。
50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印；2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。
五、忌自行更改表格样式。
毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目Xxx翻译（1）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目翻译（2）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目系会计系以本模板为准）专业XXXXXX（以本模板为准）姓名XXXXXX（以本模板为准）班级XXXXXX（以本模板为准）学号XXXXXX（以本模板为准）指导教师XXXXXX（以本模板为准）正文指导教师对外文翻译的评语：指导教师（签名）年月日建议成绩（百分制）评阅小组或评阅人对外文翻译的评语：评阅小组负责人或评阅人（签名）年月日建议成绩（百分制）杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院本科毕业论文文献综述的写作要求为了促使学生熟悉更多的专业文献资料，进一步强化学生搜集文献资料的能力，提高对文献资料的归纳、分析、综合运用能力及独立开展科研活动的能力，现对本科学生的毕业设计（论文）提出文献综述的写作要求，具体要求如下：一、文献综述的概念文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面地反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。
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箱体零件加工工艺
4.夹具设计 5.光滑尺寸的检查及量具设计 6.切削刀具材料选择及设计
液压系统设计文献综述
1.组合机床的液压传动 2.液压传动的组成与类型 3.液压系统的拟定 4.选择液压回路 5.液压系统图的拟定 6.液压元件的选型 7.液压控制阀组的集成化设计 8.液压站的设计
把走进工作岗位当作职业生涯的重要的第一步，认 真思考如何为以后的发展开好头。
Thank you
的制造方法、箱体的加工 组合机床设计内容 包括：组合机床设计、机床设计、机床夹具、组合机床工
艺流程 多轴加工设计内容 包括：齿轮、轴的设计、机床夹具、多轴加工、钻床改造
设计 组合机床液压传动设计内容 包括：液压传动、液压阀、泵、液压缸、液压站、液压技
术
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的基本特征： 1. 综合性
如何找外文原文
手工查找图书馆期刊部收藏的外文期刊 检索图书馆外文数据库 利用网络检索 google 、google scholor （）等外文学术
收索引擎。
题目相关内容
工艺工装设计内容 包括：各种切削加工及工艺、齿轮加工、机床夹具、齿轮
组合机床设计
1.组合机床组成及特点 2.组合机床的工艺范围 3.确定组合机床工艺方案的基本原则 4.组合机床方案分析比较的主要指标 5.组合机床行业发展历史概况 6.组合机床技术发展与动向
组合机床设计
7.组合机床的设计思想 8.组合机床常用工艺方法 9确定组合机床工艺方案的原则 10.组合机床不同配置形式的特点及适应
被拒绝是招聘单位对我们综合考虑的结果，因为我 们最关心的是自己什么地方与用人要求不一致，而 不仅仅是面试中的表现。
不要欺骗自己，说“我本来就不想去”等等。 认真考虑是否有必要再做努力。
必须学会欣然面对的一种结果----被接纳
以具体的形式感谢招聘单位的接纳，如邮件、短信 考虑怎样使自己的知识能力更适应工作需要
（对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究 成果的综合概括） 2. 描述性 （对被介绍的观点作客观性的描述） 3. 评价性 （表明自己的观点和主张。“述”与 “评’）
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述格式一般包括 文献综述的引言
包括撰写文献综述的原因、意义、文献的范围、 正文的标题及基本内容提要； 文献综述的正文 是文献综述的主要内容，包括某一课题研究的 历史 (寻求研究问题的发展历程)、现状、基本 内容 (寻求认识的进步)， 研究方法的分析(寻求 研究方法的借鉴)，已解决的问题和尚存的问题， 重点阐述对当前的影响及发展趋势
性 11.组合机床组成 12.组合机床工艺方案制定
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
1.齿轮传动多轴头应用 2.齿轮传动多轴头的总体设计 齿轮传动多轴头加工机床的组成 机床的选择 联接部件和传动部件的结构 导向部件 多轴头加工的夹具
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
3.齿轮传动多轴头设计 齿轮传动多轴头组成 齿轮传动多轴头的设计步骤 齿轮传动多轴头的传动系统设计计算 4.机床夹具设计 机床夹具的作用 机床夹具的分类 专用夹具的组成 钻床夹具 钻床夹具的设计要点
机械加工工艺与工装设计
1.工艺和工装设计介绍 2.生产过程与工艺过程: 3.工艺过程的组成: 4.机械加工工艺规程及其作用: 5.齿轮的材料、热处理和毛坯 6.齿轮轮齿的加工方法 7.圆柱齿轮加工工艺和常用工艺装备 8.光滑尺寸的检查及量具设计
箱体零件加工工艺
.1.结构特点及技术要求 2.毛坯和材料的选择 3.加工工艺的设计
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的结论 文献研究的结论，概括指出自己对该课题的研
究意见，存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等 文献综述的附录 列出参考文献，说明文献综述所依据的资料，
增加综述的可信度，便于读者进一步检索。 文献综述要文字简洁，围绕课题研究的“问
题”，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语 言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一 般性结论。
外文翻译基本要求
1. 正式出版发行的外文科研论文 2. 提交译文和原文 3. 翻译语句通顺 4. 格式满足学校要求
具体要求和注意点：
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主 （Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可 以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称、关键词、摘要、 前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式 要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及原文)。
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可 不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
6. 上缴翻文及PDF的原文
求职应注意的礼仪
求职时最礼貌的修饰是淡妆 面试时最关键的神情是郑重
无论站还是坐，不能摇动和抖动 对话时目光不能游弋不定 要控制小动作 不要为掩饰紧张情绪而散淡
最优雅的礼仪修养是体现自然
以一种修养面对两种结果
必须首先学会面对的一种结果----被拒绝
仍然感谢这次机会，因为被拒绝是面试后的两种结 果之一。